Download - Distributed gen2015
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Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala
Dr. KUMARAVEL SUNDARAMOORTHYPresented by
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• Energy
Introduction
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Conductor
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Insulator
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Semiconductor
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Sub-orbits in Atom
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Sub-orbit Series
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Energy of Electron in nth Orbit
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1 kg = 900 g + 100 g
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1kg 1 kg 1kg
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Wood
Petrol
Atomic
Time
Power
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State of Energy
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Forms of Energy
• The five main forms of energy are:– Heat– Chemical– Electromagnetic– Nuclear– Mechanical
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Fourth Basic Need of Human
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Energy Conversion and Electrical Energy
• Instant energy conversion• Convert in to more forms• High conversion efficiency • Energy storage• Easy and safe to transport• Regeneration• Smooth Control
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History of Electricity
• Starting With Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 - April 17, 1790)
Kite-flying experiments in 1752
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History of Electricity• Michael Faraday(22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867)
An English scientist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include those of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis.
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History of Electricity
• Alessandro Volta
In 1800, Alessandro Volta, an Italian scientist, made a great discovery. He soaked paper in salt water, placed zinc and copper on opposite sides of the paper, and watched the chemical reaction produce an electric current. Volta had created the first electric cell
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History of Electricity• André-Marie Ampère(20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836)
In September 1820, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents attract or repel each other, depending on whether the currents flow in the same or opposite directions, respectively - this laid the foundation of electrodynamics.
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World First Generating Station
September 4, 1882, that Edison switched on his Pearl
Street generating station's electrical power distribution
system, which provided 110 volts direct current (DC) to an
initial load of 400 lamps at 85 customers. By 1884, Pearl
Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164
lamps. The station was built by the Edison Electric
Illuminating Company, which was headed by Thomas
Edison.
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The World's First Hydroelectric Power Plant Began Operation September 30, 1882
The dam across Fox River in Appleton (USA) the site of the first hydroelectric power plant in the world.
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First Power Plant in India
The first plant consisted of two 65 kW Crompton-Brunton single-phase, 2300 volts and 83.3 hertz alternators coupled with two Gunther's Turbines. India's first Hydro-Electric Power Station with 2 x 65 kW capacity was commissioned on 10 November 1897 by C. C. Stevens, the then Acting Lieutenant Governor of Bengal.
Sidrapong Hydel Power Station
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Energy Conversion
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Electricity Generation Techniques
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Electricity Generation Techniques
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Electricity Generation Techniques
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Electricity Generation Techniques
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Problems of Fossil Fuel
• Limited in Nature• Million – trillion years to form• Site specific• Energy and Economic security• Global warming
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Only Solution………..
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Potential of Green Energy in India
Source: NCE Projects in India
Renewable sources
Installed Capacity Estimated Potential
Wind 2483 MW 45000 MW
Biomass Power/ Cogeneration
613 MW 19500 MW
Biomass Gasifier 58 MW ---
Small Hydro 1603 MW 15000 MW
Waste to Energy 41 MW 1700 MW
Solar PV 151 MW 20 MW/sq.km
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Summary 1
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Electrical Energy
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Electric Potential Energy
• In order to bring two like charges near each other work must be done.
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How Electrical Energy is Conducted?
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Electricity-the Flow of Free Electrons
Bound electron Free electron
Valance electron
Negative source
Positive source
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Why power is voltage x current?
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DCAC
EdisonTesla
Westinghouse
vs.
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AC
DC= “Direct Current” AC= “Alternating Current”
DC
Click
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How Ohm’s Law was derived?
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Fourier Heat Conduction equation
• It is the transfer of thermal energy neighboring molecules in a substance due to a temperature gradient.
• It is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice the energy transport by free.
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Fourier’s Heat Transfer Equation
Ohm’s Law
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V in Volt
I in
Ampe
re
When Temperature Remaining Constant
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Inductance• Faradays law• 3 view point
Circuit Dimension Energy
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Capacitance• Coulombs law• 3 view point
Circuit Dimension Energy
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Passive element in Three Point of View
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Passive and Active Element
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AC Circuit Fundaments• Representation of AC quantity• Instantaneous, Average and RMS value• Polar and Rectangular co-ordinates• Phasor Diagram• Real, Reactive power• Power Factor
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00 9 0
9 0
1 801 80 3 60
The sine wave can be represented as the projection of a vector rotating at a constant rate. This rotating vector is called a phasor.
Why A.C is represented as Phasor?
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Phasor Diagram
• The instantaneous value is the actual value you would measure at time t. This value is never greater than ε0.
• The instantaneous value can be represented as the projection of the phasor vector onto the horizontal axis of the circle.
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Why AC values are represented in RMS?
