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Final Report Grant Agreement No. 30304.2009.003-2009.704
Development of Detailed Statistics on Energy Consumption in
Households
George Said Manager
Environment & Resources Unit Directorate B: Business Statistics
National Statistics Office Malta
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The CATI Survey
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1. Introduction
Malta is almost totally reliant on electrical energy. The households sector is one of the
largest users of energy in Malta with the domestic consumption accounting for an
average of 35 per cent of the total electricity consumption. The main objective of this
project is to develop detailed data on energy consumption trends for the Maltese
households since to date we do not have detailed and reliable information about the
energy consumption in households.
2. Approach
The NSO is taking a joint approach to this project:
(1) The initial part involves the task of conducting a household survey in the course
of which information will be collected on household characteristics, the type and
number of appliances and consumption behaviour of household members. NSO
estimates that a gross/net sample of 1,800/1,500 households, selected randomly
from all localities in Malta and Gozo, would be appropriate for this survey. It is
planned to conduct the survey by means of telephone interviews, using CATI
technology. It is estimated that each interview will last 7 to 10 minutes.
(2) The second part of the joint approach involves complementing the household
survey information detailed above with more technical information. This will entail
the on-site measurement of energy consumed in households by means of
attaching electrical energy consumption meters to the various appliances within a
sample of households. For this purpose, NSO plans to distribute the meters to
three household types:
− Apartments/maisonettes
− Terraced houses
− Estate villas
This would enable the relevant information to be representative across the whole social
and economic spectrum of the population. NSO may even take into consideration the
geographical distribution of dwellings.
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3. The CATI Interview
During the first semester of the year 2010, the Environment and Resources unit drafted
the survey questionnaire, a copy of which is attached in Appendix A. Several
discussions were held at the office in order to design the best possible questionnaire to
be conducted by means of the CATI system.
The telephone interview was conducted by the Survey and Methodology unit and a total
of 1,500 interviews were carried out by July 2010. The survey took three weeks to
complete and the data were extracted from the CATI system for analysis.
The data cleaning and the generation of the necessary tables were carried out during
the following weeks. By end of September 2010, the Environment and Resources unit
all the information required from this interviewing process, for the compilation of the
required tables was concluded.
4. Results and Analysis
The results of the survey have been collated in several tables which show the variety of
appliances by type for each different segment of households which were chosen in the
survey.
5. Kitchen Appliances
The data reveals that almost all households (99.93%) have a fridge, 85 % of which
incorporate freezer. However, fridges without freezer are present in 18.18% of
households and stand alone freezers are in 37.47% of total households. Maltese
households show a strong preference for gas operated appliances for cooking purposes.
Gas cooker hobs are present in 87.15% of the surveyed households while gas ovens
are utilised in 72.16 %. The survey also reveals that 34.43% of the households use an
electric oven while only 13.59% have an electric hob. It is also important to note the
56.87% of all households have at least one microwave and 14.89% make use of a
dishwasher. The data set have been presented in table 1 below.
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Table 1.Kitchen Appliances Appliance % of Total Households
Gas ovens 72.16 Electric ovens 34.43 Gas cooker hobs 87.15 Electric cooker hobs 13.59 Microwaves 56.87 Dishwashers 14.89 Fridges 99.93 Fridges with freezer 85.43 Fridges without freezer 18.18 Stand alone freezer 37.47
6. Kitchen appliances by household type The survey conducted also revealed that the most fridges with freezer are found in
flats/penthouses (91%) followed by maisonettes (86%). Gas ovens are mostly common
in terraced houses (76%), followed by maisonettes (74%).The data also indicates that
gas cooker hobs are found mostly in maisonettes (91%) followed by terraced houses
(88%). Microwaves (80%), electric ovens (51%), stand alone freezer (62%) and fridges
without freezer (33%) are mostly present in semi/fully-detached houses.
Table 2. Kitchen appliances by household type (%)
Terraced/Town House
Semi/Fully Detached
House
Ground Floor/Maisonette Flat/Penthouse Total
Households
Gas ovens 75.85 61.29 74.37 65.33 72.16 Electric ovens 31.83 51.24 32.28 38.24 34.43
Gas cooker hobs 88.1 80.07 90.81 82.95 87.15
Electric cooker hobs 12.71 26.9 9.12 17.42 13.59 Microwaves 53.88 80.31 52.2 62.79 56.87 Dishwashers 15.79 41.6 8.11 15.55 14.89
Fridges 100 100 99.73 100 99.93 Fridges with
freezer 82.5 78.58 86.45 90.77 85.43 Fridges without freezer 21.53 32.73 16.74 11.17 18.18
Stand alone freezer 44.58 62.13 33.66 24.43 37.47
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7. Kitchen appliances by household size
Table 3 gives an overview of the kitchen appliances by household type. The table
indicates that gas ovens are mostly common in 2-person households (75%), electric
ovens in 4-person households (37%), followed by 5+ person households (36%). Gas
cooker hobs are found more in 4 to 5 person households (91%) while electric cooker
hobs in 1-person households (21%). Most microwave ovens are highly found in 4 person
households (66%) while dishwashers in 5+ person households (20%). The data reveals
that fridges with freezer are most common found in 1-person households (91%) while
fridges without freezer in 4-person households (25%); and stand alone freezers in 4-
person and 5+ persons households (49%) respectively.
