DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
Development of new Landfill Site at Koedoespoort in Pretoria
Submitted to:
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
Prepared by:
SEPTEMBER 2015
http://www.mawenje.com
Email: [email protected] Brooklyn Bridge Office Park, 3rd Floor, Steven House,
570 Fehrsen Street, Brooklyn, 0181, Pretoria South Africa
Tel: +27 12 433 6472; +27 76 901 4006 Mawenje Consulting Africa: 2010/025052
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PRACTITIONER
Mawenje Consulting Africa (Pty) Ltd (MCA) undertook the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) process for Waste Licence application for the proposed Landfill
Site development at Koedoespoort in Silverton within Tshwane Metropolitan
Municipality. The Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP) is represented by
Mr Gabriel Ngorima. The following specialists were involved with the above-
mentioned application:
Study name Name Organization
Hydro-geological Assessment
Dr Steve Kalule USK Environmental & Waste Engineering
Hydrological Study Mr Simphiwe Mtshali
Magalela Associates
Ecology Impact Assessment
Mr Farai Dondofema
Mawenje Consulting Africa (Pty) Ltd
Geotechnical Assessment Mr Samuel Jjuko USK Environmental & Waste Engineering Service
Geological Assessment Dr FJ Kruger GeoActiv (Pty) Ltd
Heritage Impact Assessment
Mr Foreman Bandana
Mbviseni Sustainable Environmental Initiative
Traffic Impact Assessment Pieter Wilken E-Square Engineering
Public Participation
Mr Henno Engelbrecht
Mawenje Consulting Africa
Contact Details of Environmental Assessment Practitioner
Gabriel Ngorima
Email: [email protected] Brooklyn Bridge Office Park, 3rd Floor, Steven House,
570 Fehrsen Street, Brooklyn, 0181, Pretoria South Africa
Tel: +27 12 433 6472; +27 76 901 4006 Mawenje Consulting Africa: 2010/025052
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PRACTITIONER .................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................ vi GLOSSARY OF TERMS ............................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................. viii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1
1.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...................................................... 1 1.2. DETAILS OF THE APPLICANT .................................................................. 4 1.3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .......................................................................... 4 1.4. SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN ...................................................................... 5 1.5. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................... 6
1.5.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Requirements ............................. 6 1.5.2. Other Legal Requirements ................................................................. 7
1.6. PROJECT MOTIVATION ............................................................................ 9 1.6.1. Background ....................................................................................... 9 1.6.2. Benefits of Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development ....................... 10 1.6.3. Project Licensing Requirements ...................................................... 10
2. APPROACH TO THE PROJECT ......................................................... 12 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS .......................... 12
2.1.1 Authority Consultation ..................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Application for Environmental Authorisation .................................... 12 2.1.3 Environmental Assessment Process ............................................... 12 2.1.4 Description of the Baseline Environment ......................................... 12
2.2 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Project Team ................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Assessment Methodology................................................................ 14 2.2.3 Classification of Hazardous Waste .................................................. 16 2.2.4 Implications of Classification of Hazardous Waste ........................... 17
2.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ........................................................ 17 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ........................ 19
3.1 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................... 19 3.1.1 Climate ................................................................................................ 19 3.1.2 Hydrology ............................................................................................ 19 3.1.3 Geology ........................................................................................... 19 3.1.4 Geotechnical and Soil ...................................................................... 21 3.1.5 Hydrogeology .................................................................................. 21 3.1.6 Terrestrial Ecology........................................................................... 22 3.1.7 Air Pollution ..................................................................................... 24 3.1.8 Environmental Noise ....................................................................... 24
3.2 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................... 24 3.2.1 Heritage Resources ......................................................................... 24 3.2.2 Socio Environment .......................................................................... 25 3.2.3 Land use and Zoning ....................................................................... 25 3.2.4 Access and Traffic ........................................................................... 26
4. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ................................................................... 27 4.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS ....................................................... 27
4.2 OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ............................................ 27 4.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION DURING SCOPING PHASE ............................ 29
4.3.1 Identification of Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) .................. 29 4.3.2 Registration of I&APs ...................................................................... 29 4.3.3 Announcement of the proposed project ........................................... 30
4.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION DURING THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT PHASE ................................................................................................................. 31
4.5 LEAD AUTHORITY’S DECISION .............................................................. 31 5. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS ............................................................. 33
5.1 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES .......................... 33 5.1.1 The Physical and Biological Environment ............................................ 33 5.1.2 The man-made environment ................................................................ 43
5.2 RISK ASSESSMENT ................................................................................ 52 6. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ................................................................. 55
6.1 NO-GO ALTERNATIVE ............................................................................. 55 6.2 LAYOUT ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................ 55 6.3 COMPARISONS OF OPTIONS ................................................................ 56
7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................... 57 7.1 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 57 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................. 57
REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 58
APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 59
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Locality Map ............................................................................................... 2 Figure 2: Aerial image of Koedoespoort Landfill Site Locality .................................... 3 Figure 3: Geology of the Koedoespoort Site: Green Bushveld Complex age diabase
(green) and Silicious and cherty Silverton Shale Formation in the north and south respectively (Source: Kruger FJ, 2013) ................................. 20
Figure 4: Disturbed floral community on site ............................................................ 23 Figure 5: Photo Plate- Status-quo land uses ........................................................... 26 Figure 6: Environmental Impact Assessment Process ............................................. 27
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Listed Activities applicable to the development ............................................ 7 Table 2: Project Team & Specialists ........................................................................ 13 Table 3: Waste Hazard Rating in South Africa ......................................................... 17 Table 4: Geology and soil ........................................................................................ 34 Table 5: Surface water impacts (Hydrological Assessment) .................................... 35 Table 6: Hydrogeological impacts (soil and water)................................................... 39 Table 7: Impact assessment of Terrestrial Ecology ................................................. 41 Table 8: Impact assessment of heritage and culture ................................................ 43 Table 9: Socio- economic impacts ........................................................................... 44 Table 10: Traffic impacts ......................................................................................... 45 Table 11: Visual impact assessment ....................................................................... 47 Table 12: Impact assessment of health and safety risk ........................................... 48 Table 13: Air Quality Impacts .................................................................................. 49 Table 14: Noise Impacts .......................................................................................... 51 Table 15: Risk Assessment ..................................................................................... 52
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACM - Asbestos Containing Material
CBD - Central Business District
DEA - Department of Environmental Affairs
DWS - Department of Water and Sanitation
EAP - Environmental Assessment Practitioner
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP - Environmental Management Programme
GDARD - Gauteng Department of Agriculture, and Rural Development
HIA - Heritage Impact Assessment
I&APs - Interested and Affected Parties
IEM - Integrated Environmental Management
IFC - International Finance Corporation
MCA - Mawenje Consulting Africa
NEMA - National Environmental Management Act as amended, 1998
(Act No. 107 of 1998)
NEMWA - National Environmental Management Waste Act, 2008 (Act
No.59 of 2008)
NSBA - National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment
POS - Plan of Study for EIA
PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
PPP - Public Participation Process
SAHRA - South African Heritage Resources Agency
SANRAL - South African National Roads Agency Limited
SAR - South African Railway services
SEP - Stakeholder Engagement Plan
TE - Transnet Engineering
EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort vii
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Asbestos The generic name used for a group of naturally occurring mineral silicate fibres of the
serpentine and amphibole series, displaying similar physical characteristics although
differing in composition.
Contaminant
A substance that is either present in an environment where it does not belong or is
present at levels that might cause harmful (adverse) health effects.
Crocidolite A type of asbestos in the amphibole group; it is also known as blue asbestos.
Environment
The surroundings within which humans exist and that are made up of—
(i) the land, water and atmosphere of the earth;
(ii) micro-organisms, plant and animal life;
(iii) any part or combination of (i) and (ii) and the interrelationships among and
between them; and
(iv) the physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of
the foregoing that influence human health and well-being.
Environmental Impact Assessment
The assessment of the effects of a development on the environment.
Environmental Management Programme
A legally binding working document, which stipulates environmental and socio-
economic mitigation measures that, must be implemented by several responsible
parties throughout the duration of the proposed project.
Hazardous Waste
Any waste that contains organic or inorganic elements of compounds that may,
owing to the inherent physical, chemical or toxicological characteristics of that waste,
have a detrimental impact on health and the environment.
Landfill Leachate
Leachate from a landfill varies widely in composition depending on the age of the
landfill and the type of waste that it contains. It can usually contain both dissolved
and suspended material. The generation of leachate is caused principally by
precipitation percolating through waste deposited in a landfill. Once in contact with
decomposing solid waste, the percolating water becomes contaminated, and if it then
flows out of the waste material it is termed leachate.
EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Mawenje Consulting Africa (PTY) Ltd (MCA) as an independent environmental firm
has been appointed to undertake the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
process for Waste Licence for the proposed Landfill Site Development at
Koedoespoort in Silverton within the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng.
The Project applicant is Transnet Engineering an Operating Division of Transnet
SOC Limited.
Site Description
Silverton is situated 6.5 kilometres to the East of Pretoria’s CBD just to the East of
the N1 highway within Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The Koedoespoort site is
approximately 13.7 hectares and situated on Portion 201 of the Farm
Hartebeestpoort 328, which is a highly industrialized area.
Waste Description
Transnet Engineering generates a lot of waste from its business that comprise of
hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The hazardous waste generated include
chemicals, oils, batteries, lead, chemical sludge etc., Non-hazardous or general
waste include food waste, metal, plastic, rubber, paper, PPE, brake blocks and other
material. This waste needs to be treated and managed efficiently and this is the
reason for the need to develop the Koedoespoort landfill site.
Project Description
Transnet Engineering intends to develop a new landfill site at a site (named Site 5)
approximately 13.7 hectares in extent at its Koedoespoort Centre which will consist
of a hazardous waste disposal site and a recycling facility for all other waste material
that will be generated from Koedoespoort, Germiston and Bloemfontein regions. The
proposed landfill site will not be accessible and used by the members of the public.
Two Layout Alternatives are being investigated for the proposed Landfill site
development.
Legal Requirement
In terms of the National Environmental Management: Waste Management Act (Act
59 of 2008) a list of waste management activities that have, or are likely to have, a
detrimental effect on the environment was published. In terms of Government
Published regulations in GG 37083 Notice Number 921 dated 29 November 2013
these activities have been divided into three categories A, B and C. Category A
activities are equivalent to those that require a Basic Assessment process, while
Category B activities are those that require Scoping/Environmental Impact
Assessment as stipulated in the environmental impact assessment regulations made
under section 24(5) of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No.
107 of 1998).
EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort ix
The proposed Hazardous Waste Disposal Site and Recycling Facility requires a
Scoping Report and Environmental Impact Assessment to be undertaken as part of
the Waste License Application process in terms of the National Environmental
Management: Waste Management Act (Act 59 of 2008) and specifically in line with
the Government regulations in GG 37083 Notice Number 921 dated 29 November
2013.
Project Motivation
The study conducted by USK Environmental and Waste Engineering of 2013 showed
that not all sites at Koedoespoort are equally impacted by asbestos in all its various
forms, i.e. friable fibres, Asbestos Containing Material (ACM) or the clearly
identifiable asbestos sheet (blanket). It was found that a site named Site 5 was found
to contain huge amounts of asbestos above the surface, and below the surface.
Based on the study it was recommended that Transnet Engineering should take a
systematic risk based approach to the management and remediation of the identified
risk areas. It was recommended that Transnet Engineering should seek to investigate
the option for using Site 5 as the central focal point for the remedial action plan for all
the contaminated sites within the Koedoespoort Centre. The feasibility study
undertaken by USK in 2013 further confirmed that it is technically and financially
feasible to develop a landfill site at the Koedoespoort Centre for the safe disposal of
asbestos and other hazardous waste recovered from the remediation of all
contaminated areas within the Centre.
