![Page 1: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DETERMINING COPYRIGHT FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE MATERIALSRebekah CummingsResearch Data Management LibrarianJ Willard Marriott Library, University of UtahUALC Professional Development Retreat 2016September 23, 2016
Adapted from the Public Library Partnership Project Curriculum and shared under Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0
![Page 2: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHAT KINDS OF MATERIALS ARE WE TALKING ABOUT?
• “Special” collections•One of a kind items
Pamphlet advertising "Montana Free homestead land" published by the Great Northern Railway, 1912. Image credit: Montana Historical Society Research Center
Coach Romney in 'Counselor at Law,' 1930s. Image credit: Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
![Page 3: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
UNDERSTANDING COPYRIGHT STATUS HELPS:
• Libraries determine…• What content to digitize • What level of risk the digitized content might pose• How to license content appropriately
• Users determine what they can and cannot do with digitized content
![Page 4: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
KEY QUESTIONS
• Do you know the creator(s)?
• When was it created?
• Was it ever published? If so, by whom?
• Do you have external information about copyright restrictions? (e.g. from a deed of gift)
![Page 5: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
PUBLIC DOMAINThere are five common ways that works transfer into the public domain:
1. The copyright has expired
2. The copyright owner published the work without a copyright notice.
3. The copyright owner failed to renew copyright status.
4. The copyright owners deliberately places – or dedicates – his/her work to the public domain using a CC0 Creative Commons waiver.
5. The work was born in the public domain.
![Page 6: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
#1 THE COPYRIGHT HAS EXPIRED
• Published works before 1923• Unpublished works – Life of the
author + 70 years. • Unpublished work, no author/death
date unknown, 120 years from date of creation.
Pride and Prejudice – published 1813
Diary of Bathsheba W. Bigler Smith (1822-1910), 1849
Anonymous letter, 1770’s.
![Page 7: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“PUBLISHED”“Publication is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display constitutes publication.” (U.S. Copyright Law)
Publication occurs on the date when copies of the work were first distributed to the public.
![Page 8: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
PUBLISHED OR UNPUBLISHED?Probably unpublishedLettersPhotographsDiariesPostcards with writing
Likely publishedBooksPostersBrochuresPamphletsBlank Postcards
![Page 9: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
2. THE COPYRIGHT OWNER PUBLISHED THE WORK WITHOUT A COPYRIGHT NOTICE
• Published between 1923 and 1977 without a copyright notice.
Night of the Living Dead, 1968 – Whoops!
No copyright notice
SCARY!
![Page 10: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
EXAMPLE – NO COPYRIGHT NOTICE
Brochure against the damming of the Clearwater River, 1957, University of Idaho library
No copyright notice between 1923-1977 = public domain
![Page 11: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
3. THE COPYRIGHT OWNER FAILED TO RENEW COPYRIGHT
STATUS
Pleasant Grove Review, 1960
• Between 1923-1963, rights holders had to renew their copyright status after a certain amount of years. • Check online with the Copyright office.
![Page 12: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4. COPYRIGHT OWNER DEDICATES THEIR WORK TO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
![Page 13: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
5. THE WORK WAS BORN IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
Documents created by the federal government and its employees as part of their jobs are not protected by copyright.
WWII Poster; NARA
![Page 14: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
WHAT ABOUT STATE RECORDS? • It depends
• In Massachusetts: “Records created by Massachusetts government are not copyrighted and are available for public use.”
• In Arizona: “Unlike federal works, state works are not in the public domain and are protected by copyright.” Executive order from the Governor of
Arizona, 1955 from the Arizona State Library
![Page 15: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
UTAH GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
"Subsidized by public funds, these publications are are meant to be widely available to the citizens of Utah.”
Published by Utah Division of State
History
![Page 16: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
FIVE COMMON WAYS THAT A WORK ENTERS THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
1. The copyright has expired. 2. The copyright owner published a work without a copyright notice. (1923-
1977)3. The copyright owner failed to renew copyright status. (1923-1963) 4. The copyright owner deliberately places – or dedicates – his/her work to
the public domain using a Creative Commons CC0 waiver. 5. The work was born in the public domain. (Federal and some state
governments)
![Page 17: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
AGH! I CAN’T REMEMBER THAT!Copyright Genie: http://librarycopyright.net/resources/genie/ Cornell Copyright Chart: http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm
![Page 18: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SCENARIO #1
• Utah political campaign poster from the 1920s.• Was it published? • Is it in the public domain?
