![Page 1: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers
David C. LittleInstitute of Aquaculture
University of StirlingStirling, Scotland, UK
![Page 2: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Scope of the presentation
• Strategies that result in high quality seed – becoming and then…– remaining available to farmers
• Perceptions of quality• Approaches to upgrading quality of seed• Important roles in the process towards better
seed• Centralized or more decentralized seed production• Issues around promoting mono-sex/mixed sex
seed
![Page 3: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
When does seed quality become an issue?
• Satisfied with current quality?
• Improving quality…no end point…a process
• Delivery of seed-the key issues
• When demand profile changes
<250g>250<500g500g
<250g>250<500g500g
Thailand
Bangladesh
![Page 4: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Impacts of poor seed quality
• Poorer production i.e. lower survival or slower growth
• High proportion of harvest not reaching optimal marketable size
• Less fish to sell or eat• Poorer appearance-fewer customers
![Page 5: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Resulting in….
• Reluctance to risk further investment• Reduced interest in continuing
aquaculture• Higher production costs leading to…• higher prices for consumers
![Page 6: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Technical options…Rhetoric or reality?
• Review of research suggests a range of attractive approaches
• What actually works and who can adopt what methods and where?
• Different contexts require different solutions
• What directions is tilapia culture going?• What constraints mean new ideas remain
ideas?
![Page 7: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Leaps v increments improving quality
• One –off actions or incremental?
• Ones-offs e.g. hybridisation, SRT or GMT
• Incremental through improved management, selective breeding
• In practice-an integrated approach
![Page 8: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Quality – a matter of perception?
• Hatchery operator: high survival few abnormal first-feeding fry;
• Nursery operator: low mortalities to predation and cannibalism
• Trader : fry/fingerlings that tolerate stress during handling/transport
• Food fish farmer: fish that survive well and give harvest of predictable value
• Processor: high fillet percentage• Retailer: retain colour on ice• Consumer: fish that have desirable colour,
shape, texture and taste
![Page 9: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Trade-offs?
• Hatchery need for high seed output/female
• Grower requirement for sex control• Working from the consumer
backwards• Tilapia seed needs change over time
![Page 10: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Broiler chicken as a model?
• Fast growing strains responsive to intensive management and feeding
• Urban demand led• Value –addition
![Page 11: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vertical integration
• An important, and rapidly growing part of tilapia production globally
• Model most appropriate where local consumption of freshwater fish is low
• Trends towards other traits-colour, fillet yield, tolerance to intensification, late maturation
![Page 12: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Where fish is everyday food• Small freshwater fish
are everyday food notfeast food
• Lower trophic feeding niche of tilapia compared to chicken
• Tilapias may be established or have high potential
![Page 13: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Diverse production systems
• Compared to trends in broiler chicken– Less intensive and more
diverse production systems will remain important
– Demand will be less driven by urban and export markets
• This has implications for seedstrategies
![Page 14: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Genetic improvements
• Transfers– Immediate and radical (e.g. Thailand, Brazil)– intermediate (e.g. Philippines and Vietnam)– Constrained (e.g. Bangladesh)
• Transfers alone insufficient to ensure sustained availability of quality seed
![Page 15: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Institutional support-context
• Formal e.g. Thailand– sustained delivery of
high quality Chitraladastrain of Nile tilapia
– Central repository of high quality fish
– Sustained crowding out of poorer strains
• Informal • eg local organisations-
the church
![Page 16: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Private-public linkages• No official support
– E.g. Kolkata, West Bengal
– Transfers by competitive, mobile private sector
• Brazil and elsewhere– Private sector –
research organisation collaboration
![Page 17: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Application of technologies
• Hybridisation• Selective breeding• Genetic
manipulation• Major issue –are
the ‘improved’ fish available ?
![Page 18: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hybridisation
• Little gain through heterosis• Benefits through combinations of
positive characteristics e.g.O.aureus/O.niloticus that enhanced cold tolerance
• GIFT• Problems maintaining separate lines• Hatchery benefit-intraspecific
hybrids e.g. Chitralada x GIFT
![Page 19: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Genetic manipulation
• Tested ‘in the market’ - GMT• Over a decade but practical
constraints– Performs poorly compared to SRT– Lack of availability
• Management complexity– Cost of tagging – Organic fish market????
![Page 20: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Selective breeding
• Early attempts undermined by low genetic variability of introduced stocks
• GIFT- enhancing the ‘poor’ mans fish• Synthetic strain to base national
breeding programmes
![Page 21: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Uptake and adoption
• Successful.. but uneven success• Uptake at institutional-NARS level
high• Availability to private sector very
variable• Should the poor wait for ‘better’
strains?
![Page 22: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Thai mixed GIFT mixed Viet mixed Thai Mono GIFT mono Viet Mono
Strain
Pond reared
Cage reared
Little difference in performance between 3 strains
Dan and Little, 2000
![Page 23: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Avg. for two Replicates in Growth Trials of 4 O. niloticus strains in Chiang Mai
3
73
145
240
340
421
3
239
276
357
1
56
123
233
309
350
2
122
208
283308
67
133
60
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
01-Jan-03 01-Feb-03 01-Mar-03 01-Apr-03 01-May-03 01-Jun-03 01-Jul-03
Date of sampling
Avg.
Individ
ual W
eight
for bo
th rep
licates
comb
ined (
grams
Supreme
Chitralda
GIFT 5
other allmale tech
Bevis, 2003
![Page 24: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Access to improved fish seed
• Fish produced in ‘centres’
• Impacts of multiplication
• Local breeding programmes-untested on a wider scale for tilapia
• Opportunities for cross-sectoral learning
![Page 25: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Non-genetic issues
• How – changing demand – management of production and
delivery
• can affect seed quality
![Page 26: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Seasonality• Mismatches in supply
and demand • High demand for seed
following hot season with poor seed production
• Disease incidence• High seed inventories-
low demand-prolonged holding
• Can’t keep eggs in the fridge!