Project Benefits
The proposed development will have the following benefits:
Reduce and eliminate risk of hazardous asbestos on site.
The Landfill Site Recycling activities will contribute towards sustainable waste
management on site.
Provide a long-term sustainable waste management strategy of hazardous
waste form Transnet Engineering business. This will also eliminate certain
recurrent and long-term costs associated with private disposal of hazardous
waste and contribute to business efficiency of Transnet Engineering.
Create employment for skilled and semi-skilled people during the construction
and operation of the proposed Landfill site.
Environmental Impact Assessment Process
The Waste Licence application in terms of the Scoping and EIA process was
submitted to DEA on 6 February 2015. Permission to undertake the scoping process
required in terms of the EIA Regulations of 2014 was granted on 16 March 2015 and
the Scoping Report was accepted on 9 July 2015. This current report is the
Environmental Impact Assessment Report and represents the final identification of
key issues or concerns as highlighted by the relevant authorities, interested and / or
affected parties (I&APs), Specialists and professional judgement by the
Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP).
EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort x
The results of the specialist studies and a full assessment of the impacts and
proposed mitigation measures also form part of the EIA Report.
A separate process in terms of the Waste Act (Act 59 of 2008) is underway parallel to
this EIA process that seeks to obtain a remediation order for the contaminated land.
Transnet has therefore notified DEA (Directorate responsible for Land remediation) of
the contamination of the land and hence a Site Assessment was conducted for
remediation and was submitted to DEA.
Potential Environmental Impacts
Environmental Aspect
Relevant Area
Environmental Objective
Potential Impacts
Investigation Undertaken
PHYSICAL
Geology and soil
Site
To ensure that the structures on site suit the soil and geology on site.
Alteration of the geology and soil conditions through excavation activities and removal of large volumes of soil (cover material) associated with construction of the landfill site.
Geotechnical and Soil Investigations
Surface and ground water
Regional
To ensure that all watercourses within the study area are not adversely affected to the detriment of the environment and the surrounding communities.
Disruption of aquatic habitats through development.
Hydrological and Hydrogeological study
To prevent the disruption of catchments processes and functioning.
Disruption of natural drainage patterns.
To minimise erosion and to prevent surface water contamination.
Altered flow regimes as a result of hardened surfaces.
Terrestrial Ecology
Regional
To ensure that species of conservation importance are identified and preserved. To ensure that the ecological integrity and functionality of the system is maintained.
Fragmentation of habitat, loss of species of conservation importance, loss of biodiversity, disruption of natural processes and functionality.
Ecological Assessment
EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort xi
Environmental Aspect
Relevant Area
Environmental Objective
Potential Impacts
Investigation Undertaken
SOCIAL
Visual aspects Regional
To minimise visual pollution.
Alteration of Landscape Character; and Other Visual impacts.
Non prescribed
To ensure that the development blends in with the landscape character.
To maintain an undisrupted skyline.
Heritage and Culture
Site
To ensure that all buildings, artefacts and symbols of culture and heritage significance are identified and preserved.
Loss of significant symbols of heritage and culture.
Heritage Impact
Assessment
Traffic and vehicular movements
Regional
To ensure that the proposed development will not have an adverse effect on traffic flow in the area
Increase traffic congestion
Traffic Impact
Assessment
Socio-economic
Regional
To ensure that the proposed development is socially, environmentally and economically sustainable.
Loss of livelihoods.
Non prescribed Loss of land tenure.
Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment generally considers the likelihood of occurrence and the
consequences of the occurrence of an event and systematically evaluates the nature,
effect and extent of exposure a vulnerable receptor may experience in relation to a
particular hazard. An environmental hazard is an event, or continuing process, which
if realized will lead to circumstances having the potential to degrade, directly or
indirectly, the quality of the environment (Royal Society, 1992).
There are a number of risks posed by the development and will be determined by the
following factors:
Type of Waste handled (general waste, mixed waste or hazardous waste);
The civil and environmental engineering controls in place to curb and manage
the sources (pollutant sources). This includes liners, geo-membranes, storm
water controls, landfill gas management infrastructure, leachate management
systems etc.
The geological and hydro geological setting of the landfill site;
The location in proximity of human receptors such as residential areas; and
Number of employees and number of people accessing the site.
EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort xii
Environmental Impact Assessment Specialist Studies
Specialist studies were undertaken during the EIA process in order to assist with the
development of an understanding of the system processes and the potential impacts
of the proposed Koedoespoort Landfill Site Project on both the social and biophysical
environments.
These studies include:
1. Geotechnical Assessment
2. Geological Study
3. Hydrological Study
4. Hydro-geological Study
5. Ecological Impact Assessment
6. Heritage Impact Assessment
7. Traffic Impact Assessment
The results of the above-mentioned specialist studies were analysed and interpreted
in order to assess the potential impacts of the proposed development on the
environment, devise potential study area with respect to selected activities and
development of the necessary mitigation measures in order to minimise negative
impacts and optimise positive impacts. The specialist recommendations have been
incorporated in the Environmental Management Programme (EMPr).
Conclusion and Recommendation
The EIA Report consists of a detailed identification of various biophysical and social
issues that enabled the identification of potential impacts and key environmental
issues. A holistic approach based on the principles of EIA was used to integrate and
weigh the likely impacts of developing the Koedoespoort Landfill Site. The studies
show that the Landfill site will have a benefit to the environment as it seeks to
remediate an already contaminated site. Specialist studies undertaken further
indicates that the project will not have any negative impacts that cannot be mitigated
and there are environmental benefits for undertaking the project. The Site
Development Plan (SDP) and the Engineering designs have been developed to
mitigate any potential impacts. Based on the results of the EIA, Mawenje Consulting
recommends that this report is accepted by the authorities to allow Transnet to
proceed with the proposed project.
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Mawenje Consulting Africa (PTY) Ltd (MCA) as an independent environmental
consulting firm was appointed to undertake the Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) process for Waste Licence for the proposed Landfill Site Development at
Koedoespoort in Silverton within the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, Gauteng.
1.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
Silverton is situated 6.5 kilometres to the East of Pretoria’s CBD just to the East of
the N1 highway within Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The Koedoespoort site is
approximately 13.7 hectares and situated on Portion 201 of the Farm
Hartebeestpoort, which is a highly industrialized area. The site is situated along the
Trans road which connects to Dykor main road, connecting to Derdepoort main road
that connects to Stormvoel road that links Silverton, Silvertondale and Mamelodi to
N1 highway. It is approximately 4.1km east from the N1 highway, surrounded by
industrial developments on the East and West. The Southern side is a railway line
between the site and Silverton residential area. The Northern side is undeveloped
with vacant pieces of land with Water Works and a Canal. On the Western side of
the site is Transnet Engineering Koedoespoort Centre. The entire site surface has
been disturbed in one way or another and there is illegal dumping of waste that has
been ongoing on the site. The site is zoned as S.A.R (South African Railway
services), therefore the site can be developed in any way the Transnet Engineering
intends to, as long as it is in line with Transnet Engineering business processes.
The Locality map is on Figure 1 and Figure 2 gives the aerial view of the proposed
site.
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 2
Figure 1: Locality Map
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 3
Figure 2: Aerial image of Koedoespoort Landfill Site Locality
Koedoespoort Landfill Site
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 4
1.2. DETAILS OF THE APPLICANT
The details of the project applicant are indicated as follows:
Name of Applicant Contact Details
Transnet Engineering an Operating Division of
TRANSNET SOC LTD
Contact Person: Ms. Mmalaka Phejane
160 Lynette Street, Kilner
Park, Pretoria, 0184
012-391 1320
Transnet Engineering (TE) is an Operating Division of Transnet SOC Ltd and is the
backbone of South Africa's railway industry with nine product-focused businesses,
approximately 120 depots, seven factories and approximately 13,500 employees
countrywide. TE operates from seven operating centres scattered around the country
namely, Koedoespoort, Kilner Park, Durban, Germiston, Bloemfontein, Salt River
and Uitenhage. Koedoespoort, located about 6.5km from Pretoria CBD, is one of its
major operating centres. TE is dedicated to in-service maintenance, repair, upgrade,
conversion and manufacture of freight wagons, mainline and suburban coaches,
diesel and electric locomotives as well as wheels, rotating machines, rolling stock
equipment, Foundry and Ports businesses.
TE generates a lot of waste from its business that comprise of hazardous and non-
hazardous waste. The hazardous waste generated includes, chemicals, oils,
batteries, lead, chemical sludge etc. Non-hazardous or general waste includes food
waste, metal, plastic, rubber, paper, PPE, brake blocks and other material. This
hazardous waste needs to be treated and managed efficiently and this is the reason
for the need to develop the Koedoespoort landfill site. TE is committed to the
prevention of pollution and minimization of waste through its recycling initiatives.
1.3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
TE intends to develop a new landfill site at a site (named Site 5) approximately 13.7
hectares in extent at its Koedoespoort Centre which will consist of a hazardous
waste disposal site and a recycling facility for all other waste material that will be
generated from Koedoespoort, Germiston and Bloemfontein regions. The proposed
landfill site will not be accessible to the public. In summary, the works will focus
mainly on construction of:
Hazardous waste disposal site of approximately 31 766m2 with following
characteristics:
o Total airspace of approximately 360 000m3 to cater for estimated
1.26 million tons of waste
o Class A barrier system
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 5
o Estimated life: 25 – 30 years.
Leachate dam for contaminated stormwater and landfill leachate.
Stormwater management system for clean and contaminated
stormwater 1982m2.
Recycling facility of approximately 993.5m2.
Reverse logistics of returnable packaging area: 1738.8m2.
o Covered area catering for inbound, processing, outbound
o Concrete slab Staging and holding area
o Sufficient traffic segregation, truck turning circle
o Inspection and dispatching office
Administration and Operations building (613.9m2) consisting of:
o three offices
o boardroom
o kitchen area
o Three offices
o Open area office
o Meeting room
o Staff Canteen with associated facilities
o Change rooms for male and female staff
o Store room of approximately 36m2
o Ablution and shower facilities for male and female
o Open safety shower within the operation area
Access Control Facility consisting of
o Weigh bridge and
Security Office (36.7m2)
Other Infrastructure
o Wash bay for trucks with grease trap & connected to
contaminated water drainage system
o On-site laboratory (60m2)
o Peripheral gravel ring road within the site
o Paved parking area for trucks, forklifts and staff vehicles ( 30 car
parking bays)
o Monitoring boreholes – minimum four (upstream and
downstream and 2 others)
o Three phase power supply
o Perimeter fence.
A liner system, which will prevent the leachate from the waste material to
contaminate underground water, will be installed as an impenetrable barrier.
1.4. SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Two options of Layout were investigated for the proposed Landfill site. Appendix A1
and A2 are the two options of the Site Development Plan.
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 6
1.5. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
The aim of this component of the report is to provide a brief overview of the pertinent
policies as well as legal and administrative requirements applicable to the proposed
development.
1.5.1. Environmental Impact Assessment Requirements
The overarching environmental legislation for the management of the environment in
South Africa is the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998
“NEMA”) and its amendments. This legislation states that sustainable development
requires the integration of social, economic and environmental factors in the
planning, implementation and evaluation of environmental decisions to ensure that
development serves the present and future generations. Chapter 5 of NEMA makes
provisions for regulations to be formulated and published and these became effective
from 8 December 2014. These EIA regulations replaced the Environmental Impact
Assessment Regulations promulgated in 2010. Section 24 (F) of the NEMA prohibits
a listed activity from commencing prior to the authorisation thereof by the competent
authority.
The purpose of these Regulations is “to regulate procedures and criteria as
contemplated in Chapter 5 of the National Environmental Management Act for the
submission, processing, consideration and decision of applications for environmental
authorisation of activities and for matters pertaining thereto.” In terms of these EIA
Regulations, there are two major categories of Environmental Impact Assessment
Processes namely (1) Basic Assessments and (2) Scoping and Environmental
Impact Assessment.
