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Discuss the connection between natural history and political
economy in Britain in the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century.
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Sir Joseph Banks
• Political Links– The Earl of Sandwich– George III – William Pitt– Earls of Liverpool
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Sir Joseph Banks• Kew Botanical Gardens– 1759– Sovereignty through plants– Economic power expressed through botany
• Patriotism– Agriculture as an ‘improver’ of the nation– Enclosure– Protectionism and support of landed interests– Conflict with France
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Centres of Calculation
• Networks• Patronage of Exploration• Accumulation of knowledge and familiarity
with foreignness• Merchants and trading used to expand
knowledge of natural history
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British Empire
• Making best use of the land– Better educated to make better use of it– Transferring plants for wider cultivation
• Tea Cultivation• Trade to Colonisation– Economic Dominance
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Knowledge and Power
• Botany as diplomatic currency– Gift giving
• Cost of collecting novelties contributes to dignity of crown and standing of the country
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The 19th Century
• Individual influence in data accumulation narrowed
• Nationalisation of culture and rationalisation of government
• Banks’ collections eventually passed to the British Museum
• Natural history and science remained prominent
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Sweet blooms the rose, the towering oak expands, the grace and guard of Britain’s golden lands.