Table 3. Kitchen appliances by household size (%)
1 2 3 4 5+ Total Gas ovens 68.70 75.07 71.76 71.70 73.00 72.16 Electric ovens 35.34 30.93 34.59 36.76 35.99 34.43 Gas cooker hobs 79.10 88.76 86.42 90.93 90.80 87.15 Electric cooker hobs 20.56 13.32 12.73 9.65 12.13 13.59 Microwaves 45.83 57.21 54.29 66.30 60.88 56.87 Dishwashers 9.72 15.24 13.39 17.98 19.55 14.89 Fridges 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.68 100.00 99.93 Fridges with freezer 90.84 89.66 83.24 78.92 83.89 85.43 Fridges without freezer 10.07 14.52 21.26 25.29 20.00 18.18 Stand alone freezer 22.16 30.16 40.87 49.27 49.48 37.47
8. Heating/Cooling Appliances
The CATI survey also emphasised on the situation of the electric water heaters which
are present in 91% of total Maltese households which are occupied by 2-person
households. Gas heaters are also found in 77% of households with 4 and 5 persons
residing in it. This is contrasted to the 33% of households having electric heaters, mostly
common in 1-person households (47%). An average of 58% of households have air
conditioning units, mostly in 4-person households (70%). Only an average of 1% of total
households have central heating units, mostly the 5+ person households (2.8%). Solar
water heaters are present in 9% of all households, these found mostly in 4-person
households and 5+ person households as indicated in Table 5 below.
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Table 4. Heating/Cooling Appliances Appliance % of Total Households air conditioning units 58.40 central heating units 0.87 heaters 70.97 gas heaters 77.35 electric heaters 32.66 electric water heaters (geaser) 90.50 solar water heater 9.28
Table 5. Heating/Cooling appliances by household si ze (%) 1 2 3 4 5+ Total
air conditioning units 41.90 54.71 62.38 69.74 64.05 58.40 central heating units 0.50 0.78 0.28 0.89 2.76 0.87 heaters 58.10 71.11 73.56 77.97 73.20 70.97 gas heaters 61.75 70.89 83.02 84.84 85.27 77.35 electric heaters 47.48 37.07 25.52 29.37 24.41 32.66 electric water heaters 90.70 93.33 90.22 88.27 88.72 90.50 solar water heater 2.64 6.83 10.34 14.41 13.69 9.28
9. Other Appliances in households
Tables 6 and 7 indicate that an average of 99% of households have a television set.
This is followed by washing machines which are also present in 96%of the households.
It is also important to note that 66% of households have a computer or laptop. Such
equipment is mostly found in 4-person households. The survey reveals that only 21% of
households have a tumble dryer.
Table 6 Other Appliances
Appliances % of Total Households
Televisions 99.01
Computers/laptops 66.45
Washing machines 96.42
Tumble dryers 21.12
Table 7. Other Appliances by household size (%)
1 2 3 4 5 Total Households Televisions 97.46 99.67 98.80 99.26 99.86 99.01 Computers/laptops 29.00 48.74 76.97 95.01 91.89 66.45 Washing Machines 87.08 97.62 99.04 98.64 99.68 96.42 Tumble Dryers 13.08 16.78 24.59 26.23 27.41 21.12
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10. Energy Efficient Appliances
Energy efficiency in appliances has become a major issue in the electrical consumption
of households. Tables 8 and 9 indicate that 35% of households have an energy efficient
washing machine, followed by energy efficient fridge. A small percentage of the Maltese
households have energy efficient freezers and air conditioners which currently stand at
7% of total households. Meanwhile, 4 to 6% of the households have energy efficient
ovens, microwaves, dishwashers and energy efficient cooker hobs.
The data also confirms that energy efficient ovens, fridges, washing machines and air
conditioning units are mostly found in 4-person households. Table 9 also indicates that
stand alone freezers, cooker hobs, microwaves and dishwashers of the same type are
mostly present in 5+ person households.
Table 8. Energy Efficient Appliances
Appliances % of Total
Households Oven 5.74 Cooker hob 0.87 Fridge 25.13 Stand alone freezer 6.95 Microwave 4.49 Washing machine 35.08 Airconditioner 6.92 Dishwasher 3.06
Table 9. Energy Efficient Appliances by household s ize (%)
1 2 3 4 5+ Total
Households Oven 4.60 5.03 5.85 7.02 6.47 5.74 Cooker hob 1.29 0.28 1.07 0.73 1.39 0.87 Fridge 15.30 22.11 29.03 32.51 26.17 25.13 Stand alone freezer 1.80 4.39 8.99 9.93 11.39 6.95 Microwave 3.00 4.59 3.99 4.36 7.95 4.49 Washing machine 16.99 28.13 36.66 50.27 47.79 35.08 Airconditioner 7.15 4.31 6.72 10.18 6.42 6.92 Dishwasher 2.39 3.14 1.98 3.82 4.57 3.06
11. Availability of Renewables in total households
Renewable have been introduced in Malta four years ago and they are slowly gaining
ground. The survey results show that the 9.3% of the Maltese households own a solar
water heater. This is followed by solar panels installations which are present 1.3% of the
households. Only 0.1% of the households own a micro turbine.
