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Effect of Static Magnetic Field on Photocatalytic
Degradation of Methylene Blue over ZnO and TiO2Powders
Supawan Joonwichien Eiji Yamasue
Hideyuki Okumura Keiichi N. Ishihara
Received: 13 May 2011 Springer-Verlag 2011
Abstract Magnetic field effects (MFEs) on photocatalytic degradation of meth-
ylene blue (MB) solution over ZnO and TiO2 powders are investigated under static
magnetic field up to 0.7 T with light irradiation by ultraviolet (UV) light emitting
diode. The UVvisible-near-infrared spectrometer is used to monitor the MB con-
centrations. The positive MFE is observed for ZnO, while the negative MFE for
TiO2, and both MFEs are increased with the increase in the magnetic field applied.
By increasing the settling time (the time interval between the preparation of MBsolution and the powder dispersion into the MB solution), the photodegradation
abilities under MFEs are decreased for both the catalysts. The cause of MFE is
discussed in terms of dissolved oxygen in the MB solution and magnetic adsorption
of the constituent molecules.
1 Introduction
There have been many experimental and theoretical studies for the effects ofmagnetic field on chemical and biological systems [13]. The magnetic field effects
(MFEs) upon photochemical reactions are a newly developed research field that has
shown rapid progress since 1976 when the singlet sensitized photodecomposition
reaction of dibenzoyl peroxide in toluene was found to be dependent on magnetic
field [4].
As for the mechanism of MFEs, the kinetics of photocatalytic reactions have long
been considered [5, 6] not only in homogeneous systems [7], but also in
heterogeneous systems [8, 9]. It was reported that one of the key factors of MFE
proposed is the interaction between the radicals and the magnetic field [10, 11] and
S. Joonwichien (&) E. Yamasue H. Okumura K. N. IshiharaDepartment of Socio-Environmental Energy Science, Graduate School of Energy Science,
Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
e-mail: [email protected]
123
Appl Magn Reson
DOI 10.1007/s00723-011-0270-0
Applied
Magnetic Resonance
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also documented that magnetic field possibly affects the recombination process of
electrons and holes [12]. However, as far as investigated, most of the previous
publications on MFEs for heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions are limited to the
TiO2-based catalyst system. Although authors have already reported existence of
MFEs on photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) solution over ZnOpowder [13, 14], the quantitative analyses as well as the examination on the possible
cause were not performed, with less regard on the experimental temperature variation.
Thus, the aim of the present study is to provide further details of MFE on the
photodegradation of MB over ZnO powders compared with TiO2, both of which
exhibit wide band gaps and similar photodegradation mechanisms through utilizing
radical species [15, 16].
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
Powder zinc oxide (ZnO 99.9%, wurtzite structure, Wako Pure Chemical Ind. Ltd.)
and titanium dioxide [TiO2 99.9%, ST-41 (anatase structure), Ishihara Sangyo Ltd.]
were used as photocatalysts. The BET (BrunauerEmmettTeller) surface areas for
ZnO and TiO2 powders were 3.8 m2/g (corresponding to a mean particle size of less
than 5 lm) and 9.5 m2/g (0.2 lm), respectively. The granular MB solid and distilled
water were received from Nacalai Tesque Inc., Kyoto, Japan, and the MB structureis given in Fig. 1. MB solution was prepared by authors as described in the
following section.
2.2 Photocatalytic Measurement
The granular MB was dissolved in distilled water to be 0.02 mmol/L followed by
manual shaking for 5 min. After settling in the dark for another 5 min, 0.005 g of
the photocatalyst powder was immediately mixed with the MB solution in a small
reaction cell made of transparent quartz (inner volume of about 4 mL) with a plastic
cap in order to prevent evaporation. The pH of 6.7 0.04 was observed for the MB
solution, and no changes in pH values were registered during the experiment.
Hereafter, the time interval between the preparation of the MB solution and the
powder dispersion into the MB solution is called settling time. The concentration
Fig. 1 Molecular structure of MB
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of dissolved oxygen was monitored after the settling process by a multifunction
meter equipped with dissolved oxygen (DO) electrode (OE-270AA, DKK-TOA
Corp.). When the settling time is 5 min, the DO is 7.57 0.04 mg/L.