Basic Assessment; and
Scoping and Environmental Impact Assessment.
Waste Management Listed Activities
Further to the above, a list of waste management activities that have, or are likely to
have, a detrimental effect on the environment was Published in GG 37083 Notice
Number 921 dated 29 November 2013 in terms of the National Environmental
Management: Waste Management Act (Act 59of 2008). These activities have been
divided into three categories A, B and C. Category A activities are equivalent to
those that require a Basic Assessment process, while Category B activities are those
that require Scoping/Environmental Impact Assessment as stipulated in the
Environmental Impact Assessment regulations made under section 24(5) of the
National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998). A person who
wishes to commence, undertake or conduct a waste management activity listed
under this Category, must comply with the requirements or standards determined by
the Minister in terms of this Act.
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 7
With respect to the proposed Hazardous Waste Disposal Site, and Recycling Facility
activities at the Transnet Engineering Koedoespoort site, Table 1 summarises the
listed activities, which triggered both Category A and Category B Listed activities,
and hence a Scoping Report and Environmental Impact Assessment was undertaken
as part of the Waste Licence Application process.
Table 1: Listed Activities applicable to the development
NOTICE ACTIVITY NUMBER
DESCRIPTION PROCESS REQUIRED
GN 921 of 2013
B(4) The treatment of hazardous waste in excess of 1 ton per day calculated as a monthly average using any form of treatment excluding the treatment of effluent wastewater or sewage.
Scoping & EIA
GN 921 of 2013
B(6) The treatment of general waste in excess of 100 tons per day calculated as a monthly average, using any form of treatment.
Scoping & EIA
GN 921 of 2013
B(7) The disposal of any quantity of hazardous waste to land.
Scoping & EIA
GN 921 of 2013
B(8) The disposal of general waste to land covering an area in excess of 200m2 and with a total capacity exceeding 25 000 tons.
Scoping & EIA
GN 921 of 2013
B(10) The construction of facility for a waste management activity listed in Category B of this Schedule (not in isolation to associated waste management activity).
Scoping & EIA
GN 921 of 2013
A(2) The sorting, shredding, grinding, crushing, screening or bailing of general waste at a facility that has an operational area in excess of 1000m2
Basic Assessment
1.5.2. Other Legal Requirements
The following list of legislation applies to the proposed development.
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996) The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No. 108 of 1996) has significant
implications for environmental management. The main effects are the protection of
environmental and property rights, the drastic change brought about by the sections
dealing with administrative law such as access to information, just administrative
action and broadening of the locus standi of litigants.
These aspects provide general and overarching support and are of major assistance
in the effective implementation of the environmental management principles and
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structures of NEMA. Section 24 in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution specifically
states. "Everyone has the right -
To an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and
To have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations,
through reasonable legislative and other measures that -
Prevent pollution and ecological degradation;
Promote conservation; and
Secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while
promoting justifiable economic and social development."
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004)
The purpose of the Biodiversity Act is to provide for the management and
conservation of South Africa’s biodiversity within the framework of the NEMA and the
protection of species and ecosystems that warrant national protection. As part of its
implementation strategy, the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment was
developed.
National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment
The National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) classifies areas as worthy of
protection based on its biophysical characteristics, which are ranked according to
priority levels.
National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of
2003)
The purpose of this Act is to provide for the protection, conservation and
management of ecologically viable areas representative of South Africa’s biological
diversity and its natural landscapes.
National Water Act, 1998 (Act No. 36 of 1998)
The National Water Act, 1998 (Act No. 36 of 1998) aims to provide management of
the national water resources to achieve sustainable use of water for the benefit of all
water users. This requires that the quality of water resources is protected as well as
integrated management of water resources with the delegation of powers to
institutions at the regional or catchment level. The purpose of the Act is to ensure
that the nation’s water resources are protected, used, developed, conserved,
managed and controlled in responsible ways. The Act aims to regulate the use of
water and activities, which may impact on water resources through the categorisation
of ‘listed water uses’ encompassing water extraction, flow attenuation within
catchments as well as the potential contamination of water resources, where DWS is
the administering body in this regard.
National Heritage Resources Act, 1999 (Act No. 25 of 1999)
The National Heritage Resources Act legislates the necessity for cultural and
heritage impact assessment in areas earmarked for development, which exceed
0.5 hectares (ha) and where linear developments (including pipelines) exceed
300 metres in length. The Act makes provision for the potential destruction to
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existing sites, pending the archaeologist’s recommendations through permitting
procedures. Permits are administered by the South African Heritage Resources
Agency (SAHRA).
Promotion of Access to Information Act (Act No. 2 of 2000) The Promotion of Access to Information Act (Act No. 2 of 2000) recognises that
everyone has a Constitutional right of access to any information held by the state
and by another person when that information is required to exercise or protect any
rights. The purpose of the Act is to foster a culture of transparency and
accountability in public and private bodies and to promote a society in which people
have access to information that enables them to exercise and protect their rights.
Legal Requirements for Contaminated Land Investigation in South Africa The National Environmental Management: Waste Act of 2008 (hereafter referred to
as the ‘Waste Act’) clearly identifies the status and risk of contaminated sites and
provides a legal mechanism for remediation activities to be instigated and controlled.
This development will in particular be undertaken in line with the national framework
requirements including:
Protocol for Site Risk Assessment
Reporting Norms and Standards for Contaminated Land
The Derivation and Use of Soil Screening Values
Application of Site Specific Risk Assessment
Quality Control and Quality Assurance of Field Sampling and Laboratory
Analysis.
Legal Requirements for Asbestos Investigation in South Africa
Asbestos is not a chemical toxin in the sense applied within the above
Framework for the Management of Contaminated Land in South Africa and thus
a slightly different approach has to be adopted when assessing sites, which may
be potentially contaminated with asbestos.
Further to the above framework, The South African Occupational Health and
Safety Asbestos Regulations (2001) provide guidance on regulation and
assessment of asbestos.
1.6. PROJECT MOTIVATION
1.6.1. Background
Transnet Engineering identified the need to conduct scientific investigation to confirm
the extent and severity of pollution at Koedoespoort Centre asbestos buried sites. A
consulting firm was appointed in 2012 to undertake the investigation on behalf
Transnet Engineering. The purpose of the study was to serve as a Scientific
Investigation Report to assess and evaluate the extent and severity of asbestos and
heavy metal contamination and pollution at the identified sites within the premises of
the Koedoespoort Centre.
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The Koedoespoort Station (now Koedoespoort Centre) was commissioned in
October 1954. The station included a number of workshops for locomotives and
engineering workshops. During this period it was common practice to use asbestos
woven fibre for insulation and lagging at railway lines. Asbestos sheets and asbestos
containing material were removed as scrap material from the steam locomotive
boilers and was used to cover dust and clay between the railway lines in the yards
around the buildings and it also served as lagging material.
The study by USK Environmental and Waste Engineering of 2012 showed that not all
sites at Koedoespoort are equally impacted by asbestos in all its various forms, i.e.
friable fibres, Asbestos Containing Material (ACM) or the clearly identifiable asbestos
sheet (blanket). It was found that a site named Site 5 was found to contain huge
amounts of asbestos above the surface, and below the surface. Based on the study,
it was recommended that Transnet Engineering should take a systematic risk based
approach to the management and remediation of the identified risk areas. It was
further recommended that Transnet Engineering should conduct an investigation into
the environmental, engineering, social, financial, and legal feasibility of this option in
a process, similar to the candidate landfill siting process, and on the basis of this
feasibility study, a decision can be made on a way forward. The technical studies
undertaken as part of the initial feasibility study including hydro-geological,
geotechnical, engineering, and environmental studies indicated that the site is
generally a low risk site and lends itself to potential for development of a hazardous
waste disposal site.
1.6.2. Benefits of Koedoespoort Landfill Site Development
The proposed development will have the following benefits:
Reduce and eliminate risk of hazardous asbestos on site
The Landfill site recycling activities will contribute towards sustainable
hazardous waste management on site
Provide a long-term sustainable waste management strategy of hazardous
waste for Transnet Engineering business. This will also eliminate certain
recurrent and long-term costs associated with private disposal of hazardous
waste and contribute to business efficiency of Transnet Engineering
Create employment for skilled and semi-skilled people during the construction
and operation of the proposed Landfill site
1.6.3. Project Licensing Requirements
Transnet Engineering has notified the National Department of Environmental Affairs
on the contamination of the five sites at Koedoespoort. A process towards
Remediation for the site was initiated by Transnet with the Department of
Environmental Affairs (Appendix C3). The development of a landfill site will require a
Waste Licence Application and because this is for hazardous waste a Scoping and
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Environmental Impact Assessment process is being followed (Appendix C2). The
proposed development of a landfill site is therefore part of an integrated and long
term strategy of management of waste (including contaminated land) for Transnet
Engineering.
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2. APPROACH TO THE PROJECT
2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS
2.1.1 Authority Consultation
Authority consultation plays an integral role in any EIA process. The authorities
guide the process through highlighting the necessary legislative requirements and
key areas of concerns. A consultative meeting was held with officials of the
Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) and the Department of Water and
Sanitation (DWS)to establish which process should be followed (Minutes in Appendix
C1a). Subsequently, it was decided that application for this project be undertaken as
a Scoping and EIA process and parallel to that a process for Contaminated Land
remediation should be followed with the Directorate for Land Remediation also within
the Department of Environmental Affairs (Appendix C3).
2.1.2 Application for Environmental Authorisation
The Waste Licence application form in terms of the Scoping and EIA process was
submitted to DEA on 6 February 2015. Permission to undertake the scoping process
required in terms of the EIA Regulations of 2014 was granted on 16 March 2015
(refer to Appendix C2).
2.1.3 Environmental Assessment Process
This Scoping Report represents the initial identification of key issues or concerns as
highlighted by the relevant authorities, interested and / or affected parties (I&APs)
and professional judgement by the Environmental Assessment Practitioner (EAP).
In addition, the Scoping component of the EIA process allows for the identification of
the anticipated impacts, particularly those, which require specialist investigations.
The results of the specialist studies, a full assessment of the impacts and proposed
Study area will form part of the EIA Report.
2.1.4 Description of the Baseline Environment
The baseline environment of the study area represents the current prevailing
environmental conditions and existing levels of pollution or degradation prior to the
proposed development. The baseline information is therefore indicative of the current
environmental status. Baseline information was gathered through visual inspections
of the study area and its surroundings during site visits conducted on the 12th of
November 2014 and the specialist studies undertaken as part of the feasibility study
between 2012 and 2013.The baseline description provides an indication of:
Current environmental conditions
Current levels of disturbance / degradation and
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Environmental and social sensitivity / tolerance to change
The baseline information serves as a reference point to scientifically measure or
professionally judge the future changes to the environment based on impacts
associated with the proposed project.
2.2 METHODOLOGY
2.2.1 Project Team
The EIA process requires the identification and the undertaking of specialist studies
to inform the Scoping Report and the EIA Report. Table 2 shows the specialist
studies that have been identified to inform the proposed development. These studies
were undertaken during the EIA phase of the application.
Table 2: Project Team & Specialists
Study name Name Organization Phase
Environmental Assessment
Mr Gabriel Ngorima
Mawenje Consulting Africa (Pty) Ltd
Scoping, EIA and Appeal
Hydro-geological Assessment
Mr F. de Lange
Sustainable Surface & Ground Water Solutions Scoping And EIA
Ecological Impact Assessment
Mr Farai Dondofema
Mawenje Consulting Africa (Pty) Ltd EIA
Hydrological Study
Mr Simphiwe Mtshali
Magalela Associates EIA
Geotechnical Assessment
Mr Samuel Jjuko
Geotechnical Engineering Division, University of Cape Town
Scoping & EIA
Geological Assessment
Dr FJ Kruger
GeoActiv (Pty) Ltd Scoping & EIA
Heritage Impact Assessment
Dr Foreman Bandama
Mbviseni Sustainable Environmental Initiative
EIA
Traffic Impact Assessment
Pieter Wilken
E-Square Engineering EIA
Public Participation
Mr Henno Engelbrecht
Mawenje Consulting Africa Scoping, EIA and Appeal
The Curriculum Vitae (CV) of the Environmental Practitioner is attached in Appendix
G.