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Table 10. Availability of Renewables in total Households (%)
Microturbines 0.1 Solar Panels 1.3 Solar Water Heater 9.3
Further analysis of the data indicates that solar water heaters are primarily found in
terraced/town houses. Such presence amount to 52% of the total households in Malta,
followed by maisonettes (21%), detached houses (15%) and flat/penthouses (12%).
It is also evident that 50% of the installed solar panels are also mostly present in
terraced/town houses. Such installations are followed by detached houses (28%) and
maisonettes (22%). The survey data also reveals that micro turbines are highly common
in terraced houses (80%) and on as smaller scale in detached houses (20%). Table 11
below shows the details of such distribution.
Table 11. Renewables distribution per household typ e (%)
Terraced/Town
House Semi/Fully
Detached House Ground
Floor/Maisonette Flat/Penthouse Microturbines 79.52 20.48 0 0 Solar Panels 49.86 28.26 21.87 0 Solar Water
Heater 51.77 15.11 21.09 12.03 12. Use of energy saving lamps by household size
Table 12 gives an idea of the extent of use of energy saving lamps by the Maltese
households. It is evident that 94% of Maltese households use energy saving lamps.
These range from 98% usage within 4-person households to 87% usage within 1-person
households.
Table 12. Use of energy saving lamps by household s ize (%)
Household Size 1 2 3 4 5+ Total
Use of energy saving lamps (%) 86.5 92.18 95.3 98.32 97.51 93.77 13. Extent of electric water heaters usage.
Table 13 below shows that 78% of Maltese households switch their water heaters on
and off according to use. Such practices vary accordingly to the household size. Such
practice is most common among 1-person households. This is followed closely by 2-
person occupied households. Details are presented in Table 14.
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An average of 22% of all households leaves their water heater on at all times. Such
practice is most common among person households (28%), and five person households
(27%). Table 14 also shows that 25% of the 4-person occupied households tend to
leave their water heater always on while the one person occupied households are the
least to perform such practice.
Table 13. Water heaters on/off (% of total househol ds) On and off according to use 78.30
On at all times 21.70
Table 14. Water heaters switched on/off or on at al l times by household size
Household Size 1 2 3 4 5+ Total
On and off according to use (%) 86.56 83.1 71.83 74.86 72.67 78.3
On at all times (%) 13.44 16.9 28.17 25.14 27.33 21.7
Table 15 below confirms that the average water heater capacity in Maltese households
is 57 litres. Proper figures range from 61 litres in detached houses and flats/penthouses
to 55 litres and 54 litres in terraced/town houses and maisonettes respectively.
Table 15. Average number of litres of water heaters by household type
Terraced/Town House 54.90
Semi/Fully Detached House 61.38
Ground Floor/Maisonette 53.70
Flat/Penthouse 61.34
Total 56.50
15. Average number of litres of water heaters by ho usehold size.
The average number of litres of water heaters by household size is displayed in Table
16. It is evident that the 5 person occupied households have average water heater litre
capacity of 63 litres, whilst 1-person households have 50-51 litre capacity water heaters.
Table 16. Average number of litres of water heaters by household size
1 50.65
2 53.19
3 60.17
4 58.44
5+ 62.63 Total 56.50
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16. Number of vehicles used by household size
The CATI survey also undertook further investigation regarding the consumption of fossil
fuel energy in households. This was done in particular reference to the ownership and
usage of the private vehicle since in Malta there is a high level of car ownership. In the
Maltese Islands there is and average of 2 vehicles per household. Figures show that the
3, 4 and 5+ person households have 2 cars while 2-person households own 1 vehicle.
Table 17 shows the details of such vehicular distribution.
Table 17. Average number of vehicles used by househ old size
Household Size Vehicles/Motorcycles 1 0.44
2 1.15
3 1.74
4 2.19
5+ 2.44
Total 1.53
17. Household expenditure on fuel per week by house hold size.
In Malta 39% of all households spend between €20and €40 per week on fuel. Most of
this expenditure is footed by 3-person households. The data shows that 23% of
households who spend between €10 and €20 per week are 2-person households.
Another 16% declared that they spend €40-€60 per week. While 13% of the households
declared that they spend less than €10 per week, another 10% stated that they spend
€60 or more per week. The details of such expenditure are presented in Table 18 below.
Table 18. Household expenditure on fuel per week by household size Household
Size None Less than
€10 €10 -
€19.99 €20 -
€39.99 €40 -
€59.99 €60 or more
1 0.0 45.8 33.6 14.7 5.9 0.0
2 0.8 22.4 38.5 26.5 9.4 2.4
3 0.4 6.6 15.4 57.6 13.3 6.7
4 0.0 3.6 18.4 39.7 25.8 12.5
5+ 0.0 1.9 8.2 40.7 18.8 30.5
Total 0.3 12.8 22.8 38.7 15.7 9.8
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The Technical Survey
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18. Introduction
The second part of the survey promises to be more labour-intensive and consequently
time-consuming. Since the NSO did not have the resources to conduct such a survey, it
was agreed to sub-contract the services via a call for tender. In fact, such a call was
announced and published in the Government Gazette of 9 April 2010.