The experimental setup is schematically shown in Fig. 2. The cell with the MB
solution dispersed with a photocatalyst was irradiated from the bottom side by
ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diode (LED) lamp (OMRON, ZUV-L8V, Kyoto,Japan) with the center light wavelength of 365 nm and with the light intensity of
600 mW/cm2. The distance from the UV light source to the cell was set to be
10 mm. As for the applied magnetic field, external static magnetic field intensities
of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 T were applied by sandwiching the cell.
For measurement of the MB concentration, the reaction cell with the sample was
directly put into UVVisible (Vis)-near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer
lambda 900) and then MB concentration was determined by comparison with the
predetermined calibration curves between the MB concentration and the absorbance
at 664 nm. Since the slope of the calibration curve decreases with temperature from
15 to 35C (the maximum increase of temperature due to light irradiation is 6C),
another calibration curve for the slope and the temperature was also determined.
3 Results
The photodegradation of MB over ZnO and TiO2 powders as a function of UV
irradiation time is illustrated in Fig. 3a and b, respectively. The MFEs on the
photodegradation are reproducibly observed (at least three times) for both photocat-
alysts. The ZnO powder exhibits positive MFE, while it is negative for TiO2.Interestingly, both the MFEs are gradually increased with the applied magnetic field.
In order to clarify the mechanism of MFEs, the settling time was varied from
5 min to 1, 3, and 24 h. Figures 4 and 5 show the photodegradation results after
various MB settling times for ZnO and TiO2 particles, respectively. It is clear that
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus
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the MFEs are decreased with increasing the settling time for both catalysts. Also the
photodegradation abilities under 0 T magnetic field are decreased with increasing
the settling time for both catalysts.
Although the opposite MFE tendency for the cases between ZnO and TiO2 seems
to be curious, similar results have already been observed by Wakasa et al. [12, 17].
They investigated the MFE on photocatalytic decomposition of tert-butanol over
TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 powders, and both systems similarly generated acetone andmethane as the main products. However, the yields of acetone for the former were
increased with increasing the magnetic field strength from 0 to 1.5 T, while for the
latter the decrease of acetone was observed. As for the possible mechanism, Wakasa
et al. [12, 16] mentioned that the observed MFEs over both the photocatalysts are
not caused by the reencounter of free radicals but are rather explained by
magnetically induced acceleration of recombination of electrons and holes since the
same particle types are used.
4 Discussion
4.1 Effect of DO under 0 T Magnetic Field
Firstly, the relationship between the photodegradation ability under 0 T magnetic
field and the initial DO concentration will be considered. Figure 6 shows the
relationship between the amount of DO in the initial MB solution and the settling
time. It is found that the DO level decreases with increasing the settling time.
Namely, through the shaking process, supersaturated small air bubbles (containing
21 vol% of oxygen gas) are introduced into the solution, which may react (possibly
indirectly) with photogenerated electrons, resulting in the production of superoxide
anions on and/or near the photocatalyst surface. Thus, the higher the DO
concentration is, the more effective the photodegradation becomes. However,
elongated settling time may cause the dissolution of air bubbles toward a steady-
Fig. 3 Magnetic field dependences of the MB photodegradation using a ZnO and b TiO2 powders
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state equilibrium, resulting in the reduction of photodegradation ability. Figure 7
shows the relationship between the change in concentration of MB after the reaction
time of 80 min under 0 T magnetic field and the initial DO concentration before
light irradiation. They exhibit linear tendencies for both photocatalysts. This result
supports the above speculation. Furthermore, similar slopes for different photocat-
alysts in Fig. 7 indicate that the photodegradation of MB is a diffusion-controlled
process of DO species.