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2.2.2 Assessment Methodology
To assess the impacts of such a development, certain impacts occur at different
levels depending on the construction and operational phases of the project. The
project has therefore been parted into phases from which impacting activities may be
identified:
Status quo
The site as it currently stands taking cognizance of the disturbance and the
impacts remaining, while operating
Remediation Phase
All activities that occur on site up until the start of construction, including the
excavation of asbestos containing material, but including the initial site
preparations.
Construction phase
All construction and construction related activities that occur on site until the
contractor leaves the site
Operational phase
All activities including the operation and maintenance of the proposed
development.
The criteria for the description and assessment of environmental impacts were drawn
from the EIA Regulations, published by the Department of Environmental Affairs
(December 2014) in terms of NEMA.
The level of detail as depicted in the EIA regulations were fine-tuned by assigning
specific values to each impact. In order to establish a coherent framework within
which all impacts could be objectively assessed, it was necessary to establish a rating
system, which was applied consistently to all the criteria. For such purposes each
aspect was assigned a value ranging from one (1) to five (5), depending on its
definition. This assessment is a relative evaluation within the context of all the
activities and the other impacts within the framework of the project.
The impact assessment criteria used to determine the impact of the proposed
development was as follows:
Nature of the impact
The source of the Impact
Affected Stakeholders
Impacts of a positive nature are marked with a “(+)” sign in the significance column of
impact assessment tables.
The following criteria will be applied to the Environmental Impact Assessment:
Extent - The physical and spatial scale of the impact
Site - the impact could affect the whole, or measurable portion of the above
mentioned properties.
Local - the impacted area on extends as far as activity, e.g. a footprint
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Regional - the impact could affect the area including the neighbouring activities,
transport routes and adjoining towns.
Duration - The lifetime of the impact, that is measured in relation to the lifetime of
the proposed development.
Short Term - the impact will either disappear with mitigation or will be mitigated
through natural processes in a span shorter than any of the phases.
Medium Term - the impact will last up till the end of the phases where after it will be
entirely negated.
Long Term - the impact will continue to last for the entire operational life of the
development, but will be mitigated by direct human action or by natural processes
thereafter.
Permanent - the only class of impact that will be non-transitory. Mitigation by human
action or natural process will not occur in such a way or in such a time span that the
impact can be considered transient.
Intensity - The intensity of the impact is considered by examining whether the
impact is destructive or benign, whether it destroys the impacted environment, alters
its functioning, or slightly alters the environment itself. This is rated as:
Low - the impact alters the environment in such a way that the natural processes or
functions are not affected.
Medium - the environment is altered, but function and process continue but in a
modified way.
High - function or process of the affected environment is the disturbed to the extent
where it temporarily or permanently ceases.
This will be a relative evaluation within the context of all the activities and other
impacts within the framework of the project.
Probability - This describes the likelihood of the impacts actually occurring. The
impact may occur for any length of time during the life cycle of the activity, and not at
any given time. The classes are rated as follows:
Improbable - the possibility of the impact occurring is very low, due to either
circumstances, design or experience.
Probable - there is a possibility that the impact will occur to the extent that provisions
must be made.
Highly probable - it is most likely that the impacts will occur at some or other stage of
the development. Plans must be drawn prior to the undertaking of any activity.
Definite - the impact will occur regardless of any preventative measure and only
mitigation measures of contingency plans will assist in containing the effect.
Mitigation measures- The impacts that are generated by the development can be
minimised if measures are implemented in order to reduce the impacts. The
mitigation measures ensure that the development considers the environment and the
predicted impacts in order to minimise impacts and achieve sustainable
development;
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Determination of Significance – Without Mitigation. Significance is determined
through a synthesis of impact characteristics as described in the above paragraphs.
It provides an indication of the importance of the impact in terms of both tangible and
intangible characteristics. The significance of the impact “without mitigation” is the
prime determinant of the nature and degree of mitigation required; and
Determination of Significance – With Mitigation. Determination of significance
refers to the foreseeable significance of the impact after the successful
implementation of the identified mitigation measures.
Significance is rated as follows:
No significance - the impact is not substantial and does not require mitigatory action
Low - the impact is of little importance but may require limited mitigation.
Medium - the impact is of importance and is therefore considered to have a negative
impact. Mitigation is required to reduce the negative impacts to acceptable levels.
High - the impact is of great importance. Failure to mitigate, with the objective of
reducing the impact to acceptable levels, could render the entire development or
entire project proposal unacceptable, Mitigation is therefore essential.
2.2.3 Classification of Hazardous Waste
The waste generated within the borders of South Africa has been classified firstly in
terms of the Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification and Disposal of
Hazardous Waste (DWAF, 1998), hereafter referred to as the Minimum requirements,
and then by the SANS 0228 Code of Practice for the identification and classification
of dangerous substances and goods. The initial classification in terms of the Minimum
Requirements is to determine if the waste is either general waste or hazardous waste.
Hazardous waste is then further classified in terms of SANS 0228:2003. SANS 0228
classifies the waste into nine classes based on the type of risk involved. These
classes are as follows:
Class 1: Explosives
Class 2: Gases
Class 3: Flammable liquids
Class 4: Flammable Solids, substances liable to spontaneous combustion
substances that on contact with water, emit flammable gases
Class 5: Oxidizing substances and Organic peroxides
Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances
Class 7: Radioactive material
Class 8: Corrosives and
Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and goods.
Further to the above-mentioned, DWS has a hazard level rating system that is
specified in Sections 2, 6 and 8 of the Minimum Requirements. The rating system
enables authorities to categorize waste in terms of quantity and quality and allocate a
Hazard Rating in order to safely dispose of the waste. The following hazard ratings
(Table 3) are defined and the correct procedure for allocating hazard rating is
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specified in the minimum requirements:
Table 3: Waste Hazard Rating in South Africa
Hazard Waste Class Hazard rating Acceptance Landfill Option
Extreme Hazard Waste Rating 1 H:H Landfill Site
High Hazard Waste Rating 2 H:H Landfill site
Moderate Hazard Waste Rating 3 H:H or H:h Landfill site
Low Hazard Waste Rating 4 H:H or H:h Landfill Site
Very low Hazard Waste Rating <4 G:B+ Landfill (Special)
It is important to note that waste with a higher hazard rating can be delisted such that
it can be disposed at a H:h landfill. Waste with a higher hazard rating can be treated
before disposal, such that it becomes less hazardous, thus enabling it to be assigned
a lower hazard rating. The procedure for delisting of hazardous waste is specified in
Section 8 of the Minimum requirements.
Further to the above, the following will be applied:
High Hazard Waste requires the strictest control and urgent attention.
Contents are deemed to be significantly toxic and persist in the environment
and accumulate in biological tissues
Moderately Hazardous Waste possesses highly dangerous characteristics
and contains significant concentrations of highly/moderately toxic constituents
Low Hazardous Waste has dangerous characteristics or with significant
concentrations of leachable / biologically available toxic constituents
Potentially Hazardous Waste has characteristics of concern or with toxic
constituents, which are either in a form that will remain insoluble/ unavailable
or are in insignificant concentrations
2.2.4 Implications of Classification of Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste requires stringent control and management, to prevent harm or
damage and hence liabilities. It may only be disposed of on a hazardous waste site.
Since the precautionary principle is applied, waste must always be regarded as
hazardous where there is any doubt about the potential danger of the waste stream
to man or the environment.
2.3 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
There were no serious assumptions or limitations identified that would affect the
outcome of the EIA Process. Sufficient resources were available for the proper
undertaking of the EIA Process. All possible measures were employed in order to
notify landowners and other affected parties of the EIA Process, local and regional
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press advertising, site notices, “knock and drop” notifications and direct notification of
directly affected landowners and adjacent landowners.
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3. DESCRIPTION OF THE BASELINE ENVIRONMENT
3.1 BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1.1 Climate
The Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality has a humid subtropical climate with long hot
rainy summers and short cool to cold, dry winters. The Municipality experiences the
typical winters of South Africa with cold, clear nights and mild to moderately warm
days. Although the average lows during winter are mild it can get bitterly cold due to
the clear skies and this in recent years have caused Tshwane to experience
temperatures in the range of 2°C to -5°C at night. The average annual temperature is
18.7 °C. This is rather high considering its relatively high altitude of about 1339
metres and is due mainly to its sheltered valley position, which acts as a heat trap
and cuts it off from cool southerly and south-easterly air masses for much of the
year.
Rain is mainly concentrated in the summer months, with drought conditions
prevailing over the winter months, when frosts may be sharp. Snowfall is an
extremely rare event; snowflakes were spotted in 1959, 1968 and 2012, but the
Municipality has never experienced an accumulation in its history. During a
nationwide heatwave in November 2011, Tshwane experienced temperatures that
reached 39 °C, unusual for that time of the year. Similar record-breaking extreme
heat events also occurred in January 2013, when the area experienced temperatures
exceeding 37 °C on several days. The all-time high recorded in Tshwane was 42 °C
on 25 January 2013. The year 2014 saw one of the wettest years on record for the
city. A total of 914mm fell up to end December with 220mm recorded in this month
alone (South Africa Weather Services, 2015).
3.1.2 Hydrology
The site drainage system is from South-west to North-east of the site. There are no
rivers or streams on site except a canal 500m north of the site that appears to be
connected to the Moretele River approximately 2km east of the site. A hydrological
study was undertaken as part of the EIA process. This was critical in providing
guidance in designing a proper Storm Water Management Plan for the proposed
Landfill.
3.1.3 Geology
The geology of the site comprises of two main rock types: Green Bushveld Complex
age diabase in the northern third of the plot and the siliceous and cherty Silverton
Shale Formation on the south. Whilst the shale is relatively resistant to weathering
and thus the soil cover in the south is relatively thin, the diabase is resistant too and
forms quite a prominent ridge. However, the contact between the two lithologies
shows the deepest weathering and thick soil formation as calculated from the
outcrop positions and the band elevations of the boreholes. The boreholes show that
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the weathering is quite concentrated near the contact of the shale and diabase
(Figure 3). This contact may be fractured so as to represent an aquifer, and must
therefore be protected from ingress of contaminated water (Kruger FJ, 2013).
Figure 3: Geology of the Koedoespoort Site: Green Bushveld Complex age diabase (green) and Silicious and cherty Silverton Shale Formation in the north and south respectively (Source: Kruger FJ, 2013)
The rock types in this area are very impervious unless there is fracturing. A thin (0.5
– 1m) clay layer (local weathering material) that is well compacted would form an
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effective seal between the rocks (and any associated aquifer) and the surface
(Kruger, 2013).
3.1.4 Geotechnical and Soil
According to the geotechnical report (Jjuko S, 2015): “The entire site surface has
been disturbed in one way or another by grading, dozing and dumping of mixed
waste including: stock piles of concrete and other construction rubble, paint, tar,
scrap metal, tyres, etc. Illegal dumping of waste has been ongoing on the site. The
compacted soil surface in several areas is an indication previous human activities
taking place on the site. Based on the surface contours derived from the borehole
collar elevations, the grounds generally (excluding the piles of waste and rubble)
slope gently towards the east and any runoff will be in that direction.”
The site is characterised by the residual soil varying between sandy clay and clayey
sand. The variation in composition is related to the mineralogy of the parent rock.