The closing date of the tender was 19 May 2010 and three bidders had expressed their
interest for this survey. AIS Ltd was selected to conduct the survey and completed the
work in the period of eight months.
The general scope of the project was to carry out a number of surveys in a sample of
individual households and collect electricity consumption data of the major appliances
over an extended period of time. This has been achieved by attaching electrical energy
consumption meters to the various appliances, and gathering information regarding the
type and age of appliances which are being used. The results give rise to a model of
energy consumption in the households on the basis of the statistics collected.
19. Geographical area covered
The contract required the survey to be carried out on 60 households in the Island of
Malta as a representative of the general population. To this end, it was also agreed that
the 60 households visited be categorized among four different classes; mainly:
Apartments
Maisonettes
Terraced houses
Large estate villas
This enables the relevant information to be representative across the whole social and
economic spectrum of the population. The geographical distribution of dwellings has
also been taken into consideration. The NSO has been responsible for the selection of
the households according to these established criteria.
In addition to the required 60 households, another two household audits were carried out
for contingency.
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20. Duration and planning of the project
As outlined earlier, the global timeframe for the execution of the project was eight
months. The required duration of the exercise within an individual household was one
month. Given the timeframe, the project has been executed successfully according to
the following general plan:-
1. Fixing of appointments with batches of 10 households
2. Visit of the households to commence the survey
3. Logging of consumption measurements for a period of one month
4. Collection of instruments and data from the batch of 10 households
5. Resume with appointments for the next batch of 10 households
21, Letter of Advice to Households
The first step in the process is a letter of advice by the NSO to the households being
audited. The delivery of these letters was performed in close coordination with AIS. In
this way, the subsequent phone call to establish the appointment would be only a few
days following the receipt of the letter by the household.
22. Contact by Telephone to Establish an Appointmen t.
AIS Ltd. was then responsible to establish an appointment with the households
indicated, using contact details provided. On visiting the household, the representative
asked a set of questions to confirm the eligibility of that particular household for the
exercise. These questions were intended to confirm that the contact details are correct,
that the residence is in use, and that there is no obstacle, both physical and logistical,
preventing the survey from being carried out. It is worthy of noting that a small number of
households could not be contacted at all. In this case, the NSO provided a replacement
household. This would then be followed by the setting up of an appointment that is
convenient for the household owners, whereby AIS representatives may go to perform
the installation of the measuring equipment. During this conversation, the representative
also reassures the household tenant that the survey will be kept confidential, and that all
works being carried out in the household are completely reversible and will leave no
damage or danger. A specially-prepared form, the ‘Household Energy Consumption
Form’, was filled in with the updated contact details and appointment information. This
same form was then be used by the visiting representative and was the basis for the
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collection of the data for that household thereafter. A copy of this form is shown in
Appendix C.
23. Household Visit to Commence Survey
On the day of the appointment, an AIS representative called at the household to
commence the survey. Upon meeting the tenant, the representative explained the scope
of the exercise and established what appliances are present in the household. At this
point, the representative ticks in the existing appliances in the ‘Exists’ column of the
Household Data Form. A number of appliances on the form have been highlighted with a
bold box. These are appliances that one would reasonably expect to always exist in any
household, unless a viable alternative is present. The representative has been instructed
to furnish an explanation whenever a bold highlighted item is not found. This measure
has been added as a double-check to ensure that none of the very critical items has
been left out. Additional information, such as age and type of equipment is also filled in
the relevant sections of the form.
24. Installation of Measuring Instruments
The representative then proceeded to install the measuring devices to as many
appliances as possible. The measuring devices will be chosen according to whether the
appliance is a plug-in device or a permanently-connected one. In the latter case, a
device with a current transformer (CT) is used. A special tamper-proof sticker is applied
to the device controls on ensure trustworthy readings. The representative takes note of
the individual meter serial numbers and leaves the instruments in a logging state. At the
end of the visit the household owner is given advice on what to do if he needs to move
or disconnect an appliance, together with contact details should a difficulty arise.
25. Appliances
The appliances which were monitored included:-
• Fridges and freezers,
• Washing machines,
• Dishwashers,
• Electrical Water Heater,
• Electric ovens/hobs
• Heaters
• Airconditioning Units
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• Microwave ovens
• Television
• Hifi Equipment
• Computers
• Washing Machine
• Tumble Dryer
• Solar Heater
• Others eg. Heated aquariums etc.
26.Measuring Equipment
The meters allow for the measurement of the total energy consumption (in kWh) over a
period of time of a particular appliance. Two types of meters were used in the survey.
The plug-in type allows plug-in appliances to be monitored without modification to their
wiring. These were ideal for kettles, irons, TV sets and so on. The other type employs a
clip-on current transformer (CT) which is able to measure current on permanently-
connected appliances without physical modifications or disconnections. An example of
such an appliance would be an Air Conditioner or Water Heater. In both cases,
commercially-available instruments suitable for domestic use were employed. All
instruments were tested for consistency prior to use.