Gerischer and Heller [18] investigated in detail the role of oxygen in the
photodestruction of organics on catalyst surfaces. They developed kinetics models
to predict the maximum electron uptake by oxygen and found that the latter depends
on catalyst particle sizes and oxygen concentration in the solution. Early studies
have shown that the adsorption of oxygen on illuminated TiO2 surface depends on
the number of hydroxyl groups of the surface [1921]. The dependence of
degradation rate constants of organics on the dissolved oxygen concentration can be
Fig. 4 Photodegradation of MB using ZnO under magnetic field of 00.7 T for settling times: a 5 min
(selected data from Fig. 2a), b 1 h, c 3 h, and d 24 h
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Fig. 5 Photodegradation of MB using TiO2 under magnetic field of 00.7 T for settling times: a 5 min
(selected data from Fig. 2b), b 1 h, c 3 h, and d 24 h
Fig. 6 Relationship betweenthe DO levels and the settling
duration
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well described by the LangmuirHinshelwood (LH) equation [2224]. In order to
further study the effect of the DO variation on the kinetics of the MB
photodegradation, the apparent reaction rate constant (k00 ) based on the LH
approximation is plotted against the DO concentration (Fig. 8) where the second-
order kinetics is assumed as below:
1=Ct 1=C0 k00t; 1
where Ct is the concentration of MB at any time t (min), C0 is the initial dye
concentration (mmol/L), and k00 is the rate constant for second-order reaction
(L/mmol min). The plot of 1/Ct versus time represents a straight line, where the
slope obtained from the linear regression analysis equals the apparent second-order
rate constant [13, 2528]. The best fit of MB degradation agreed well with the
Fig. 7 Relationship between
the change in concentration of
MB after the reaction time of 80
min under 0 T magnetic field
and the DO concentration
Fig. 8 Relationship between
the apparent second-order rate
constant of MB degradation and
the DO concentration
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second-order kinetics, indicating that the reaction takes place between the two
adsorbed substances (MB molecule and DO) or the reaction, occurs between a
radical in solution and an adsorbed substrate molecule (MB molecule and oxygen
radical species). Figure 8 shows that the reaction rate constant decreases in
proportion to the DO concentration regardless of the type of photocatalyst used. Onthe other hand, the reaction rate is changed at the lower DO concentration, which
suggests that the diffusion of DO is the rate determining step through the liquid
boundary layer.
4.2 Effect of DO on MFE and Mechanism of MFE
As described in Sect. 1, MFEs were explained mostly in terms of the radical pair
mechanism in the previous studies. Kiwi [8] explained that when radical species
diffuse to the photocatalyst surface, an applied magnetic field interferes with thereactivity of the radical species and the recombination rate of the photogenerated
radicals become dependent on the strength of the magnetic field. It is also reported
that the MFEs may occur through variations on the reencounter of reactive free
radicals [29, 30] or the recombination of electrons and holes [12]. Wakasa et al. [12,
16] claimed that the observed MFEs over the photocatalysts are not caused by the
reencounter of free radicals, but by magnetically induced acceleration of recom-
bination of photoexcited electrons and holes.
Our experiments of varying the settling time, however, suggest that one of the
critical factoring for MFE such as DO must be considered. In this respect, thefollowing interesting reports may support our speculation; the diffusion of
paramagnetic DO molecules in water [3133] (and also the dissolution of oxygen
molecules into water [34]) is accelerated by a strong gradient static magnetic field.
Thus, it is possible that diffusion of DO molecules is increased and the dissolution
of oxygen quickens under the magnetic field [35, 36], resulting in the acceleration of
the reaction due to the faster supply of consumed oxygen toward the powder surface
[37]. Since the DO level is almost stable at 3 h settling time, but the MFE can be
Fig. 9 Adsorption of MB on a ZnO and b TiO2 in the dark under magnetic field of 0 and 0.7 T
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Table1
Compar
isonofphotocatalystsusedinthisworkandRefs.
