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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Development of a CFD Method forAerodynamic Analysis of Large Diameter
Horizontal Axis wind turbines
S. Gomez-Iradi, G.N. Barakos and X. Munduate
2007 joint meeting of IEA Annex 11 and Annex 20Risø National Laboratory
Roskilde, Denmark, 14-15 June, 2007
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
CFD Solver - Overview
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Summary of Features - 1● PDE solver● Multi-block capability● Parallerised using the SPMD paradigm● Flow Physics: Inviscid, RANS, URANS, DES, LES● Aeroelastic analysis based on modal representation of
structures● Moving and deforming grids● Modular code with a uniform data structure based on
the linked-list concept
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Summary of Features - 2• Control volume method• Parallel - Shared and Distributed memory• Multi-block (complex geometry) structured grids• Unsteady RANS - Variety of turbulence models inc. LES/DES• Implicit time marching• Osher's and Roe's schemes for convective fluxes• MUSCL scheme for formally 3rd order accuracy• Central differences for viscous fluxes• Krylov subspace linear solver with pre-conditioning• Moving grids, sliding planes● Aeroelastic analysis based on modal representation of structures• Hover formulation, rotor trimming, blade actuation● Modular code with a uniform data structure based on the linked-list concept• Documentation• Validation database• Range of utilities for processing data, structural models etc.• Used by academics and engineers
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Requirements
● Minimal requirements● ANSI C compiler● MPI libraries for parallel computing● Grid generation (ICEM CFD at present)● Post-processing (Tecplot, Fieldview, Vigie, Paraview)● Any Unix flavour will do● Optimum (low cost) performance on Beowulf clusters● Ported to national computing centres, CSAR, HPCx,
IAG
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Multi-block topologies for rotor cases -ICEMCFD
2-4.5M grid points per blade, blade actuation requires special topologies
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Add-ons for TECPLOT
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Probe Analyser - MATLAB
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Validation Database
● Distributed with the solver● Contains public and restricted cases (sponsor-
specific)● Public cases are accessible via www● Each case is selected to demonstrate and check
a particular feature● Experimental data are available for all cases● Sample results are included
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Partial List of Validation CasesRAE2822 Case 9 Attached Flow
ONERA A Aerofoil Separation under apg
Williams aerofoil Multi-element sections
NACA0012 & AGARD CT2 Pitching aerofoils, inviscid flow
Bachalo-Johnson Bump SBL interaction
Delery’s Bump C SBL interaction internal flow
2D cavity flow Unsteady turbulent flow
Convected vortex Vorticity confinement
AGARD 445.6 wing Inviscid aeroelastic
ONERA M6 wing Viscous turbulent flow over a wing
NACA wing - UNSI 3D dynamic stall
AGARD S-duct Turbulent separated internal flow
65 and 70-degree delta wing Vortical turbulent flow
ONERA Rotor 7A/7AD Helicopter rotor flow
Glasgow BERP tip Tip flow
NACA0015 oscillating wing DS - tip flow
LABM low-Re DS cases Transitional flow - dynamic stall
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
RAE 2822 Aerofoil
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Documentation● Organised as a set of Technical Notes ● Important part of the CFD solver● At present there are 14 technical notes covering
various features of the code● Information is included in the source code in the
form of comments● Under continuous development!
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
3D DS validation - LABM (i)Pitching motion, k = 0.048
AoA=18 + 6 sin(wt)x/c = 0.4z/c =0.5
AoA = 18 deg upstroke AoA = 24 deg
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Blade-Vortex Interaction
x/c=0.02
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
CFD – Validation - UH-60A Model Main Rotor Tests - Lorber
0.965R
0.945R0.920R0.865R0.775R
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Sponsors of our work
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
HAWT - Multi-Block Topologies
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Annex XX Data● NASA Ames wind tunnel 24.4 m x 36.6 m test section
● Two bladed upwind wind turbine, with S809 aerofoil after the 25% of the span
● Test instrumentation (Input)
– 22 Pressure taps each at 5 spanwise possitions
– Accelerometers in both blades (edge & flap) and in the nacelle (yaw, fore-aft & pitch)
– Strain gauges in both blades (root. edge & flap)
– Wind tunnel's dynamic, static and total pressures, density, temperature, velocity,...
