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Design process
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Design
How do we come up with new (good) designs for interactive systems?
Why is it so difficult?
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What is design?
achieving goals within constraints
goals - purpose who is it for, why do they want it
constraints materials, platforms
trade-offs
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Interactions and Interventions
design interactions not just interfaces not just the immediate interaction E.g. email in the office
designing interventions not just artefacts not just the system, but also …
documentation, manuals, tutorials what we say and do as well as what we make
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The Tao of UCD
DESIGN IMPLEMENT
USE &EVALUATE
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User-Centered Design Process
1. Understand constraints/context
2. User analysis
2. Task analysis
4. Function allocation
5. Define usability criteria
All of the above included in requirements definition and task analysis.
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User-Centered Design (cont’d)
6. Design UI - including help and documentation Consider alternatives! Apply formative evaluation techniques & iterate
7. Build & test prototypes Apply formative / summative evaluation techniques &
iterate
8. Build & test the real application Apply summative evaluation techniques & iterate
9. Release, update and maintain Apply summative evaluation techniques & iterate
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Lifecycle models Show how activities are related to each other Lifecycle models are:
— management tools— simplified versions of reality
Many lifecycle models exist, for example:— from software engineering: waterfall, spiral, JAD/RAD,
Microsoft, agile— from HCI: Star, usability engineering
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A simple interaction design model
Exemplifies a user-centered design approach
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The process of design
what iswanted
analysis
design
implementand deploy
prototype
interviewsethnography
what is therevs.
what is wanted
guidelinesprinciples
dialoguenotations
precisespecification
architecturesdocumentation
help
evaluationheuristics
scenariostask analysis
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ISO 13407
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Discussion
What do methods have in common? Where do they differ? How would you choose or adapt a method?
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Other HCI design “methods”
Usability engineering Focus on usability metrics and evaluation
Participatory design User as participant in the design process
Contextual design Based around contextual inquiry, focusing on the
customer
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SE traditional ‘waterfall’ lifecycle
Requirements analysis
Design
Code
Test
Maintenance
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Spiral Lifecycle model
From cctr.umkc.edu/~kennethjuwng/spiral.htm
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Discussion
How would you incorporate HCI design into larger SE design frameworks?
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Summary
Four basic activities in the design process1. Identify needs and establish requirements2. Design potential solutions ((re)-design)3. Choose between alternatives (evaluate)4. Build the artefact
User-centered design rests on three principles1. Early focus on users and tasks2. Empirical measurement using quantifiable &
measurable usability criteria3. Iterative design
Lifecycle models show how these are related
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Design rationale
Recall: design is achieving goals within constraints
How do you document the Constraints? Alternatives? Decisions?
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Why is HCI Design Difficult?
Difficult to deeply analyze human behavior May be too close to the domain Cost/features may be considered over good
human factors
Creativity is challenging!
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How to be creative?
Ideas come from Imagination Analogy Observation of current
practice Observation of current
systems
Borrow from other fields Animation Theatre Information displays Architecture ..… metaphor
How do we create and develop new interface ideas and designs?
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Project Structure
Group project – 3-4 people Worth 50% of grade Design and evaluate an interface
1 - Understand the problem, users, tasks, environment (15%)
2 – Design and prototype (20%) 3 – Evaluation (15%)
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Project Groups
3-4 people You decide Diverse is best! Consider schedules, email habits, etc.
Form and choose topic by next Wednesday – cool name
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Previous Projects
System for organizing and showcasing art Friend Finder on a cell phone System for assisting anesthesiologists Money tracker in your wallet Mobile photo album Chef’s display in a kitchen
Suggested Project Theme:
Design a service to promote, encourage or support sustainability of the environment.
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Coming up with project ideas
Think of someone else Avoid being biased by your intuitions
Think off the desktop too! Mobile, handheld, environmental
Think everyday
Think about people first, then technology
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Project Topics
Real “client” family and friends? Organization you belong to, volunteer with? Hobbies or other activities?
Domain Office, home, school
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Project Details
Part 0 – Team and topic formation – Due Jan. 23 Create team page on Swiki Choose a project topic Complete IRB certification if not already done
Part 1 - Understanding the problem – Due Feb. 13 Describe tasks, users, environment, social context Any existing systems in place Helps form basis for your requirements Describe the problem, not the solution
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Project Details
Part 2a - Design Alternatives poster – Due March 12 Storyboards, mock-ups for multiple different designs Get feedback on ideas during poster session
Part 2b – System Design and Evaluation Plan – Due April 2 Description of the system requirements and design Rationale for design decisions Plan for conducting evaluation
Part 2c – System Prototype – Due April 2 Prototype that implements all or part of the design Allows for interactive experience
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Project Details
Part 3 – Evaluation – Due April 23 Conduct evaluation with example users Characterize pros and cons of the UI Discuss what you would do to fix problems
Part 3b – Presentation – April 23 In class presentation of the entire project, 15
minutes
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Your turn
Pair or triple up… Brainstorm ideas/problems Choose a couple and elaborate
Think of examples of other people having the problem
Try to determine 5 Ws for the problem Pause to share ideas with everyone…
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Exercise
Interview each other about applications on your cell phone: What is your favorite feature of your cell phone? What is your least favorite feature? What do you do with your phone besides make phone
calls? Is there anything else you would like to do with you cell
phone? Switch cell phones and Observe each other
call back the last person who called Add your name and number of the contact list
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Impressions?
What was surprising? What did you observe? How would this be different in real world? How did you feel about being observed?
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Working with People
Issues of rights, respect, ethics
YOU will be observing and talking to people to: Gather requirements Get initial design feedback Perform evaluations of your design
Important to be professional with any interaction with potential users
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Why an issue?
Usability testing can be arduous; privacy is important
Each person should know and understand what they are participating in: what to expect, time commitments what the potential risks are how their information will be used
Must be able to stop without danger or penalty All participants to be treated with respect
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Recruiting Participants
Who you are recruiting Must fit user population (validity)
How you are recruiting Must adequately disclose purpose and tasks
Compensation Does compensation fit task? Reasonable
expectations?
Note: Maintaining proper ethics applies to all participants, even friends and family
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Consent
Why important? People can be sensitive about this process and
issues Errors will likely be made, participant may feel
inadequate May be mentally or physically strenuous
What are the potential risks (there are always risks)? Examples?
“Vulnerable” populations need special care & consideration Children; disabled; pregnant; students (why?)
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Attribution Theory
Studies why people believe that they succeeded or failed--themselves or outside factors (gender, age differences)
Make sure participants do not feel that they did something wrong, that the errors are their problem
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IRB, Participants, & Ethics
Institutional Review Board (IRB) Federal law governs procedures Reviews all research involving human (or animal)
participants Safeguarding the participants, and thereby the
researcher and university Not a science review (i.e., not to asess your
research ideas); only safety & ethics
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IRB @ UNCC
http://www.research.uncc.edu/comp/chuman.cfm
On-line tutorial Guidelines Consent procedures and template forms Protocol application forms
IRB Protocol 101 Training http://www.research.uncc.edu/comp/human_trng.cfm
1/31: 10am, 2/1: 5pm, 2/2: 10am & 5pm
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Ethics Certification
Ethics is not just common sense Training being standardized to ensure even
and equal understanding of issues
Go get your certification:http://www.research.uncc.edu/tutorial/index3.cfm
-use your UNCC ID to do the test
-email me the confirmation, or email me when you took the test previously