Download - DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis
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Unit4 – Lecture3
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DNADNA = De-oxy-ribo-nucleic Acid
“blueprint” for traitsdouble helix shapecomposition:
polymer of nucleotide monomersnucleotide [3 parts]:
sugar [deoxyribose]phosphatenitrogen base
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Nitrogen BasesNitrogen Bases:
are complementary:adenine [A] bonds with thymine [T]cytosine [C] bonds with guanine [G]
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Nitrogen Bases – cont’dNitrogen Bases:
amount of A = amount of Tamount of C = amount of G
purines: A & Gpyrimidines: C & T
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Discuss
With what you just learned, find the answer to the following math problem:
If your cells contained 12% adenine, how much of each of the other
nitrogen bases do your cells contain?
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Discuss If your cells contained 12% adenine, how much
of each of the other nitrogen bases do your cells contain?
if A = 12% then T = 12% total = 24% A&T
100% - 24% = amount of C&G76% = amount of C&G
76 / 2 = amount of C or amount of GC = 38%, G = 38%
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DNA – cont’dWatson & Crick [1953]
proposed the structure of DNAstole the work of Rosalind Franklin
X-Ray Crystallography
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DNA Replication happens in the cell nucleusoccurs during interphase
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DNA Replication – cont’denzyme unzips DNA double strand by
breaking the hydrogen bonds between basesfree-floating bases bond to open DNA
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DNA Replication – cont’dcontinues…end result = 2 strands, ½ new & ½ old DNArepeat.
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RNARNA – Ribo-nucleic Acid
sugar = ribose [instead of deoxyribose]single strandedhas nitrogen base Uracil instead of
ThymineA bonds with UC bonds with G
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Discuss
Restate to your partner what the three differences are between RNA and DNA.
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RNA – cont’d
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Codon Chart
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RNA – cont’d[RNA]
[three types:]tRNA – transfer
ferries amino acids to ribosomecontains “anticodons”
complementary to mRNArRNA – ribosomal
makes up the ribosomes
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RNA – cont’d[RNA]
[three types:]rRNA – ribosomal
makes up the ribosomes
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Discuss
Name and explain the three types of rna to your partner.
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Protein SynthesistransCription
DNA mRNAoccurs in the
nucleusprocess begins at
“promoter”promoter tells
where to start copying DNA sequence
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Protein SynthesistransCription
enzyme unzips DNA but RNA bases pair instead of DNA basescomplementary
bases are added
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Protein SynthesistransCription
continue adding bases until a “termination sequence” is located.
mRNA carries message outside of the nucleus through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm
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Protein SynthesistransLation
mRNA proteinribosomes read
mRNA and use tRNA to make proteins
steps:
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Protein SynthesistransLation
ribosomes clamp onto mRNA strand
finds “start” codon [AUG]
tRNA molecule containing matching anti-codon moves to ribosome
tRNA enters ribosome; attaches to strand
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Protein SynthesistransLation
another tRNA enters ribosome
ribosome bonds amino acids [peptide bond]
first tRNA leaves, another enters
repeat until “stop” codon is reached
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Write this down!
Any nitrogen bases that are BEFORE the “start”
or AFTER the “stop”
are NOT translated into amino acids.
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Protein SynthesistransLation
result – chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds= polypeptide= proteinpolypeptide
processed and shipped using ER & Golgi.
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Let’s Try ItC C A T A C G G T G T C T C C G A T A T T T
T Ais this DNA or RNA? how do you know?transcribe the DNA into mRNA
C C A T A C G G T G T C T C C G A T A T T T T A
G G U A U G C C A C A G A G G C U A U A A A A Ufind the start codon [AUG]
G G U A U G C C A C A G A G G C U A U A A A A U
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Let’s Try ItG G U A U G C C A C A G A G G C U A U A
A A A Ubeginning with AUG, separate your
mRNA into codons.A U G / / C C A / / C A G / / A G G / / C U A / / U A
A / / A A Ubeginning with your AUG, translate
your mRNA into amino acidskeep translating until “stop” codon is
reached
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Codon Chart
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Let’s Try ItA U G / / C C A / / C A G / / A G G / / C U A / / U A
A / / A A U MET / / PRO / / GLN / / ARG / / LEU / /
(stop)