● Data files (Output)
– Raw data & Averaged data (Azimuth & Cycle)
– Azimuthal and raw average data were used
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Rigid Blocks around HAWT Blades
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Case L (Parked and Pitching cases)
30 chords 30 chords
INFLOW OUTFLOW
176 blocks2.4 million cellsBlade boundary 10-5
30 c
30 c
1 Radius = 6.8 chords
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Clean Configuration524 blocks4.55 million cellsBlade boundary 10-5
`
30 chords 30 chords 15 chords
OUTFLOW INFLOW
60 chords
Spinner
1 Radius = 6.8 chords
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Investigation of the Blade Shape
Real Area (aprox.) = 1.525CENER Area = 1.491LIVERPOOL Area = 0.361
`
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
First Results
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Steady and Unsteady StatesUnsteady Navier-Stokes Equations:
Continuity equation
Momentum Conservation
Energy equation
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Steady and Unsteady StatesSteady Navier-Stokes Equations:
Non-Inertial frame of referenceContinuity equation
Momentum Conservation
Energy equation
No temporal variation, so their derivate respect the time is equal to zero
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Turbulence Modelling
κ-ω of Wilcox
D.C Wilcox, Simulation of Transition with a Two-Equation Turbulence Model, AIAA Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, February 1994
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L20000 Case
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L20000 CaseComputation
● Grid Size: 2,416,584
● Load Balance: 8 computers – 0.2%
● Convegency: All in 2000 steps to 10-6
● Mach number: 0.15 (1) & 0.20 (2)
● Turbulence model: 3000 (2) & 3002 (1)
M=0.15T=3000
M=0.20T=3000
M=0.20T=3002
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L20000 Case
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L20000 Case
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L2000ST0SD Case
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L2000ST0SD CaseComputation
● Grid Size: 2,416,584
● Load Balance: 24 computers – 3.7%
● Convegency: ● Initially in 2000 steps to 10-6 (Euclidean Convergence)● 2-3 for the azimuthal variation (Unsteady Convergence)
● Mach number: 0.15
● Turbulence model: 3000 (1) & 3002 (1)
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L2000ST0SD Case46.6 %
50o pitch70o pitch
(76.530o local pitch) (56.530o local pitch)
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L2000ST0SD Case63.3 %
50o pitch70o pitch
(72.930o local pitch) (52.930o local pitch)
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
L2000ST0SD Case80 %
50o pitch70o pitch
(71.434o local pitch) (51.434o local pitch)
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S0700000 Case – Steady Computation
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S0700000 CaseComputation
● Grid Size: 4,552,304
● Load Balance: 33 computers – 0.7 %
Mach number: 0.1 (1)
● Turbulence model: 3000 (1)
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S0700000 Case – Steady ComputationCP distribution
30 % 46.6 %
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S0700000 Case – Steady ComputationCP distribution
80 %63.3 %
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S0700000 CaseIntegrated Loads
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S0700000 Case
Tip vortex
Inner vortex
λ2ReT
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S2000000 Case - Unsteady ComputationsHigh wind speed and stalled behaviour
Reynolds number based in the maximum chord of the blade and the free stream velocity.
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S2000000 Case (Unsteady State)● Grid Size = 6,550,400 (524 blocks)
● Load Balance = 55 processors (97.7%)
● Turbulence model: κ-ω of Wilcox
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Steady
Lower Surface (Pressure side)0o azimuth angle
S2000000 Case - Steady Computation
Unsteady
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Steady
Upper Surface (Suction side)0o azimuth angle
S2000000 Case - Steady Computation
Unsteady
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
20m/s
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
20m/s
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
20m/s
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
S2000000 Case (Unsteady Flow Solution)
1 Radius
λ2
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Future Steps
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Sliding Meshes
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Free Stream and Wind Tunnel Configurations
49.7 chords = 36.6m
33.1chords
=24.4m
60 chords
Free stream configuration60 chords away from the wind turbine hub
Wind tunnel configurationDimensions normalised with the maximum chord in the blade
1 Radius = 6.8 chords
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Rotor, Nacelle and Tower Configurations
33.1 chords
49.7 chords
INFLOW
60 chords 30 chords
Blades & Spinner
Nacelle & tower
OUTFLOW
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Sliding Grids
F
F FF
R RR
F F
F = FixR = Rotating
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Sliding Grids
F
F = FixR = RotatingF
F
F F F
F
FR R
F
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Sliding Plane Method
• Formation of regular intermediate planes to avoid general cloud-to-cloud interpolations
• Interpolate from fixed mesh to corresponding intermediate planes
• Interpolate from rotating mesh to corresponding intermediate planes
• Set halo-cells on both side of sliding plane using data on intermediate planes
• Intermediate plane data stored on each CPU
• Identification on small patches of regular planes
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool
Questions?
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CFD Lab – Department of Engineering – The University of Liverpool