The upper 0.2m to 0.4m of the soil intersected by the boreholes comprised of top soil
with abundant organic matter of variable composition. These soil are considered
non-structural for supporting any imposed loading. Based on the detailed
examination of the drill cores and the results of laboratory strength tests (average
angle of friction of over 40°C), the residual material matrix underlying the site from as
little as 1.0m below existing ground level can be considered to be of sufficient
strength for satisfactory support of conventional spread footing foundations provided
such footings are dimensioned not to exceed a maximum permissible bearing
pressure of 200kPa. Higher structural loading would probably require further
structure-specific probing (Jjuko S, 2015).
The proposed landfill subsurface area is generally comprised of the Green Bushveld
Complex age diabase in the northern third of the site and the siliceous and cherty
Silverton Shale Formation on the south. It is underlain from about 0.2/0.4 m depth of
stiff to very stiff soil which could satisfactorily support conventional spread footing
foundations dimensioned not to exceed a maximum permissible bearing pressure of
225 - 250kPa. The residual material is composed of a matrix of clayey sands and
sandy clay soil. The in-situ material generally exhibits a fairly low permeability (but
not practically impermeable) and has a low to medium level of expansiveness.
Though it can potentially be used as cover or contaminant barrier, some soil
improvement techniques/methods may be required to achieve the desired level of
performance. (Jjuko S, 2015). More detailed testing in certain areas may be required
in order to produce the most suitable design with associated cost saving. Detailed
Geotechnical Study is in Appendix D2
3.1.5 Hydrogeology
A detailed Hydro-geological study was undertaken as part of the EIA. The aquifer at
the proposed site is classed as a minor aquifer and can be described as a low to
moderately yielding aquifer system of variable water quality.
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Initial studies and existing geological maps suggest that there is a contact zone on
the site and it was suggested that this would increase the risk and vulnerability of
groundwater resources as such a contact zone could present a pathway for
contaminant transport. Geophysical surveys conducted at the site remained non-
conclusive about the presence of the contact zone. While there is some physical
evidence the contact zone, it appears that if such a zone exists on the site, it would
be much deeper than the bottom base layer of the site and as such may not pose
such a high risk (Kalule, 2015). A detailed Hydro- Geological study is in Appendix
D3.
3.1.6 Terrestrial Ecology
Silverton straddles two biomes, the Grassland and the Bushveld Biomes. An
Ecological Assessment was undertaken as part of the EIA. The vegetation type on
site was described by Mucina and Rutherford (2006) as the Marikina Thornveld.
Sections of the site were rated as low, medium or high sensitivity based on the level
of disturbance, ecological condition and species composition. Results of the study
indicate that the species composition of the vegetation is approximate less than 1%
of the species suggested by Mucina and Rutherford (2006). However, species
diversity was low on the sites close to and in the zones around the portion mainly
due to previous illegal dumping of waste activities (Figure 4). Most of the area was
degraded and these areas were found to be in need for further rehabilitation
(Dondofema F, 2015).
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Acacia spp, with bird nests on site
Disturbed or pioneer floral community on site
Figure 4: Disturbed floral community on site
A detailed Ecological Assessment is in Appendix D7.
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3.1.7 Air Pollution
Generally, the air quality in Silverton appears to be good. The air pollution that does
exist comes from a variety of sources but mainly due to vehicular emissions
considering that key national roads are within the vicinity of the site, which are N4
and N1. Because Silverton is approximately 1600m to 2000m above sea level, the
levels of oxygen on the Highveld are 20% less than that at the coast. This means
that incomplete combustion of fossil fuels often takes place. Wind speed and
direction influences the rate of diffusion of pollutants. The prevailing wind is north-
northwest and there is a vacant piece of land (including water works) and
Koedoespoort Centre in that direction.
3.1.8 Environmental Noise
The proposed site is adjacent to the Koedoespoort Centre used for rolling stock
manufacturing, maintenance and its supporting infrastructure. The site therefore
already has a degraded ambient noise climate more typical of an industrial area than
a rural environment. Daytime noise in the area is expected to be very low. Road
traffic noise is significant within 200m of the tar roads in the area. Existing noise
sources therefore include:
Industrial noise coming from Koedoespoort Centre activities and
Vehicles and other transport serving the local community.
3.2 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
3.2.1 Heritage Resources
Tshwane has a long history of settlement and associated with a variety of sites of
Heritage value. Within the Silverton area is located The Pioneer Museum. This is an
open-air tribute to South African settler history. The original farmstead has been
restored and preserved, giving visitors a rich insight into what life was like in South
Africa in the 1800s. The Silverton cemetery located 200m east of the site. There are
also a number of old buildings and rail line associated infrastructure in the vicinity of
the proposed site but the site itself is vacant and very disturbed.
The proposed site is 13.7 hectares and entails the development and upgrading of a
property greater than 0.5 hectares. Therefore, according to the National Heritage
Resources Act, 1999 (Act No. 25 of 1999) an Archaeological and Heritage survey of
the development site is required in terms of Section 38 (3) of the Act. A Heritage
Impact Assessment (HIA) was undertaken, and the results form part of the EIA. The
proposed development lies on disturbed ground that is within a highly
industrialized zone. Desktop research indicated that the rich history and
archaeology of the general area prior to several industrial and residential
developments after the mid-20th century but field surveys on and around the
proposed area did not yield any heritage material (Bandama F, 2015). A detailed
Heritage study is in Appendix D5.
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3.2.2 Socio Environment
Silverton is a suburb of Pretoria which is in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality of
Gauteng. The surrounding area around Koedoespoort is largely urban with various
institution uses but dominated by residential settlements. Tshwane is in the northern
part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the country's three capital cities,
serving as the executive (administrative) and de facto national capital.
There were around 2,921,500 (2011 census) people living within the borders of
Tshwane with a population density of 460/km2. As part of Gauteng, Tshwane
Metropolitan Municipality has experienced rapid in-migration and hence it has an
increasing population. The main language spoken in the area is Afrikaans; Pedi,
Sotho, Tswana, Tsonga, Zulu and English. Pretoria National Botanical gardens is
located just within 3km of the proposed site.
3.2.3 Land use and Zoning
The site is located around industrial, residential and commercial business areas. The
Southern side is a railway line between the site and Silverton residential area. The
Northern side is undeveloped with vacant pieces of land. On the Western side of the
site is Transnet Engineering Koedoespoort Centre. The entire site surface has been
disturbed in one way or another and there is illegal dumping of waste that has been
ongoing on the site. The site is zoned as S.A.R (South African Railway services),
therefore the site can be developed in any way the Transnet Engineering intends to,
as long as it is in line with TE business processes. Figure 5 shows current site
conditions.
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Gravel road to site Rubble on site
Open vacant grassland Cement plant on site
Figure 5: Photo Plate- Status-quo land uses
3.2.4 Access and Traffic
Main access to the site will be through Trans road on the South-Eastern part of the
site. Secondary access will be through Lynette Street via Transnet Engineering site.
The site is situated among wide enough roads for trucks. There is a busy intersection
on Dykorroad next to the rail over road bridge that is to the south eastern entrance.
There are various options to access the site. Silverton is well connected to the City
and other national destinations as key national roads, N4 and N1 are within close
proximity. A Traffic Impact Assessment study was undertaken as part of the
Environmental Impact Assessment phase (Appendix D6).
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4. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
4.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS
This section provides an overview of the Public Participation Process undertaken to
date during this EIA. The process flow diagram below provides a simplified graphic
overview of the EIA process and indicates the public participation process as well.
For this application, a Scoping EIA with a Waste Management License (WML) as
illustrated below (Figure 6) were be followed.
Figure 6: Environmental Impact Assessment Process
The principles of NEMA govern many aspects of EIA Reports, including consultation
with Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs). These principles include the provision
of sufficient and transparent information to I&APs on an ongoing basis, to allow them
to comment, and ensuring the participation of historically disadvantaged individuals,
including women, the disabled and the youth.
4.2 OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
The public consultation process is designed to provide information to and receive
feedback from Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) for use throughout the EIA
process, thus providing organisations and individuals with an opportunity to raise
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concerns and make comments and suggestions regarding the proposed project. By
being part of the assessment process, stakeholders have the opportunity to influence
the project layout and design.
Documents will be made available at various stages during the EIA process to
provide stakeholders with information, further opportunities to identify issues of
concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits and to verify that the issues raised
have been considered.
The principles for the EIA that determine communication with society at large are
included in the principles of the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)
(Act 107 of 1998, as amended) and are elaborated upon in General Notice 657, titled
“Guideline 4: Public Participation” (Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism,
19 May, 2006), which states that: “Public participation process means a process in
which potential interested and affected parties (I&APs) are given an opportunity to
comment on, or raise issues relevant to, specific matters.”
Public participation is an essential and regulatory requirement for an environmental
authorisation process, and must be undertaken in terms of the Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) Regulations GN R.982 (December 2014). Public participation is a
process that is intended to lead to a joint effort by stakeholders, technical specialists,
the authorities and the proponent/developer who work together to produce better
decisions than if they had acted independently.
Internationally, the public consultation process complies with the Equator Principles
(in particular Principles 5 and 6) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Performance Standards (PS) (specifically PSs 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 and 8). A Stakeholder
Engagement Plan (SEP), provides a more comprehensive summary of the local
regulatory requirements and international standards that were considered in the
design of the public consultation process.
The Public Participation Process is designed to provide sufficient and accessible
information to Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) in an objective manner and:
During the Scoping Phase to enable them to:
Understand the context of the EIA
Become informed and educated about the proposed project and its potential
impacts
Raise issues of concern and suggestions for enhanced benefits
Verify that their comments, issues of concern and suggestions have been
recorded
Assist in identifying reasonable alternatives and
Contribute relevant local information and traditional knowledge to the
environmental assessment
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During the impact assessment phase to assist them to:
Contribute relevant information and local and traditional knowledge to the
environmental assessment;
Verify that their issues and suggestions have been evaluated and considered
Investigations and feedback has been provided;
Comment on the findings of the EIA; and
Identify further issues of concern from the findings of the EIA.
During the decision-making phase:
To advise I&APs of the outcome, i.e. the authority decision, and how the
decision can be appealed.
4.3 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION DURING SCOPING PHASE
4.3.1 Identification of Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs)
I&APs were initially identified through a process of networking and referral, obtaining
information from existing stakeholder databases, liaison with potentially affected
parties in the study area, newspaper advertisements and a registration process
involving completion of a registration and comment sheet. The registration sheet
encouraged I&APs to indicate the names of their colleagues and friends who may
also be interested in participating.
I&APs representing various sectors of society include:
Government (national, provincial and local);
Municipalities
Environmental NGOs
Conservation Agencies
Community Representatives and CBOs
Directly affected communities
Business and Commerce and
Other.
4.3.2 Registration of I&APs
The NEMA Regulations (GN R.982) distinguishes between I&APs and Registered
I&APs.
I&APs, as contemplated in NEMA include: “(a) any person, group of persons or
organisation interested in or affected by an activity; and (b) any organ of state that
may have jurisdiction over any aspect of the activity”
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In terms of the Regulations:
“An EAP managing an application must open and maintain a register which contains
the names, contact details and addresses of:
(a) All persons who; have submitted written comments or attended meetings
with the applicant or EAP;
(b) All persons who; have requested the applicant or EAP managing the
application, in writing, for their names to be placed on the register; and
(c) All organs of state which have jurisdiction in respect of the activity to
which the application relates.
A Register for I&APs was opened.All stakeholders on the initial database received a
letter in April 2015 inviting them to register as I&APs.
As per the EIA Regulations, future consultation during the Impact Assessment phase
will only take place with Registered I&APs. Stakeholders who were involved in the
initial consultation will be added to the register.The I&AP register will be updated
throughout the EIA process.