Fig. 1 Measuring Instruments: Energenie (top), and Efergy e2 (bottom)
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27. Mains Incomer
The representative was also instructed to connect an instrument to the main incomer.
The appropriate instrument for this is the clip-on Efergy type. Where a three-phase
supply is encountered, the representative has connected three individual instruments to
each phase.
28. Second Appointment for Collection of Measuring Instruments
A second appointment was made with the household to collect the instruments. The
date was chosen such as to allow a period of measurement of about 30 days or more.
Upon visiting, the representative checked each individual meter for consistency and
examined the tamper-proof sticker to see if it is still intact. An instrument which passes
these tests has the ‘Meter OK’ column on the Data Form ticked. The representative also
took note of the final readings. Any abnormal readings are immediately enquired upon
with the household owner. If the abnormal reading has a suitable explanation, the
‘Realistic’ column on the Data Form is ticked. Any other information worthy of note was
written down in the ‘Technician’s comments’ box on the rear of the Household Data
Form. The appointment is concluded by having both the household owner and the
visiting representative sign on the Data Form that all instruments have been collected.
29. Data Retrieval
In addition to counting the energy consumed, the Efergy e2 instruments also feature an
hourly consumption data logging memory. This data was downloaded onto an AIS
server using special software, and exported to an excel sheet. This data is the basis of
the reports being presented in this survey.
30. Instrument Renewal
Since the instruments have special tamper-proof stickers applied, these have to be
cleaned before re-use. The batteries were also renewed to ensure that battery life will
sustain the monthly logging of the next batch of households.
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Some Installation Example s
Fig. 2 - 4 Examples of applied metering: Cooker (Top) and Fridge and Mains (bottom)
Technical Hurdles and Precautions
34. Non-Collaboration by the Household Owner
In some instances it was noted that some household owners were fiercely reluctant to
carry out the survey in their homes. In some instances, some owners gave permission
after reassurances of confidentiality and that no reversible damage would be incurred. In
some other instances the owners remained steadfast. In these instances, it was agreed
with the NSO that an alternative household would be surveyed.
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35. Forgotten Appliances
The representative was ultimately in the hands of the household owner with respect to
what appliances were present within the household. To minimise as much as possible
the possibility of ‘forgotten’ appliances, the Data Form was formulated like a checklist.
Moreover, some critical appliances were highlighted in bold boxes to emphasise to the
visiting representative that an explanation was to be sought for the absence, or
otherwise, of certain appliances.
36. Possibility of Instrument Tampering by Househol d Owner
To mitigate this possibility, a number of measures were taken. Firstly, each instrument
has been engraved with a unique serial id number. Upon installation, the representative
writes down the serial number next to each appliance entry on the Data Form. This is
checked for consistency upon removal. Hence AIS would be aware if the Household
Owner inadvertently swaps an instrument with another. Another measure taken was the
use of special tamper-proof tape. Certain control buttons and enclosures were protected
from inadvertent use by means of this special security tape, which allows easy and
unmistakeable detection of peeling when this occurs.
37. Instrument missing or stolen
Upon installation completion the representative counts the meters installed and the
household owner signs against the number counted. This makes the household owner
aware of the responsibility. Upon collection, the representative checks the numbers of
meters collected to ensure that there are none missing.
38. Appliance wiring not accessible for connection of CTs
The most common and significant hurdle encountered was the metering of kitchen
appliances that are built-in into the kitchen furniture. In most instances where this was
encountered, it was impossible to connect a CT without doing irreversible changes to the
furniture. To mitigate the effect of this occurrence, the representative took note of the
existence of these appliances even though no instrument was connected. In the final
results, the entries of the major appliances having this accessibility problem have been
substituted by an average value for the respective Household Type. This measure,
coupled by the fact that occurrence of built-in appliances was low throughout the survey,
ensured that the final overall results were not impacted.
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39. Battery depleted during mid-survey
Batteries were renewed at the start of each survey to eliminate this possibility.
40. Non-use of Air-conditioning Equipment
The survey has been carried out in the period running from October 2010 to April 2011.
In the period surveyed, almost all households with Air-conditioning installed have
indicated that they are not planning to use their air-conditioning equipment. Asked
whether they might use it in the winter months as a heating source, all households
showed a preference for gas heating or conventional electric heating. As a result, all
households, with the exception of one, have zero against their figure of airconditioning
consumption in the period surveyed. Given that air-conditioning consumption is
potentially a significant consumption contributor in the summer months, the fact that the
study was not commissioned to last for a period of a whole year is a possible
shortcoming.
Result Observations and Conclusions
41. Final Results Charts
The final results are being presented in the following charts:
• Apartments
• Maisonettes
• Terraced Houses
• Villas
• All Household Types Combined
• All Household Types Combined (results presented per Appliance Group)
The charts have been annexed in Appendix D.
