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DOS-Prompt, Types of commands
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Objective
On completion of this period, you would be able On completion of this period, you would be able to knowto know
DOS , Terminology usedDOS , Terminology used
Types of commands Types of commands
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Recap
In the previous class, we have learnt about
How many types of operating systems are there ?
Single User Operating Systems
Multi User Operating Systems
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Prerequisite
DOS stands for Disk Operating System
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Disk Operating System
The MS-DOS version that was released with IBM-PC’s was known as version 1.0
The memory occupied by it was as low as 12K
It supported 5(1/2) –inch diskette with 160K of capacity
MS-DOS version 1.0 had about 4000 lines of code
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Disk Operating System (contd)
This system consisted of three basic programs
IBMBIO.COM for disk and character I/O system
IBMDOS.COM for disk and file management
COMMAND.COM for interpreting commands
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Disk Operating System (contd)
MS-DOS used the ROM of IBM PC called BIOS (Basic Input Output System) that contained drivers for various standard devices
This version supported only one single directory
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Disk Operating System (contd)
This system has to handle batch files
Later version 1.1 came. After then 2.0 of MS-DOS that is totally a new operating system
Later version 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 etc. have come with more and more advanced features and added utilities
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Disk Operating System (contd)
Two other programs in MS-DOS are
CONFIG.SYS for system configuration
AUTOEXEC.BAT
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Terminology Used
ProgramA finite set of sequence of instructions
These instructions are used to make the computer know the task to be performed
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Terminology Used (contd)
FileFile is a collection of text or data that are
logically relatedThese are quite similar to the manual files
that we maintain to hold mails, memos etc
File name consists of two parts File NameFile Extension
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Terminology Used (contd)
File name can be upto 8 characters long
Characters can be either in upper or lower case letters, digits, and underscore
File extension is used to identify the file type
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Terminology Used (contd)
MS-DOS permits three character extensions
Some of the commonly used extensions are .exe, .bat, .txt, .dat, .com etc.,
MS-DOS converts the file names to uppercase automatically
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Terminology Used (contd)MS-DOS supports the following files1. Text Files
These are the files used to store data
The data can be in the form of characters, numbers and any other symbols
These are the files used to store input as well as output data of the programs
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Terminology Used (contd)
2. Batch FilesThese contain a set of executable
instructions that are to be executed as a Batch in a sequential order
3. Application Files These are usually application specific.They are used to perform specific tasks
that will enable a user to do his job easily.
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Terminology Used (contd)
Word processors, spreadsheets, Data Base Management System etc., are some application program files
4. Directory
To store all the related files at one place so that our search for a specific file becomes easier
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Terminology Used (contd)
Directory is a logical grouping of files
A directory contains the names of the files it holds, along with their extension, the file size, the date of creation or the date of last modification
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Structure of MS-DOS Disk
MS-DOS divides the disk into two parts so that the disk is organized effectively
These two parts of the disk are
1. System area
2. Data area
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System area
It is the area of the disk which is used by the MS-DOS operating system to keep the track of any vital information about the disk
This system area uses very small portion of the disk , which is about 2% of total capacity
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System Area (contd)
This system area is further divided into
1. Boot area
2. Fat area
3. Root directory
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Boot Area
The boot area, also known as boot record is the first part of a DOS disk
This area stores a program, which is used to do the task of beginning and loading the MS-DOS operating system into the memory of the computer
This process is known as Booting process
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Boot Area (contd)
The booting process can be of two types
Cold Boot – switching the power of computer system enables the computer to start up
Warm Boot – restarting a computer when it hangs up
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FAT Area
FAT stands for File Allocation Table
It is the next part of the system area of the disk
This area of FAT is used by the MS-DOS to manage the big data portion of the disk
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FAT Area (contd)
This area is used to record the status of each area of the disk
For managing the area of the disk, the MS-DOS operating system divides the total area into logical divisions known as clusters
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Root Directory
This is the last part of the system area of the disk
This the file directory, which is the basic , but in directory for the disk, which every disk has
The directory records the files that are stored on the disk
This directory has a fixed size for each disk format
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DATA Area
It is bigger part of the disk, where the data files are stored on the disk
Each file on the disk has an entry in the FAT table of the system area
Once a file in the data area is assigned a cluster it finds the entry into the FAT table
The data nearly forms 98% of the disk capacity
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System Prompt (Command Prompt)
A system prompt is an indication that the system is ready to take input or instructions from the user and give appropriate output to the user
From the prompt we give the instruction to the computer
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System Prompt (Command Prompt) (contd)
For MS-DOS. If we are using a hard disk computer, the DOS is fetched into the memory of the computer from the hard disk
DOS assumes the default disk drive ‘C’, so it gives an initial system prompt as C:\>
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MS-DOS Commands
The instructions which are used to communicate with the computer system
We call these instructions as commands and we
issue commands to the system to get our work done
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MS-DOS Commands (contd)
The commands of DOS are divided into two categories
Internal Commands
External Commands
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Internal Commands
Internal commands are built–in commands
These commands are in COMMAND.COM program
This program is loaded with the operating system into the memory during the booting
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Commands Examples
Internal commands – COPY, DEL, DIR, TYPE, CD, MD, RD, MODE, PATH, DATE,TIME, COPY CON etc
External commands – FORMAT, CHKDSK, SCANDISK, XCOPY, ATTRIB, DISKCOPY, PRINT, TREE, DELTREE etc
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Summary
In this class, we have learnt about
DOS , Terminology usedDOS , Terminology used
Types of commandsTypes of commands
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Frequently Asked Questions Expand MS-DOS. List the programs that
constitute MS-DOS
List any four internal and external commands
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Quiz
1. The last part of the system area of the diska. FAT areab. Boot areac. Root directory.
Answer: c
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Quiz
2. Which file contains a set of instructions that are to be executed as a Batch in a sequential ordera. text filesb. Batch filesc. application files
Answer: b
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