4.3.3 Announcement of the proposed project
Draft Scoping Report
A Draft Scoping Report (DSR) was made available for public review for 30 days from
Tuesday, 07 April 2015 until Wednesday, 06 May 2015.
The proposed project has been announced as follows:
Distribution of this Draft Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR)
and a letter of invitation to participate to all I&APs on the database,
accompanied by a registration, comment and reply sheet that will be
mailed/emailed to the entire stakeholder database.
The abovementioned documents were also made available at the public
library in close vicinity to the site
o Waverley Library, 1345 Cunningham Avenue, Pretoria, 0186 (012 332
2172) – approx. 2.5km away from site in Northern direction
o Alkantrant Library, Lynburn Road, Pretoria, 0081 (012 358 9671) –
approx. 4.5km away from site in Southern direction
Publication of two media advertisements (in English) in each of the following
newspapers
o Local Newspaper - Pretoria News Friday, 27 March 2015; and
o National Newspaper - The Citizen Friday, 27 March 2015.
Four (4) on-site notices (in English) advertising the EIA process were placed
along main roads along the proposed routes and at public places accessible
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to the most part of the interested and affected parties, on Monday, 30 March
2015.
Distribution of letters by fax/post/email to I&APs.
Physical hard copy distribution of reports to the following parties;
o Shiba Sibone (DEA –Case Officer) – Department Environmental
Affairs
o The Regional Manager –DW&S
o Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
o City of Tshwane Municipality Air Quality Management
o City of Tshwane Municipality Environmental Management
o City of Tshwane Municipality Waste Management
o 2 copies for Libraries
o Client
All relevant documentation was also made available on the Mawenje
Consulting Africa website
o http://www.mawenje.com/cp/8176/news
4.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION DURING THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT PHASE
Public participation during the impact assessment phase of the EIA will entail a
review of the findings of the EIA, presented in the Draft EIA and EMP Reports. These
reports will be made available for public comment. I&APs will be advised timeously of
the availability of these reports and how to obtain them. They will be encouraged to
comment either in writing (mail or email) or by telephone. Ample notification of due
dates will be provided.
All the issues, comments and suggestions raised during the comment period on the
Draft EIA Report/EMP will be added to the Comments and Response Report (CRR)
that will accompany the Final EIA Report/EMP. The Final EIA Report/EMP will be
submitted to the DEA for a decision on the proposed project.
4.5 LEAD AUTHORITY’S DECISION
Once the DEA has taken a decision about the proposed project, the Mawenje Public
Participation Office will immediately notify I&APs of this decision and of the
opportunity to appeal. This notification will be provided as follows:
A letter will be sent, personally addressed to all registered I&APs,
summarising the authority’s decision and explaining how to lodge an appeal
should they wish to; and
An advertisement to announce the Lead Authority’s decision will be published
in the Pretoria Newspaper.
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A grievance mechanism will be established by the client to record grievances during
the construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the proposed
development. A responsible person from the proposed facility will ensure that this
grievance mechanism is maintained and that grievances are attended to in a timeous
manner.
A detailed record of the Public Participation process undertaken is in Appendix E.
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5. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
5.1 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The key issues relating to the proposed development were identified during site visits
to the study area. Key issues were further identified upon consultation with the
Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs), through past experiences on similar
developments, desktops studies and the status quo of the environment in the study
area. The impacts and key issues as identified during the Environmental Impact
Assessment phase are classified into two broad categories:
Category 1: The physical and biological environment; and
Category 2: The man-made environment.
Impacts of a positive nature are marked with a positive sign “(+)” in the last column of
the impact tables.
5.1.1 The Physical and Biological Environment
Geology and Soil
The environmental objective is to ensure that the structures built on site are suitable
for the local geological formation on site.
Various construction activities i.e. excavations and earth grading will be undertaken.
Depending on location, this may encourage soil erosion, soil compaction, chemical soil
pollution and soil degradation. These impacts will be localized as the activities will
occur on a footprint or on the development boundaries and also where access roads
will be constructed. Major impacts from these activities are anticipated to occur during
construction only.
The overall sample status of the site from a geotechnical point of view is disturbed
owing to previous activities. The site is characterised by clayey sand and pockets of
silty clay. Saturation of the abundant fine content in the soil may cause difficult working
conditions during rainy periods. Most of the soil is highly to completely weathered. The
geotechnical study concluded that no unstable geotechnical conditions should prevent
the development of this site into a landfill. Impacts to geology and soil during
construction and operation phases are shown in Table 4.
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Table 4: Geology and soil
Mitigation Measures
Landfill cell basin floor levels could be extended between 3.0 and 4.0 metres
below ground surface. An additional subsurface drain channel will also be
considered to protect the floor from becoming saturated from seeping water.
Preparation operation will involve spreading, level and compacting to 98%
standard proctor density.
Excavation slopes of 45 degrees in non-marshy areas will be sustained without
posing slope instability issues.
Earthworks will be carried out predominantly in drier season to address potential
difficulty in wetter seasons.
Implementation of proper design of containment barrier system as per the legal
requirements for hazardous landfill sites of this nature should further reduce the
significance of risks to low- very low (Jjuko S, 2015).
Construction of anti-erosion berms.
Disturbance of catchment processes in terms of watercourses;
The proposed Koedoespoort Landfill Site lies on the eastern part of the Moretele River
Sub-catchment within quaternary catchment A23A (Pienaars River Catchment) of the
Crocodile (west) and Marico water management area (WMA). The Crocodile and
Phase Environmental Aspect
Nature of Impact
Extent (Scale)
Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without mitigation
With mitigation
Co
nstr
uctio
n Excavations and
earth grading
Alteration
of the
geology
and soil
conditions
Local Short
term
Medium Definite High Medium Low
Co
nstr
uctio
n Excavations and
earth grading
Removal
of large
volumes of
soil (cover
material)
Local Short
term
Medium Definite High Medium Low
Op
era
tion
Handling of
waste and
hazardous
substances
Contamina
tion
of soil
Local Long
term
High Highly
probable
High High Low
Op
era
tion
Proper disposal
of hazardous
waste
Pollution of
soil
Local Long
term
High Highly
probable
High High (+) High (+)
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Marico rivers are the two main rivers in this WMA. The A23A catchment covers an
area of about 682.400km2. Landfill sites are “dirty” areas with a potential of runoff
contamination. There is a risk of flooding, erosion and damage to infrastructure and
receiving watercourses. Thus, development and implementation of a stormwater
management plan is an essential part of the landfill planning and design phase. The
overall objective of the stormwater management is to ensure separation of clean and
dirty runoff. A detailed Hydrological Assessment was undertaken to determine impacts
on surface water. During construction it will be necessary to clear portions of
vegetation where the development will be placed. The major impact of vegetation
clearance is the exposure of soil to the agents of erosion, such as wind and water.
The atmospheric transportation and the deposition of the eroded material can lead to
siltation of the watercourses. Erosion can be expected if construction occurs within the
rainy season and therefore may result in the loss of topsoil. Impacts to surface water
during construction and operation phases are shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Surface water impacts (Hydrological Assessment)
Phase Environmental Aspect
Nature of Impact
Scale
Duration Intensity Probability Significance
Without mitigation
With mitigation
Con
str
uctio
n
Site clearance;
Site
establishment;
Construction
and/or upgrade
of roads
Increase in
runoff
discharges to
due to the
removal of
vegetative
cover and
compaction of
soil
Local Short term Medium Medium Low Low
Loss of
topsoil due to
erosion
Site Short term Medium Highly probable
Medium Low
Compaction
of soil
Site Short term Medium Highly probable
Medium Low
Soil pollution
from
hydrocarbon
spills (diesel,
petrol, oils
and
lubricants)
Site Short term Low Medium Low Low
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Change in
watercourse
habitat and
retention
capacity due
to erosion, as
well as
siltation from
silt-laden
runoff from
the site
Local Medium term
Low Medium Low Low
Co
nstr
uctio
n
Blockage of
stormwater
drains due to
silt-laden
runoff from
construction
site
Local Short term Medium Medium Low Low
Con
str
uctio
n Site clearance;
Site
establishment;
Construction
and/or upgrade
of roads
Surface water
contamination
due to
hydrocarbon
spills
Local Short term Low Low
probability
Low Low
Con
str
uctio
n
Surface water
contamination
due to
maintenance
and washing
of
construction
vehicles
Local Short term Low Medium Low Low
Con
str
uctio
n Site clearance;
Site
establishment;
Construction
and/or upgrade
Surface water
pollution due
to solid waste
and sewage
disposal
Local Short term Low Medium Low Low
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Co
nstr
uctio
n
of roads Surface water
contamination
due to
mobilisation
of exposed
pollutants
previously
disposed of
on the site
Local Short term Medium Medium Low Low
Op
era
tion
Leachate
drainage and
control
Pollution of
surface water
through
leachate from
the landfill.
Regional Permanen
t
Medium Highly
probable
Medium Low
Pollution of
surface water
through
seepage from
leachate dam
and sub-
surface
interflow.
Local Permanen
t
Medium Medium Medium Low
Op
era
tion
Waste recycling
and disposal
Contaminatio
n of
stormwater
through runoff
from the
wastebody,
recycling
facility and
weighbridge
Local Permanen
t
Medium Medium Medium Low
Op
era
tion
Pollution of
surface water
through
seepage from
wastebody
and sub-
surface
interflow.
Local Permanen
t
Medium Medium Medium Low
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Mitigation measures
As far as reasonably possible, site clearance and construction early works must
be scheduled to take place during the low flow period (i.e. winter).
Construction of the stormwater dam with a silt-trap - as part of construction early
works.
Topsoil must be stripped and stockpiled before construction or upgrade of the
roads, to be used as part of landfill cover material.
Drip trays must be placed under parked construction vehicles.
Contaminated soil must be dealt with according to Transnet Engineering spill
handling procedures.
Maintenance and washing of construction vehicles must be undertaken on bunded
and impervious surfaces, or off-site
Adequate solid waste and sewage disposal facilities must be provided and easily
accessible to construction workers and site visitors.
Leachate from the waste body must be drained to a lined leachate dam and
disposed of into the municipal sewer system, subject to applicable City of
Tshwane By-Laws.
The landfill must be properly operated, with proper compaction and cover.
The final landfill profile must be free draining and drainage channels directing
runoff from and top and side slopes to the lined leachate dam.
Containment barrier (or lining) of the leachate dam to prevent seepage to the
subterranean environment.
Development and implementation of a Stormwater Management Plan.
Clean and dirty runoff must be separated up to 1:50 year storm.
Dirty water drains and channels must be impervious.
Runoff from the said dirty areas must be drained to a lined pollution control dam.
The wastebody must be equipped with a containment barrier (lining) in line with
Norms and Standards for Disposal of Waste to Landfill.
Soil and water (groundwater) contamination;
The objectives are:
To ensure that all watercourses within the study area are not adversely affected to the
detriment of the environment and the surrounding communities
To prevent the disruption of catchment processes and functioning
To minimise erosion and to prevent surface water contamination
The construction and operation of landfill sites is known to pose threats to soil and
both groundwater and surface water (Khandhlela, 2009), shown in Table 6. The
site currently poses a threat to water quality owing to already existing
contamination at the site. Soil and geological constraints are important
considerations when undertaking development. The main concern from a
hydrogeological point of view is the presence of a contact zone which could
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increase the risk and vulnerability of groundwater resource contamination. Some
soil may exhibit a very high collapse potential and could settle under certain loads.
The choice of site and the nature of the proposed development should therefore
consider all geological constraints. Soil and water contamination is of concern
during both construction and operational phases.
A Specialist Hydrogeological Assessment was undertaken during the scoping and
EIA phases of this development to determine potential impacts on soil and water.
Application qualitative risk assessment such as the “Parsons Rating System” for
aquifer classification was used. Particular attention was paid to aquifer
classification, vulnerability and susceptibility.