42. Main Appliance Groups
For a clearer representation of the results, appliances in the last report have been
combined into five Main Appliance Groups. These are:
1. Water Heating
2. TV, HiFi and Computers
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3. Refrigeration
4. Minor Appliances
5. Lighting and Other
43. Main Incomer Results
As expected, Villas exhibited a higher rate of energy consumption. A look at the main
appliance groups reveals that the source of this higher rate is originating mostly from
lighting and the so-called minor appliances. These groups will be examined further in the
following paragraphs. Apartments also revealed a relatively high rate of consumption
when compared to either Maisonettes or Terraced Houses. This higher source of
consumption was found to be originating from a single apartment in the survey, which
had a confirmed abnormally-high rate of hot water use (refer to note 1 in the Apartments
chart). The apartment in question was in fact a large luxury apartment in Sliema, also
having a three-phase electricity supply. Despite the dwelling being architecturally an
apartment, with respect to facilities and size it was comparable to a Villa.
44. Water Heating
Apartments exhibited higher water heating consumption due to a particular apartment
(see paragraph above and Note 1 in the Apartments chart). Apart from the apartments,
the other dwelling types exhibited very similar consumption levels at about 2.5 units per
day.
45. TV, HiFi and Computers
All dwelling types exhibited similar consumption levels of between 1 and 1.5 units per
day. Surprisingly, Villas exhibited the lowest of the four dwelling types. The reasons for
this could be related to different occupancy patterns of Villa owners with respect to other
dwelling types. It could also be that Villa owners have invested in more modern
equipment such as flat-panel TV which would result in reduced consumption overall.
46. Refrigeration
Refrigeration consumption is another area which did not exhibit a differing level across
the dwelling types. This result is to be expected, as the size of the dwelling or affluence
of the resident family should not have a net effect on the resulting consumption of the
refrigeration appliance which is running continuously throughout the day.
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47. Minor Appliances
Villas exhibited a significantly higher level of consumption. The major component of this
category was water pumps for swimming pools which had a significant effect on the
Villas average even if not all villas had a swimming pool. From this result it is also
evident that certain high-wattage appliances like the washing machine, the microwave
oven, and the dishwasher are not significant contributors to the total consumption figure.
Clearly, these appliances are used for a much shorter period of time overall.
48. Lighting and Other
Consumption attributed to lighting would be expected to be roughly proportional to the
size of the dwelling. In fact the pattern exhibits a clear upward trend with dwelling type,
starting with apartments having the lowest consumption and villas having the highest
consumption. Villas would also require a more significant level of perimeter lighting.
49.Use of Electric Heaters
Despite the survey being carried out in the winter months, space heating by electricity
resulted to be a relatively small fraction overall. This suggests that household owners
are wary of the heavy consumption this appliance could contribute. Most of the
household owners expressed a clear preference towards gas burners for space heating.
None of them reported using the Air conditioner for heating during the winter months,
despite this being more efficient and economical that a standard element-based heater.
The mild winter climate is also a factor.
50. The Three Major Contributors
The study shows clearly that there are three major contributors: lighting, water heating
and refrigeration. These three alone contribute to almost 80% of the total consumption of
the average household, albeit these figures are representative of the winter months only.
This gives credit to measures being implemented to address these areas, namely
incentives to invest in energy-saving bulbs, solar water heaters and appliances with a
better class of energy saving.
23
APPENDIX A
24
Energy Consumption in households My name is (name) from the National Statistics Office (NSO). Currently, this office is carrying out a survey about Energy Consumption in Households, about which I would like to ask some questions. Your household has been randomly selected to participate in this survey. The interview will take approximately 8 minutes. The information will only be used for statistical purposes. May I address the head of household? I am going to ask you a few questions regarding your appliances at home. Would you kindly tell me how many, of each item, you have in your main dwelling.
1. How many Gas Cookers do you have in your house? _____
2. How many Gas Hobs do you have? _____
3. How many Electric Cookers do you have? _____
4. How many Electric Hobs do you have? _____
5. How many Microwave Ovens do you have? _____
6. How many Air-conditioning Units do you have? _____
7. How many Central Heating Units do you have? _____
8. How many Heaters do you have? _____→ GoTo Q11 (If 0)
9. How many are Gas Heaters? _____
10. How many are Electric Heaters? _____
11. How many Water Heaters (Geysers) do you have, for use in the bathrooms?
None O(0) → Go to Q15 _____
12. What is the total volume in litres of the first Water Heater (geyser)?
Total volume _____ Liters (or) Total gallons _____ gallons
13. What is the total volume in litres of other Water Heaters (geyser)?
Total volume _____ Liters (or) Total gallons _____ gallons
25
14. Do you normally switch them on and off according to use or do you leave them on at all times?
On and off according to use O(1) On at all times O(2)
15. Do you have a Solar Water Heater/s?
Iva O(1) Le O(2) 16. How many Dishwashers do you have? _____ 17. How many Television Sets do you have at home? _____
18. How many Fridges do you have?
None O(0) → Go to Q20 _____ 19. How many of these have a Freezer incorporated with them? _____
20. How many separate Freezers do you have? _____
21. How many Computers/Laptops do you have? _____
22. How many Washing Machines do you have? _____
23. How many Tumble Dryers do you have? _____
24. Which of the following appliances are Energy Efficient? Tick where appropriate:
• Cooker O(1) • Washing machine O(6) • Cooker hob O(2) • Air conditioner (AC) O(7) • Fridge O(3) • Dishwasher O(8) • Freezer O(4) • Neither one/no more
appliances O(9) • Microwave O(5) • Don’t know O(10)
