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Democrats and Whigs: Democracy and American Culture,
1820-1840 Chapter 8
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Andrew Jackson and His Age Chapter 8.2
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Democratization and the Rise of Andrew Jackson • Jackson embraced the ideals of democracy when many politicians
clung to classical republican values.
• Jackson, a self-made man, became one of the heroes of newly enfranchised white men who felt their interests lie in opposition to the wealthier, more affluent members of society.
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The Election of 1824
• Monroe’s National Republican attempts at reconciling political divisions left no clear successor. • William Crawford – Secretary of Treasury was heir to old Jeffersonian
tradition.
• John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State and former diplomat had a great deal of foreign policy experience but little domestic vision.
• Henry Clay – Speaker of the House of Representatives and leading former War Hawk developed a strong neo-Hamiltonian economic vision known as “the American System”
• Andrew Jackson – Representative from Tennessee failed to put forward a domestic or foreign agenda but rather campaigned on his character as a self-made, frontier democrat.
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The “Corrupt Bargain”
• With no clear victor in the electoral college, the House of Representatives decided the presidency. • Henry Clay threw his weight behind John Quincy Adams because he
embraced “The American System”
• Although Jackson had the highest percentage of both the electoral and popular votes, he lost the election as Clay embraced Adams’ candidacy. In return Clay was appointed Secretary of State
• Jackson labeled the deal a “corrupt bargain”
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The Presidency of John Quincy Adams
• Adams proved loyal to the American System and even went beyond Clay’s vision.
• Adams was an ineffective politician, however. He embraced the classical republican political outlook of the 18th century.
• His opponents used his criticism of democracy against him. In an era of partisanship and democratic values – Adams’ politics were obsolete.
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The Election of 1828
• Adams v. Jackson round 2 • By 1828 a new political coalition began to coalesce around Jackson.
• With the help of Calhoun, Crawford, and Martin van Buren Jackson galvanized the electorate with a grassroots campaign mechanism and a slur campaign against Adams.
• Jackson’s campaign turned millions of new voters out to the polls and Jackson won handily.
• Supporters hailed it as the rule of the people; opponents labeled his win “the Rule of King Mob”
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Jackson as President
• Jackson eschewed the republican pretenses of his predecessors and instituted the “spoils system” – rewarding supporters with important political positions. • Ultimately the spoils system led to more harm than good as scandals erupted
within his administration. – Eaton scandal.
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States’ Rights and the Nullification Crisis
• radical states’ rights philosophy undermined the new democratic coalition.
• South Carolina Senator Calhoun went beyond the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions by asserting the right of nullification. • The Webster-Hayne brought the issue of states’ rights to the floor of Congress
and the attention of the public.
• Jackson shocked States’ rights advocates when he responded to their nullification of the tariff with the Force Bill.
• Ultimately, Henry Clay brokered a peaceful settlement to the crisis averting a catastrophic confrontation between the states and the federal government.
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Questions:
• What role did Clay’s American System play in the election of John Quincy Adams?
• Why did Jackson view the election of 1824 as a “corrupt bargain”?
• How did States Rights’ affect Andrew Jackson’s Presidency?