[12,
16]
Effect
Pre
sentwork
Referencedworks
Positiveeffect
ZnO
TiO
2
(ana
taseform)
Par
ticlesize(\5,0
00nm)
Particlesize(*25nm)
BETsurfacearea(3.8m
2/g)
BETsurfacearea(notmentioned)
Negativeeffect
TiO
2
(ST-41)(anataseform)
Pt/TiO
2(anataseform)
Par
ticlesize(*200nm)
Particlesize(\100,0
00nm)
BETsurfacearea(9.5m
2/g)
BETsurfacearea(notmentioned)
Possiblereaction:
(presentwork)
Possiblereaction:(referencedwork)
P
photocatalyst(ZnO,
TiO
2),BET
Brunauer-Emme
tt-Teller
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observed, indicating involvement of other possible factors, i.e. the complex
formation of dye with oxygen molecules prior to the UV irradiation must influence
the photocatalysis [38] as well as the corresponding MFE. From this point of view,
the speculation is, the amount of oxygen molecules chemically or physically
adsorbed on the photocatalyst powder and the complex formation of the MB-dyewith oxygen molecules is formed [14], so-called MB-O2 complex before UV
illuminating. In order to confirm the possibility of this speculation, the concentration
of DO in the solution for 5 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h are calculated to be 0.47, 0.42,
0.39, and 0.38 mmol/L, respectively. This suggested that the amount of DO in the
solution is sufficient to form MB-O2 complex since the concentration of oxygen is
much larger than MB dye concentration (0.02 mmol/L) for all cases. The fast supply
of oxygen molecules is prompted by magnetic field around the powder, the
produced electron by light irradiation could be efficiently consumed through DO.
Besides, the possible involvement of MB-O2 complex can be represented by thesecond-order kinetics reaction, considering each elementary step involved with the
MB-O2 degradation. Moreover, the variation of settling time could be ascribed to
the MB-O2 complex formation as well [39]. However, this explains only the
positive MFE as exhibited in the case of ZnO.
In order to explain the negative MFE exhibited in this study for TiO2, the
disincentive factor of the reaction is further considered, where the magnetic
adsorptionthe MFE on acceleration or deceleration of the MB adsorption toward
the powder surfaceis focused. Figure 9a and b shows the decrease in MB
concentration for ZnO and TiO2, respectively, when each powder is dispersed intothe solution in the dark. In the case of ZnO, the concentration of MB under magnetic
field (0.7 T) reproducibly (at least three times) decreases more than that without
magnetic field (0 T), indicating the acceleration of MB adsorption on the surface of
ZnO under magnetic field, while slight deceleration for TiO2. Although the MFE on
adsorption of DO is not measured directly, it is possible that some sort of change is
generated because magnetic adsorptions of gas were sometimes reported [4042]. It
is also reported that the increment of adsorption oxygen on the catalyst surface
increased under magnetic field of 80 mT, depending on types of metal oxide and its
structure [43]. If this speculation holds, the magnetic field affects the adsorption of
DO molecules and the reaction is influenced by the settling time. Since an opposite
MFEs is found between ZnO and TiO2 according to our analysis, this effect may
also caused by the unique physical properties of the photocatalyst and the quantity
of oxygen adsorbed [43].
Consequently, it can be said that the direction of MFE on the photodegradation is
explained by the combination of positive and negative effects. As shown in Table 1,
although opposite MFEs are observed between the present work and Wakasas
report [12, 16] even for similar TiO2 photocatalysts, it can be phenomenologically
explained by a combination of positive and negative factors under magnetic field.
The cause of the MFE is the action of DO molecule, which involves DO short-range
diffusion (micron-order distance) or molecular transport, adsorption including MB-
O2 complex formation, chemical reaction (photodegradation), scavenging (or
supplying) electrons or holes, and the spin-state (singlet-triplet) variation [4446].
One of them could be also the deciding factor for the recombination of electron and
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hole [12, 17]. However, the detailed discussion of MFE on the photoreaction is
beyond the scope of this paper. Further investigation is required to elucidate the
mechanism of the novel phenomena.
5 Conclusion
MFEs on photocatalytic degradation of MB solution over ZnO and TiO2 powders
are investigated under static magnetic field up to 0.7 T with light irradiation by
UV-LED. With the conditions investigated in this study, the ZnO powder exhibits a
positive MFE, while it is negative for TiO2, and the results are reproducible. Both
MFEs are increased with the increase in the applied magnetic field. By increasing
the settling time of the MB solution, the photodegradation abilities under MFEs are
significantly reduced for both catalysts. The cause of MFE is phenomenologicallyexplained by alteration of the dissolved oxygen molecules in the MB solution and
the magnetic adsorption of the constituent molecules that include water, MB dye,
and oxygen.
Acknowledgments Financial support from Global Center of Excellence (GCOE) Program and Grant-
in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology,
Japan are gratefully acknowledged.
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