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Dr. Kevin Lasher
POL 101: U.S. Government
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Definitions
Democracy – system of govt. in which the people rule, either directly or indirectly
Republic – system of govt. where elected officials rule as agents of the people
Republican(Representative) Democracy –system of govt. in which the people rule through elected representatives
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Winston Churchill : “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.”
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Types of Government
Monarchy/Autocracy – rule of the one
Oligarchy/Aristocracy – rule of the few; rule of a small elite
Democracy – rule of the people
Alternatives like theocracy (rule of God) and anarchy (lack of any government) are very rare in human history
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Types of Government
Monarchy/Autocracy – where one individual has most of the political power
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Types of Government
Oligarchy/aristocracy – where a small group of individuals have most of the political power
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Types of Government
Democracy – where the citizens have most of the political power
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Types of Government
For much of human history, rule of the one or rule of the few were the only two forms
Democracy is the “new kid on the block”
Democracy (?) in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Native American tribes, others (was this really democracy?)
Democracy as an “idea” in the 1700s
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2015
Democracy has become the “dominant” form of government
115/194 countries are electoral democracies
(Freedom House, 2012)
Many countries in Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe have adopted democracy in the last 30 years or so
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Success and Failure
Russia was moving toward democracy in the 1990s, but has moved away from democracy since 2001
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Models of Democracy
Procedural democracy
Substantive democracy
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Procedural Democracy
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Procedural Democracy
Universal participation – everyone has a vote
Political Equality – everyone has ONE vote
Majority rule – 51% decision-making
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Procedural Democracy
Universal participation Political Equality Majority rule
Combine for direct procedural democracy(very rare, if not impossible)
Very difficult for even small groups to make joint decisions
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Procedural Democracy
Universal participation Political Equality Majority rule Real representation (elect people to
make decisions for society and they reflect the people’s will)
Combine for indirect procedural democracy (representative democracy)
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Procedural Democracy
Universal participation Political Equality Majority rule
Universal participation Political Equality Majority rule Real representation
Direct ProceduralDemocracy
Indirect ProceduralDemocracy
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Substantive Democracy
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Substantive Democracy
Civil liberties – freedom of speech, press, religion, jury trial, right to lawyer, etc.
Civil rights – “equality” and non-discrimination of all racial, ethnic, religious, gender groups
Social rights – right to health care, decent education, etc.
Economic rights – right to a decent standard of living