![Page 27: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Overwintering• Cool season
followed by high demand
• Overwinter– broodstock for
early seed production or
– juveniles• Impacts on
farmers’ production?
![Page 28: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Thai mixed GIFT mixed Viet mixed Thai Mono GIFT mono Viet Mono
Strain
Pond reared
Cage reared
New Season Seed
Dan and Little, 2000
![Page 29: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Over-wintered
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Thai mixed GIFT mixed Viet mixed Thai Mono GIFT mono Viet Mono
Strain
Pond reared
Cage reared
Dan and Little, 2000
![Page 30: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Improved strains? Mono-sex?
• Young, mixed sex fish of a quality strain can perform well, especially in intensive systems
• Ex-hatchery management is often more important than strain or mono/mix
• Mono-sex contributes other benefits, especially size consistency and predictability
![Page 31: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Husbandry• Batch production for
same age, same size-critical for SRT
• Continuous production – implications for productivity and quality of seed
• Grading• Level, quality of
feeding • Water quality
![Page 32: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Increasing availability of improved tilapias
• Pond-based systems suffer from low output and contamination
• commercialising hapa-based systems
• egg removal and • 2-stage incubation
![Page 33: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Transportation• Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City
have poorer results than those nearer the source of production
• Poor post transportation survival, especially larger seed,• Open rather closed systems?
0
20
40
60
80
100
At arrival After 72 hrs
Fry
surv
ival
(%) Tanks Plastic bags
Alcocer-Hartley, 2002
![Page 34: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Monitoring qualityStress challenge tests
• Developed for MT tilapia
• Salinity test - 24 ppt, cheap, practical
• 2HPM strongly correlated to total length
• Can identify ‘weak’ batches
• Used for improving marketing decisions
Mean length (cm)
2.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.0
2HPM
in s
alin
e
100
80
60
40
20
0
R= - 0.743P<0.001
%mortality after 2 hours
![Page 35: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Monitoring qualityEffects of underfeeding/overstocking
• 2HPM closely related to feeding rate, especially at high density
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
H-30 H-18 H-9 L-30 L-18 L-9
High density=7,600/m2 Low density=3,600/m2,
Note: 30, 18, 9 refer to feeding rates (% of biomass)
2-hr
mor
talit
y (%
)
Bourhill, 2000
![Page 36: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Monitoring quality-behavioural indicators
For pre/post transportation quality:
-Feeding response to small ration & - 72-hr post transportation survival
are the best indicators of overall quality!
(Hartley-Alcocer, 2001)
![Page 37: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Causes of poor quality-complex and dynamic
• lack of institutional capacity to service entrepreneurs and adapt to change
• producer organizations• information exchange• research and development agendas
![Page 38: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Improving quality-the role of promoters
- Increasing private sector role
- Large commercial hatcheries-increasing independence
- Role of Gov. to maintain and upgrade stocks varies
![Page 39: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Government support- Towards larger players, export promotion- Driven by high demand in export markets- Relative advantage? Globally competitive?- Needs of domestic market?- Linkages with all sectors?- Regulation-certification of quality?- What impacts can improved strains and
mono-sex have?
![Page 40: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
H & N
H & N
H & N
H & N
Clusters of seed producers –hatcheries and nurseries
P
Promoter
•Initial broodstock•Improved broodstock•On-going support
GovernmentInstitution
EntrepreneurNGO
Intermediary
G
G G
G
G G
Growers
•Extension work?
•Traders?
![Page 41: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Intermediary
G
G
G
GN
G
G
G
GN
P
Promoter
H
H
HH
HH
H
Hatcheries only
![Page 42: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Local nursing• Local advanced
nursing in hapa-in-ponds
• Increased benefits to hatcheries and local nurseries
• Improved access to high quality seed for dispersed farmers
![Page 43: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
P
Promoter
•Brood stock?
•On-going support
Local Seed Production
H & NG
G
G G
G G
G
G
H & NG
G
G G
G G
G
G
![Page 44: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Ricefields for decentralised seed
• Small numbers of GIFT broodfishstocked in spring irrigated ricefields
• Promoted as part of farmer field schools
• Follow-up analysis of adoption and benefits
![Page 45: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Large seed• Large size of seed• Produced at the
right time• Close to farmers
wanting to purchase
• Reducing risk to traders buying and selling
![Page 46: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Promoting ideas through networks
• 3 years after 4 farmers in one village received 16 fish each
• 120 farmers in 20 communities
![Page 47: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
How the approach is developing
• Role of the better off and traders– Better-off have more perennial water-
broodfish suppliers– Traders move brood, seed and knowledge
• Works best where tubewell water abundant and alternative cash orientated activities undeveloped
• Measurable benefits to producer, trader and consumer livelihoods
![Page 48: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Challenges
• Servicing highly dispersed seed producers-new germplasm
• Reducing deterioration in quality• Learning lessons from other
sectors
![Page 49: Delivering better quality tilapia seed to farmers · Transportation • Tilapia producers reliant on seed produced around HCM City have poorer results than those nearer the source](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022042406/5f20652ea0143226165eaec2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Acknowledgements
• AFGRP-; national partners, colleagues and students working on seed quality in Asia
• Current research on decentralised seed systems
• Commercial sector in Thailand and Brazil
• AIT and Stirling