25. Do you have Solar Panels (energy solar panels)?
Yes O(1) No O(2)
26. Do you have Micro Turbines on the roof to provide energy?
Yes O(1) No O(2)
26
27. Do you use Energy- Saving Lamps in your main household?
Yes O(1) No O(2)
28. What type of dwelling do you live in?
Terraced/Town house O(1) Semi/Fully Detached House O(2) Ground floor tenement / Maisonette O(3) Flat/Penthouse O(4) Other type (Specify) ________________________
29. In which period was the dwelling constructed? ____________
Before 1918 O(1) 1919-1955 O(2) 1956-1965 O(3) 1966-1980 O(4) 1981-1995 O(5) 1996-2000 O(6) 2001-2005 O(7) 2006-2010 O(8)
30. How many members live permanently in your dwelling? ____________
31. How many rooms does this dwelling consist of? ____________
32. How many cars / motorcycles do you all make use of?
None O(0) → STOP _____
33. Approximately, how much does your household spend on fuel per week?
Less than €10 (0 - €9.99) O(1) €10 - €19.99 O(2) €20 - €39.99 O(3) €40 – €59.99 O(4) €60 or more O(5) Don’t know O(6)
- Thank you for your time -
27
APPENDIX B
28
NSO 01 /2010 Survey on Energy Consumption in Households The NSO requires the professional services of an individual/entity with an engineering background to carry out a survey on the consumption of electrical energy in Maltese households. The objective of this project is to develop detailed statistics on the trends of energy consumption in the sector of domestic households. The individual/entity who will tender for this survey have to prove that they have all the logistical and technical expertise required for the on-site measurements in the selected households. The combination of direct surveys, on site measurements, and modeling, will allow for the extrapolation of detailed statistics. More details are explained in the official tender document which can be collected from the National Statistics Office, Lascaris,, Valletta or requested via email: [email protected] This is a Service Notice under the Local Open Tender Procedure. This tender is being considered for part-financing by the European Union (Allocated Budget: €30,000.00 excluding V.A.T.).
29
APPENDIX C
30
31
32
APPENDIX D
33
Household Type:Total Survey Hours:
Total Consumption
kWh
DailyAverage per
Household Type
% of Total Household
TypeNotes
2988.50 11.16 100.00%
513.70 1.92 17.19%28.20 0.11 0.94%0.00 0.00 0.00%58.90 0.22 1.97%23.60 0.09 0.79%
1128.32 4.21 37.76% (1)0.00 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%
288.10 1.08 9.64%0.00 0.00 0.00%96.70 0.36 3.24%63.30 0.24 2.12%0.00 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%
787.68 2.94 26.36%Pool PumpLighting and Other
AirconditioningTelevisionsHi-Fi EquipmentComputersWashing Machines
Solar Heating
Energy Consumption Survey - Apartments
Apartments6429
Consumption of Main Appliances
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)
Dishwashers
Appliance
Main Incomer
Kettle
Electric Ovens and HobsMicrowave Ovens
Notes1. This figure is abnormally high in comparison to other household types. We investigated the cause of this figure and concluded that it is the result of a single household, ref. no. 42. The reading is based on two water heaters, and both havea high reading. This fact excludes a measurement instrument malfunction. We enquired with the household, a large luxury apartment in Sliema, and we can confirm tha the consumption of hot water is indeed reportedly very high.
