Diachronic Change in Loanword Constraint
RankingsAn analysis of multiple outputs for the same input
in English Loanwords in Korean
Loanword Phonology
Too-Many-Solutions
P-Map Hierarchy
Output-Output (OO) v. Input-Output (IO)
Diachronic Changes
2(Kang 2008, 2011)
Too-many-solutions
When encountering English [b, d, g], Korean phonology can conform these sounds in two different ways:
Tense /p*, t*, k*/ Lax /p, t, k/
3(Kang 2011)
P-Map Hierarchy
Given a phonological constraint C and a phonetic map M, C is said to be grounded with respect to M if the phonetic effectiveness of C is greater than that of all neighbors of C of equal or lesser complexity.
4(Hayes 1999)
OO v. IO
When is comes to English stops in Korean, keeping as similar to the “ideal” English output is preferred.
Assign one * for every segment in the Korean output that does not match/mimic the English output.
5(Kang et al. 2008)
Diachronic Change
1930s
VOT more salient
Tense stops more similar to English stop output
OO and P-Map Hierarchy come into play
Present Day Korean (PDK)
F0 more salient
Thus, lax is more similar to English output
OO and P-Map Hierarchy come into play6(Kang 2008)
Sample Data
Bonus [bonəs] [p*on∧s*ɨ]
Belt [belt] [pelthɨ]
Dollar [dalŗ] [t*alla]
Disk [dIsk] [tisɨkhɨ]
Gas [gas][k*as*ɨ]
Guide [gaid] [kaitɨ]7(Kang 2008)
Analysis If you look at the vowels following,
there is overlap, so we know the environments are all the same
They are allophones of the same phoneme, but they are only predictable by when they were introduced to the Korean language, not due to position or environment.
Two different outputs to the same input
8
Proposal
Because the older English loanwords have not assimilated to the new output schema, they are working on a separate constraint ranking. One passed down through generations.
9
Phonetic
Tense VOT
Shorter F0
High
Lax VOT
Longer F0
Low
10
Phonology
Tense+ Tense
- Spread
HIGH
Lax- Tense
- Spread
LOW
11(Kim et al. 2003)
Minimal?
If we consider that lax and tense stops differ in 2 features, they are not exactly minimal pairs. Thus, I propose 2 different constraints to accommodate this:
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Constraints TENSE
Assign one * for every [+voice, +cons, -cont] segment in the input that is not [+tense] in the ourput
LOW Assign one * for every [LOW, +cons, -cont]
segment in the input that is not [LOW] in the output When making these constraints, the features of
aspirated need to be considered so that it doesn’t get pulled into the mix accidentally. Lax is [- tense, +spread, HIGH]13
Old Tableau
/bonəs/ TENSE LOW
[p*ón∧s*ɨ] *
[pòn∧s*ɨ] *W L
[phón∧s*ɨ] *W *
14
New Tableau
15
/belt/ LOW TENSE
[pèlthɨ] *
[p*élthɨ] *W L
[phélthɨ] *W *
Conclusions
It does seem that there are two constraint rankings for these two different sets of loanwords. Though, there is still much more to de analyzed:
Such as, connection to frequency in corpus (old words) and how that affects the acquirement of the old ranking system.
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References
Kang, Yoonjung. “Tensification of voiced stops in English loanwords in Korean.” Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics XII (2008): 179-192.Web. 16 Apr. 2014. <http://www.yoonjungkang.com/uploads/1/1/6/2/11625099/harvard2008.pdf>.
Kim, Mi-Ryoung, and San Duanmu. ""Tense" and "Lax" Stops in Korean." Journal of East Asian Linguistics 13 (Jan., 2004): 59-104. Print.
Lee, Juhee. The Phonology of Loanwords and Lexical Stratification in Korean: with Special Reference to English Loanwords in Korean (Dissertation, University of Essex, 2003). Microfilm.
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