Image credit: J. Willard Marriott Library
PUBLIC DOMAIN
![Page 19: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SCENARIO #2
• 1833 letter from Sophia Hawthorne (1809-1871) to her mother.• Was it published? • Is it in the public
domain? My dearest mother, It is time… Dec. 20, 1833. New York Public Library.
PUBLIC DOMAIN
![Page 20: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SCENARIO #3• Billy Woods holds a letter he
received from President Eisenhower, 1956
• Is it published?
• Is the photo in the public domain?
• Would the letter in the photo be in the public domain? University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill
PUBLIC DOMAIN (LETTER AND MAYBE PHOTO TOO)
![Page 21: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
WHAT ABOUT THE DIGITAL COPY?
An institution should not claim copyright on digitized content when the original is in the public domain.
(Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.)
![Page 22: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
OPTIONS FOR COPYRIGHTED WORKS
“Red cross volunteers with baskets of food for troops at the Logan O.S.L.R.R. Depot” Utah State University (1919, unpublished, no creator)
![Page 23: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1. WAIT!
• Published after 1923: Wait!
• Unpublished, creator died after 1946: Wait!
• Unpublished, anonymous, and after 1896: Wait!
• Published 1923-1977 with a copyright notice: Wait!
• Published between 1923-1963 and they renewed their copyright: Wait!
Image credit: Los Angeles Public Library
![Page 24: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2. GET PERMISSION• Try to identify the copyright holder (creator or publisher) and perform
“due diligence.”
Managing Digital Audiovisual Resources: A Practical Guide for Librarians, by Matthew C. Mariner
![Page 25: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
WHAT CONSTITUTES DUE DILIGENCE?
![Page 26: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• You’ve tried, you’ve documented, but you can’t find or identify the author or publisher of a work.• Take heart.
Photo credit: University of Southern California
![Page 27: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ORPHAN WORKS
• Many institutions have chosen to digitize or use “orphan works.”
• Determine your institution’s comfort with accepting some risk.
• Some institutions are riskier than others.
“War Orphans” – Brigham Young
University
![Page 28: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY• The New York World’s Fair of 1939 and 1940.
• Corporation in charge of the fair donated 2,500 boxes of documents and 12,000 promotional photographs.
• Heavily used collection.
• NYPL staff performed a good faith effort to locate a copyright holder but could not.
• So they digitized the collection and put it online.
• So far, no rights holder has come forward.
![Page 29: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ITUNES “EDUCATION APP OF THE YEAR” 2011
![Page 31: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3. SECTION 107 (FAIR USE)
Courtesy Mary Minow via Peter Hirtle
![Page 32: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
RECAP – OPTIONS FOR COPYRIGHTED WORKS
1. Wait until the item is clearly in the public domain.
2. Get permission from the rights holder… but remember orphan works.
3. Consider fair use options.
![Page 33: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
WHAT’S THE WORST THAT CAN HAPPEN?
Surnames Danell-Darcy, Montana Memory Project
![Page 34: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
TAKE DOWN NOTICE
• Copyright owner should provide official notice to the person posting the infringing material.
• If the notice is legal and legitimate you must, act “expeditiously to remove, or disable access to” the allegedly infringing material.” (17 U.S.C. § 512 (c)(1)(A)(iii))
![Page 35: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
HathiTrust10 or less take-down notices in their existence
New York Public LibraryAn average of 10 a year but they are often invalid and don’t take the materials down.
Note: These institutions have a high risk tolerance and are extremely high-profile. Chances are you will never get a take-down notice!
![Page 36: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
RIGHTS ASSIGNMENT
Metadata that communicates the legal status of the items in your collection so that you and your users know what they can do with the items in your collection.
Rights statements – legal status of an item.
Access statements – how users can responsibly use an item.
![Page 37: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
EXAMPLE 1: RIGHTS STATEMENTS
Good job, USU!
![Page 38: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
EXAMPLE #2: RIGHTS STATEMENTS
![Page 39: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
FINAL THOUGHT
Does your deed of gift form include a provision for digitization and online reuse of donated resources?
Should it? YES.
![Page 40: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
THANK YOU!Adapted from the Public Library Partnership Project Curriculum and shared under Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0
Please share, reuse, and adapt!
![Page 41: Determining Copyright for Cultural Heritage Materials](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062900/58f3652b1a28abb77c8b459d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
QUESTIONS?
Image courtesy of the US Archives via Flickr/The Commons