Aquifer Classification
The aquifer at the proposed site is classed as a minor aquifer and can be
described a low to moderate yielding aquifer system of variable water quality.
Aquifer Vulnerability
A moderate likelihood does exist for contamination to reach a specific position in
the groundwater system. Previous studies and existing geological maps suggest
the presence of a contact zone. It was suggested that the presence of a contact
zone could increase the risk and vulnerability of groundwater as such a contact
zone could present a pathway for contaminant transport. However, geophysical
studies carried out throughout the scoping and EIA phases of this study remained
non-conclusive for the presence of a contact zone. If such a zone does exist, it
may pose a high risk.
Aquifer Susceptibility
The aquifer is rated to have medium susceptibility.
The geophysical study concludes that the proposed landfill poses a low to medium
contamination risk to groundwater. Where soil is highly erodible, measures are
required to prevent undue soil erosion and deliberate infiltration into the ground
water system. Table 6 shows hydrogeological impacts.
Table 6: Hydrogeological impacts (soil and water) Phase Environmental
Aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Con
str
uctio
n Excavations,
drilling and
clearing of land
Disruption of
aquatic
habitats
through
contamination
Regional Short
term
Medium Probable Medium Medium Low
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Op
era
tion Proper disposal
of hazardous
waste
Contaminatio
n of
groundwater
Local Long term High Highly
probable
High High (+) High (+)
Co
nstr
uctio
n Excavations,
drilling and
clearing of land
Disruption
of natural
drainage
patterns
Regional Short
term
Medium Probable Medium Medium Low
Op
era
tion
Operation
of landfill site
Altered flow
regimes as a
result of
hardened
surfaces
Regional Permanent Medium Improbable Medium Medium Low
Op
era
tion
Handling and
storage of
hazardous
wastes (e.g.
asbestos)
Contaminatio
n of
groundwater
Local Long
term
Medium Highly
probable
High High Low
Mitigation measures
The option of engineering the landfill site is seen as a mitigation measure to the
already existing threat and risk to water resources (engineering design for a Class
A- hazardous landfill site).
4 new drilled monitoring boreholes maintained as part of a water quality
monitoring programme. The 4 additional monitoring wells will further add to the
database of water quality and act as early monitoring systems.
Monthly monitoring of water levels, rainfall figures and water quality will be strictly
adhered to and this data will form the basis from which any changes in the
groundwater regime will be recognised.
The establishment and annual calibration of a groundwater management plan with
relevant groundwater monitoring and reporting protocol.
Owing to a deep water table, excavations will not extend below the recommended
depths (Khandhlela, 2009).
Storm water should be diverted away from waste sites and runoff storm water
should be collected in lined ponds (Khandhlela, 2009).
Landfill design to comply with DWAF Minimum requirements for waste disposal by
landfill.
Vehicles should only be serviced at well-established workshop area.
Water contaminated by contact with waste should be contained within the site and
disposed of properly(Khandhlela, 2009).
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Ecological instability / Destruction of flora and displacement of fauna
Koedoespoort is located within Marikana Thornveld ecosystems which fall in the
Savanna biome. When open spaces are rezoned for development, indigenous species
tend to be replaced by exotic species and the environment is converted to sterile
landscapes that lack ecological value. A Specialist Ecological study was undertaken to
determine potential impacts on the ecological environment (fauna and flora). It was
found that the site has a general trend of low sensitivity and majority of the site
appears to be favourable for the proposed development. Historically and still presently,
the site harbours no Red Data species. Furthermore, the overall conservation status of
the site is vulnerable. The landscape is characterised by flat rolling land that is largely
disturbed. There is evidence of previous dumping and release of waste water and
storm water, both contributing to the highly disturbed status of the landscape. Table 7
shows impacts on the ecological environment.
The environmental objectives are:
To ensure that species of conservation are identified and preserved and
To ensure that the ecological integrity and functionality of the system is
maintained
Silverton is a current residential, industrial and commercial area and it’s evident that
the majority of the natural vegetation that used to occur on site has been displaced
through its establishment.
Table 7: Impact assessment of Terrestrial Ecology Phase Environmental
Aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Co
nstr
uctio
n
Clearance of
vegetation for
construction of a
landfill
Destruct
ion of
local
populati
ons
(disturb
ance
and
habitat
loss)
Local Permanent Medium Probable Medium Low Low
Op
era
tion
Proper disposal
of hazardous
waste
Protecti
on of
ecologic
al
habitats
Local Long term High Highly
probable
High High (+) High (+)
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Op
era
tion
Change in land
use
Destruct
ion of
local
populati
ons
(change
s in
commu
nity
structur
e,
introduc
tion of
alien
invader
species,
disturba
nces)
Region
al
Permanent High Highly
probable
Medium High Medium
Op
era
tion
Replacement of
fauna and flora
with artificial and
inhabitable
surfaces
Destruct
ion of
local
populati
ons
(disturb
ance
and
habitat
loss)
Local Permanent Medium Probable Medium Low Low
Mitigation measures
Special cognisance of drainage lines will be taken as they pose a threat to the
integrity of habitats and freshwater resources if erosion occurs or increases.
Although no Red Data species or protected plant and animal species were
identified, during the full development of this proposed landfill site, the layout and
construction footprints will be kept to a minimum.
Rehabilitation of areas where soil has been compacted when construction is
complete (Khandhlela, 2009).
Strict environmental guidelines will be adhered to, to ensure prevention of further
habitat loss for present fauna and flora as it causes irreversible damage to high
biodiversity ecosystems within the Marikana Thornveld vegetation type in the
Savanna biome.
Intentional killing of any fauna should be avoided by means of awareness
programmes presented to all sub-contractors and work force.
Controlling of alien vegetation after the removal of grass and a monitoring and
rehabilitation programme is recommended as part of the operational EMP.
All construction activities must be limited to normal working hours (daylight hours).
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Prevention of runaway fires by keeping vegetation short in working areas and
ensuring that no fires are lit in close proximity to the vegetation and prohibition of
lighting fires in windy conditions.
5.1.2 The man-made environment
Displacement of Heritage and Culture;
The objective is to ensure that all buildings, artefacts and symbols of culture and
heritage significance are identified and preserved. Cultural impacts include impacts
such as the loss of language, loss of cultural heritage or change in the integrity of a
culture. South Africa is a multi-cultural society and urbanization has resulted in many
of the diverse cultures sacrificing their cultural integrity. Also indirectly related, is loss
of open space that may result in loss of natural and cultural heritage. The site has a
few existing buildings which were identified during a Specialist Heritage Impact
Assessment which was undertaken during the EIA phase to determine all the potential
impacts that the proposed Landfill site will have on the site. This is shown in Table 8.
Tshwane has a long history of settlement and associated with a variety of sites of
Heritage value. Some desktop studies, (published literature, maps and databases
research) followed by drive-through surveys and field walking formed part of the
methodology of the Specialist Heritage Impact Assessment Report. Previous and
present investigations found that there is no significant archaeological, heritage or
cultural materials on site. The Heritage Impact Assessment also informs that no
historically known groups occupied the area and most of the original settler
descendants moved away from the area. This means that there is very little intangible
heritage (oral traditions, knowledge and practices concerning nature, traditional
craftsmanship and rituals and festive events as well as instruments, objects and
artefacts and cultural spaces associated with group(s) of people) remains on site.
Overall, there is no archaeological reason why the development may not proceed.
Table 8: Impact assessment of heritage and culture
Phase Environmental
Aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Con
str
uctio
n
Excavation,
drilling and
clearing of land
Loss of
significant
symbols,
heritage
sites and
resources
Site Short
term
Low Low Low Low Low
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Mitigation measures
Although the site has no significant cultural or heritage material, all sub-
contractors and employees have the responsibility of ensuring that any possible
heritage sites, cultural material or chance finds are reported to the heritage
practitioner or South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA).
Socio-economic Impacts
The objective is to ensure that the proposed development is socially, environmentally
and economically sustainable. The proposed project will moreover take into
consideration, employment opportunities because of the present unemployment
challenges in Silverton and greater Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Silverton is a
suburb and the area surrounding Koedoespoort is largely urban and dominated by
residential settlements.
A number of employment opportunities will be created by this development. Using
local labour would alleviate the need for temporary housing for construction workers.
Apart from direct opportunities that will be created in all the phases of the
development, a number of indirect jobs will also be created in the construction phase.
A positive impact will be improved safety and security as the premises will be fenced
off and guarded. Impacts on socio-economic factors are shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Socio- economic impacts
Phase Environmental
Aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Con
str
uctio
n Safety and
security
improved safety
and security
Local Long term Medium Probable Medium High (+) High (+)
Con
str
uctio
n
Employment Creation of jobs Local Short
term
High Definite High High (+) High (+)
Op
era
tion
Change in land
use and
development
Loss of
intangible
heritage
(e.g.
language)
Local Long
term
Low Low Low Low Low
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Co
nstr
uctio
n
Employment Loss of jobs from
existing cement
operations that
will be
decommissioned
Local Short
term
Medium Probable Medium Low Low
Op
era
tion Employment Creation of jobs Local Long term High Definite High High (+) High (+)
Op
era
tion Infrastructure Relief pressure
from existing
landfill sites
Local Long term Medium Highly
probable
Medium High (+) High (+)
Mitigation measures
Preference should be given to local labour.
Employment of 24 hour security guards on the premises (site access control).
A detailed register must be filled in by all persons entering the premises.
All vehicles must be searched for weapons or illegal and prohibited substances.
Development site should be fenced off.
Traffic impact
The objective is:
To ensure that the proposed development will not have adverse effects on traffic
flow in the area.
The construction and operation of a hazardous landfill site will involve the
transportation of waste by heavy vehicles such as trucks. This poses a threat to the
quality of roads and deterioration of road surfaces (Khandhlela, 2012). In addition, with
increased numbers of vehicles traveling to the site during both construction and
operational phases, there is increased potential for traffic. With increased trips by
trucks and private vehicles to the site is the increased risk of accidents. A Specialist
Traffic Impact Assessment was conducted to determine possible impacts on traffic.
Impacts on traffic can be seen in Table 10.
Table 10: Traffic impacts
Phase Environmental
Aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Con
str
uctio
n
Construction
vehicles on
surrounding road
network
Increase in
traffic
congestion
(increased
potential for
accidents)
Local Short term Medium High High High Low
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Mitigation measures
Box marking will be required within intersections.
Pedestrian walk way should be provided to ensure safety of pedestrians.
Adherence to speed limits by truck drivers and assigned speed limits within and
around the proposed landfill site as well as speed humps.
Development of traffic management plan to address issues related to traffic safety.
Construction vehicles must not be allowed on the road during peak hours. For
access control, construction vehicles should make use of an alternative entrance
(Khandhlela, 2009).
Visual impact
The objectives are:
To minimise visual pollution.
To ensure that the development blends in with the landscape character.
To maintain an undisrupted skyline.
The construction and development of a landfill site has potential impacts for the
aesthetic value of the surrounding environment. Potential businesses owners and local
residents are impacted by changes in the aesthetic value of their local environment.
The landscape impact severity refers to the magnitude of impact resulting from the
proposed project components. The severity of landscape impact is examined by
discussing the visual absorption capacity factor: Visual Absorption Capacity (VAC)
signifies the ability of the landscape to accept additional human intervention without
serious loss of character and visual quality or value. It is founded on the characteristics
of the physical environment such as vegetative screening, diversity of colours and
patterns and topographic variability. The negative impact would be that, stripping
vegetation from some portion of the site will alter the existing surface cover and will
contribute to displacement of the site’s character.