Tumble Drier
Water HeatingSpace Heating (non A/C)
% Of Total Consumption
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)
17.19% Kettle0.94%
Dishwashers0.00%
Electric Ovens and Hobs
1.97%
Microwave Ovens0.79%
Water Heating37.76%
Space Heating (non A/C)
0.00%
Airconditioning0.00%
Televisions9.64%
Hi-Fi Equipment0.00%
Computers3.24%
Washing Machines2.12%
Tumble Drier0.00%
Solar Heating0.00%
Pool Pump0.00%
Lighting and Other26.36%
34
Household Type:Total Survey Hours:
Total Consumption
kWh
DailyAverage per
Household Type
% of Total Household
TypeNotes
6783.98 10.76 100.00%
1554.80 2.47 22.92%53.80 0.09 0.79%61.70 0.10 0.91%124.26 0.20 1.83%44.00 0.07 0.65%
1590.10 2.52 23.44%88.14 0.14 1.30%42.14 0.07 0.62%625.20 0.99 9.22%
6.50 0.01 0.10%373.70 0.59 5.51%164.70 0.26 2.43%39.50 0.06 0.58%30.71 0.05 0.45%0.00 0.00 0.00%
1984.73 3.15 29.26%
Energy Consumption Survey - Maisonettes
Maisonettes15125
Consumption of Main Appliances
Appliance
Main Incomer
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)KettleDishwashersElectric Ovens and HobsMicrowave OvensWater HeatingSpace Heating (non A/C)AirconditioningTelevisionsHi-Fi EquipmentComputersWashing MachinesTumble DryerSolar HeatingPool PumpLighting and Other
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)
22.92%
Kettle0.79%
Dishwashers0.91%
Electric Ovens and Hobs1.83%
Microwave Ovens0.65%
Water Heating23.44%Space Heating (non
A/C)1.30%Airconditioning
0.62%
Televisions9.22%
Hi-Fi Equipment0.10%
Computers5.51%
Washing Machines2.43%
Tumble Dryer0.58%
Solar Heating0.45%
Pool Pump0.00%
Lighting and Other29.26%
35
Household Type:Total Survey Hours:
Total Consumption
kWh
DailyAverage per
Household Type
% of Total Household
TypeNotes
7447.49 11.02 100.00%
1695.90 2.51 22.77%94.50 0.14 1.27%0.00 0.00 0.00%
38.15 0.06 0.51%41.20 0.06 0.55%
1939.48 2.87 26.04%0.60 0.00 0.01%0.00 0.00 0.00%
640.90 0.95 8.61%0.50 0.00 0.01%
336.20 0.50 4.51%169.20 0.25 2.27%
0.30 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%0.00 0.00 0.00%
2490.56 3.69 33.44%
Energy Consumption Survey - Terraced Houses
Terraced Houses16216
Consumption of Main Appliances
Appliance
Main Incomer
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)KettleDishwashersElectric Ovens and HobsMicrowave OvensWater HeatingSpace Heating (non A/C)AirconditioningTelevisionsHi-Fi EquipmentComputersWashing MachinesTumble DryerSolar HeatingPool PumpLighting and Other
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)
22.77%
Kettle1.27%
Dishwashers0.00%
Electric Ovens and Hobs0.51%
Microwave Ovens0.55%
Water Heating26.04%
Space Heating (non A/C)
0.01%Airconditioning
0.00%Televisions
8.61%
Hi-Fi Equipment0.01%
Computers4.51%
Washing Machines2.27%
Tumble Dryer0.00%
Solar Heating0.00%
Pool Pump0.00%
Lighting and Other33.44%
36
Household Type:Total Survey Hours:
Total Consumption
kWh
DailyAverage per
Household Type
% of Total Household
TypeNotes
5358.86 12.72 100.00%
1037.00 2.46 19.35%80.10 0.19 1.49%0.00 0.00 0.00%
151.57 0.36 2.83%29.03 0.07 0.54%
1064.90 2.53 19.87%151.00 0.36 2.82%
0.00 0.00 0.00%385.50 0.92 7.19%
9.60 0.02 0.18%70.20 0.17 1.31%140.06 0.33 2.61%
9.90 0.02 0.18%0.00 0.00 0.00%
431.07 1.02 8.04%1798.93 4.27 33.57%
Energy Consumption Survey - Villas
Villas10108.25
Consumption of Main Appliances
Appliance
Main Incomer
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)KettleDishwashersElectric Ovens and HobsMicrowave OvensWater HeatingSpace Heating (non A/C)AirconditioningTelevisionsHi-Fi EquipmentComputersWashing MachinesTumble DryerSolar HeatingPool PumpLighting and Other
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)
19.35%
Kettle1.49%
Dishwashers0.00%
Electric Ovens and Hobs2.83%
Microwave Ovens0.54%
Water Heating19.87%
Space Heating (non A/C)
2.82%
Airconditioning0.00%
Televisions7.19%Hi-Fi Equipment
0.18%
Computers1.31%
Washing Machines2.61%
Tumble Dryer0.18%
Solar Heating0.00%
Pool Pump8.04%
Lighting and Other33.57%
37
Household Type:Total Survey Hours:
Total Consumption
kWh
DailyAverage per
Household Type
% of Total Household
TypeNotes
21879.13 11.17 100.00%
4737.40 2.42 21.65%242.40 0.12 1.11%61.70 0.03 0.28%372.88 0.19 1.70%120.53 0.06 0.55%5224.80 2.67 23.88%239.74 0.12 1.10%42.14 0.02 0.19%
1924.60 0.98 8.80%16.60 0.01 0.08%848.50 0.43 3.88%516.96 0.26 2.36%49.70 0.03 0.23%30.71 0.02 0.14%431.07 0.22 1.97%7019.40 3.58 32.08%
Pool PumpLighting and Other
Space Heating (non A/C)AirconditioningTelevisionsHi-Fi EquipmentComputersWashing MachinesTumble DryerSolar Heating
Microwave OvensWater Heating
Consumption of Main Appliances
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)KettleDishwashersElectric Ovens and Hobs
Appliance
Main Incomer
Energy Consumption Survey - Combined
Combined47019.75
Refrigeration (Fridges and Freezers)
21.65%
Kettle1.11%
Dishwashers0.28%
Electric Ovens and Hobs1.70%
Microwave Ovens0.55%
Water Heating23.88%
Space Heating (non A/C)
1.10%Airconditioning0.19%Televisions
8.80%Hi-Fi Equipment
0.08%
Computers3.88%
Washing Machines2.36%
Tumble Dryer0.23%
Solar Heating0.14%
Pool Pump1.97%
Lighting and Other32.08%