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Real power and Reactive power
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Response of ‘R’ to sinusoidal voltage
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Response of ‘L’ to sinusoidal voltage
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Response of ‘C’ to sinusoidal voltage
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AC Circuits
• Transient solution• Steady state solution
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Reactive Power Management
A Typical Inductive Load The effect of a capacitor on an Inductive Load
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Concept of Reactive Power
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Source Current
Source Voltage
Instantaneous Power
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Across the resistor
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Across the inductor
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Algebraic sum of the voltages
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With Compensation
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Source
click
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Power factor
• Effect of power factor• Power factor improvement• Why series compensation is not preferred?
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Alternator – 3 phase AC Generator
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Structure of Present Power System
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Structure of Power System
Centralized Generation
Distributed Loads
P+jQ
V,f
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Problems in the Present Utility Grid
• Brownout• Blackout• Reliability• Synchronization issues• Focus on renewable energy sources• Load dispatching• Maximum energy utilization• Power quality - Harmonics
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In 2013In India
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Structure of Microgrid
Play
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Smart Grid/Modern Grid
Play
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Distributed Generation
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Distributed Generation• Distribution generation (DG) is the generation of electricity by facilities
sufficiently smaller than central generating plants and is integrated within distribution systems at nearby to the point of use. This on-site generation is often called “Distributed Generation” [3].
• “Any electric power production technology that is integrated within distribution systems fits under the distributed generation umbrella. The designations “distributed” and “dispersed” are used interchangeably [1].
• Distributed generators are connected to the medium or low voltage grid. They are not centrally planned and they are typically smaller than 30 MW (DTI 2001). [4]
• These distributed generation systems, capable of operating on a broad range, offer clean, efficient, reliable, and flexible on-site power alternatives.
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Generation and Storage Technology for DG Solar PV Generation System Wind Energy Conversion Systems Micro-turbines based hydel system Biomass Generation systems Fuel Cells Storage/Generation System Chemical Energy Storage (Battery) Electrochemical Capacitors Storage Mechanical Storage
Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Fly wheel Storage
Thermal Storage Electromagnetic Storage
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For What he won the Nobel Prize?
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Einstein’s Invention• solar energy directly into electricity by Einstein
himself in 1905. In 1921, he won the Nobel Prize for this original proposal.
• The theory proposed that if sunlight is shine on the metal with a specific frequency corresponding to that metal, current is produced. Since current is the flow of electron, electricity is produced.
• In 1954, the first photovoltaic technology is developed the silicon photovoltaic cell at Bell Labs.
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Starter
Lamp
Ballast
Light switch
Glow cathode Glow cathode
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Glow discharge
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pre-heating
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Ignition operation
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Power And Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems
• Average power
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Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
Example 1
Ans: Pav = 0.32
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Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
Root-mean-square (RMS) value of awaveform, in terms of Fourier series
• Similar expression for current• Harmonics always increase rms value• Harmonics do not necessarily increase average
power• Increased rms values mean increased losses
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Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
Power factor
• Power factor is a figure of merit that measures how efficiently energy is transmitted.
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Power Factor Cotd…
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Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
THD-Total Harmonic Distortion
IN, VN – Individual Harmonics of order N
(%).....(
THD(I)
(%).....(
THD(V)
IIII
VVVV
n
n
1
22
3
2
2
1
22
3
2
2
)100
)100
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Distortion factor vs. THD
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Energy Conservation
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Ten ‘S’ for Energy Conservation
S S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S S
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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First Step - Sense Waste of Energy around you.
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Second Step - Stop Do you switch off energy appliances on
proper time?
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Third Step - Search Search for energy efficient
options/alternatives
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Fourth Step - Select Do you prefer energy saving means over
other alternatives?
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Fifth Step - Shift Would you like to shift your present living
style to energy saving ways? Load Shifting
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Six Step - Service Do you service energy consuming units
regularly for regaining efficiency?
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Seventh Step - Scrap Are you ready to discard energy inefficient
devices?
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Eighth Step - Schedule Do you plan to carry out multiple activities
at a time to save energy?
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Ninth Step - Sacrifice Are you ready to compromise with your
comforts & status for energy conservation?
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Tenth Step - Spread Are you ready to spreading your energy
conservation knowledge to others?
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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Reuse and recycle
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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The Population of the World
Middle East3%
Africa14%
Asia/Pacific55%
North America
6%
South and Central America
9%
Europe13%
Global Population Profile 2002, U.S. Census Bureau
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
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THE DAYS ARE NOT FAR?
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Future Hybrid
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Use public Transport Like This ……
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Not Like This
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Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015
If we live closer to work we can avoid this
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And This
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Best Six Doctors for Good HealthSunshine Water Rest
Air Exercise Diet
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By
Dr. Kumaravel S.
You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop
to look fear in the face. You must do the thing you think you can not - Eleanor Roosevelt
-
Kumaravel/EED/NITC/10 Dec 2015