The visual value of this site would lie in its ability to harbour various levels of
biodiversity and its place in the Marikana Thornveld of the Savanna biome. As
mentioned however, the site is already disturbed owing to previous activities already
Op
era
tion
Moving of heavy
vehicles
Impact on
road network
(road surface
deterioration)
Local Short term Low Low Medium Low Low
Op
era
tion
Moving of heavy
vehicles
Traffic
congestion
Local Permanent Medium Definite High High Low
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making it visually unpleasant. Initially the site preparation and construction phase will
cause high levels of visual contrast owing to vegetation clearing and existing
infrastructure will be demolished to make way for the new development but it is also in
the development phase of this project. The development will cause changes to the
landscape and this will influence visual value. The development will have minimum
visual impact and some of the features of the development will create a better
aesthetic value of the area as compared to the current conditions. Impacts on the
aesthetic and visual environment are shown in Table 11.
Table 11: Visual impact assessment
Mitigation measures
All forms of pollution are to be avoided by all employees and workers on site (can
be done by having signs that prohibit pollution of vandalism).
Additional planting in strategic areas should be done as soon as possible after
development.
Minimise the extent of disturbance as much as possible.
Maintain a vegetation buffer between activity and surrounding road networks
(Khandlhela, 2009).
Implement both a rehabilitation programme for vegetation and an alien eradication
programme (Khandlhela, 2009).
Phase Environmental
aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Con
str
uctio
n
Construction of
landfill site
Landscape
character
change and
other visual
impacts
Local Long term High Highly
probable
High High Low
Con
str
uctio
n
Surface
disturbance
Reduction in
the value of the
land and visual
resource
Site Short term Low Definite High Low Low
Op
era
tion
Operation of new
landfill site
Increase in
aesthetic and
visual value of
site
Local Permanent High Definite High High (+) High (+)
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Health, safety risks
Health aspects are included from a social perspective and will be expressed in non-
medical terminology. The impacts will be identified, mitigated, monitored, and/or
managed in the EMP. The land is contaminated with various forms of contaminants,
and hence it is a health and safety risk (Appendix B- Asbestos Analysis Report). The
development of the Landfill site will be an opportunity to sustainably manage the risk
on site (Risk assessment in Section 5.3). The landfill will manage and store hazardous
waste which poses a risk to all those who work on site as well as local communities.
Health and safety impacts are shown in Table 12.
Table 12: Impact assessment of health and safety risk
Mitigation measures
Place Hazard Warning Notices around the proposed site.
All asbestos training and awareness programmes are to be reassessed
and implemented (all contractors and employees working in areas of
asbestos exposure should be made aware of risks of exposure).
Individuals performing soil-disturbing activities, at sites where asbestos-
contaminated soil may be encountered, are required to complete on-the-
job asbestos-contaminated soil awareness training (providing necessary
information on duties that comply with requirements and how to report
exposed asbestos fibre).
An Asbestos Management Plan (AMP) must be developed for overall
guidance for all workers to comply with asbestos legal requirements and
to prevent exposure to airborne asbestos fibres and other Asbestos
Containing Materials (ACM).
Phase Environmental
aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Rem
edia
tio
n Handling and
transport of
hazardous waste
Respiratory
diseases
Local Short term High Highly
probable
High High Medium
Op
era
tion Proper disposal of
hazardous waste
Respiratory
diseases
Local Long term High Highly
probable
High High (+) High (+)
Op
era
tion Handling of
hazardous waste
(e.g. asbestos)
Respiratory
diseases
Local
Long term High High High High Medium
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Adequate dust control measures.
Airborne Asbestos Monitoring.
Illegal dumping Monitoring.
The proposed site should be fenced off.
All employees working at the proposed landfill site must get regular
health check-ups.
All employees must wear appropriate protective gear (dust masks, boots,
overalls and gloves).
Air Quality
Generally, the air quality in Silverton appears to be good. The main source of
air pollution is vehicle emissions considering that key national roads are within
the vicinity of the site which are the N4 and the N1. The incomplete combustion
of fossil fuels often occurs owing to Silverton’s 1600 to 2000m position above
sea level. The oxygen levels on the Highveld are 20% less than that at the
coast.
The construction and development of any landfill site and especially a
hazardous landfill site will impact the air quality of the surrounding environment.
The proposed development has a main objective of efficiently managing and
treating both non-hazardous and hazardous waste. Not only will landfill gases
be emitted but there will be an increase in dust levels from an increase in
vehicles travelling on the dust road as well as their vehicle emissions. Impacts
on air quality are shown in Table 13.
Table 13: Air Quality Impacts Phase Environmental
aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Con
str
uctio
n Vehicle exhaust
emission
Deterioration
of air quality
Local Short
term
Low Definite High Low Low
Con
str
uctio
n Nuisance Increase in
dust levels by
vehicles on
unpaved
roads
Local Short
term
Low Definite Medium Medium Low
Con
str
uctio
n Clearance of
vegetation
Wind erosion
at open areas
Site Short
term
Low Definite High Low Low
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Co
nstr
uctio
n Proper disposal
of asbestos
containing
materials
Respiratory
diseases
Site Short
term
High Highly
probable
High High (+) High (+)
Op
era
tion Material
operation
handling
Spread of air
pollution
(odour, landfill
gas) by wind
Site Short
term
Low Definite Medium Low Low
Op
era
tion
Nuisance Landfill gas
and odours
from
operational
activity
(deteriorated
air quality)
Local Long term Medium Highly
probable
Medium Medium Low
Op
era
tion Nuisance Increase in
dust levels by
vehicles on
unpaved
roads
Local Long term High Definite Medium Medium Low
Op
era
tion Proper disposal
of asbestos
containing
materials
Respiratory
diseases
Site Long term High Highly
probable
High High (+) High (+)
Mitigation measures
Materials that promote the emission of wastes with sulphate and sulphide
must be avoided by all means.
Tipping areas must be as small as possible to decrease the effect of wind.
There must be immediate covering of waste after disposal.
An enclosed treatment operation must be developed to assist with odours.
Waste composition inventory and inspection- The landfill operator must
ensure that a register is kept throughout all phases of the development of the
proposed landfill site with information indicating the origin of waste, type of
waste, date of delivery, identity of the producer or collector.
Landfill gas control and management – accumulation and migration of gas
must be controlled, ideally collected, treated and used.
Strict speed limits are to be adhered to, both in and around the site or speed
bumps to decrease dust levels.
Tarring of dust roads and some access routes.
Regular sweeping and vacuuming of tarred roads to reduce siltation on the
roads.
Increase in the amount of times that the roads are water sprayed to decrease
dust
Reduction in the size and extent of open areas to reduce wind erosion
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A complaints register must be made accessible to the surrounding
communities with regards to bad odours or where any complaints can be laid
relating to the proposed landfill activity
Progressive rehabilitation.
Noise impacts
The proposed area for development of a landfill site is adjacent to the
Koedoespoort Centre which is used for Rolling stock and therefore the ambient
noise is already degraded. This however, is typical of an industrial area. Daytime
noise is expected to be low whilst road traffic noise will also have low significance.
Additional construction vehicles travelling to the site may generate additional
traffic noise and some construction activities may also generate additional noise.
The overall significance of noise for this development is low. Potential impacts on
noise are shown in Table 14.
Table 14: Noise Impacts Phase Environmental
aspect
Impact Extent Duration Intensity Probability Confidence Significance
Without
mitigation
With
mitigation
Con
str
uctio
n
Excavations and
drilling activities
on landfill site
Noise Local Short
term
Medium Highly
probable
High Low Low
Con
str
uctio
n Moving of heavy
vehicles
Noise Local Short
term
Low Highly
probable
Medium Low Low
Op
era
tion Movement of
dozers and
heavy vehicles
Noise Local Long term Low Probable Medium Low Low
Mitigation measures
For a development such as a landfill site, the impacts of the noise are usually
concentrated within the boundaries of the development site, making overall noise
impacts of low significance. To mitigate potential disturbance to surrounding
communities, construction activity must be limited to normal daylight working
hours.
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5.2 RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk Assessment generally considers the likelihood of occurrence and the
consequences of the occurrence of an event and systematically evaluates the nature,
effect and extent of exposure a vulnerable receptor may experience in relation to a
particular hazard. It informs the management and communication of risk. An
environmental hazard is an event, or continuing process, which if realized will lead to
circumstances having the potential to degrade, directly or indirectly, the quality of the
environment (Royal Society,1992).
Pathways
A pathway is a route by which a particle of water, substance or contaminant moves
though the environment and comes into contact with, or otherwise, affects a receptor
(EA, 2001).
Risk
For a risk to exist there must be a source (or hazard or environmental pressure), a
pathway and a receptor or target (Daly, 2004).
Source- Pathway-Receptor (S-P-R) conceptual model
This is the basis for the Source- Pathway-Receptor (S-P-R) conceptual model for
environmental risk assessment and management. In addition, a conceptual model
also provides information useful to the scoping of any investigation as it identifies the
sites that pose the greatest risk to the environment and human beings and also
identifies the S-P-R linkages that have the highest risk associated with them.
Applicable Mitigation Measures and Remediation
The above principles of exposure and risk assessment aim at facilitating a clear
decision making process in devising mitigation measures to control any potential
risks evident in the conceptual model. The detailed information obtained through the
investigative programme will inform the decision on the extent of measures which are
required to manage the risk, which may involve breaking the pathway or removal of
the source or in some cases monitoring of the receptor.
Source –Pathway–Receptor Analysis for the proposed development
Table 5 summarizes the potential Source–Pathway–Receptor Analysis for the
proposed development.
Table 15: Risk Assessment
Source Pathway Receptor/Exposure
Waste Types Process of handling and
disposal of the various waste
streams at the landfill site and
Humans
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transfer station.
Leachate Leachate Migration:
Vertically to the water table
or top of an aquifer, where
groundwater is the receptor
being considered;
Vertically to an aquifer and
then horizontally in the
aquifer to a receptor, such
as a well, spring or stream;
Horizontally at the ground
surface or at shallow depth
to a surface receptor.
Humans
Surface water
Groundwater
Sensitive Environments
Fauna and Flora
Contaminated Storm
water
Migration of contaminants in
storm water :
Vertically to the water table
or top of an aquifer, where
groundwater is the receptor
being considered;
Vertically to an aquifer and
then horizontally in the
aquifer to a receptor, such
as a well, spring or stream;
Horizontally at the ground
surface or at shallow depth
to a surface receptor.
Humans
Surface
Groundwater
Sensitive Environments
Fauna and Flora
Landfill Gas, Dust and
Odours
Landfill Gas Migration:
Sub surface soil.
Air
Pipelines
Drainage systems
Manholes.
Dissolved in groundwater.
Humans
Surface
Groundwater
Sensitive Environments
Fauna and Flora
Significance
Given the above the significance of the exposure risk posed by the proposed
development will be determined by the following factors:
Type of Waste Handled (general waste, mixed waste or hazardous waste);
The civil and environmental engineering controls in place to curb and manage
the sources (pollutant sources). This includes liners, geo-membranes, storm
water controls, landfill gas management infrastructure, leachate management
systems etc.
The geological and hydro geological setting of the landfill site;
The location in proximity of human receptors such as residential areas; and
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Number of employees and number of people accessing the site.
The major contaminants or pollutants of concerns that may pose risk to both
humans and ecosystems associated with development include the following
pollutants:
o Metals;
o Total petroleum hydrocarbons;
o Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
o Chlorinated hydrocarbons;
o Polychlorinated biphenyls;
o Pesticides;
o Methane;
o Dioxins;
o Asbestos;
o Pharmaceuticals;
o Pathogens;
o Dust and Particulate Matter;
o Volatile Organic Compounds; and
o Landfill Gas (Methane, Carbon dioxide and non-methane organic
compounds
Other Occupational Hazards may include:
o Accidents;
o Musculoskeletal problems;
o Respiratory symptoms and diseases;
o Gastro-intestinal problems; and
o Skin problems.
Significance and Level Exposure
Personnel on the landfill site and the temporary hazardous waste storage facility may
be exposed to the same potential hazards outlined above, although the risk and
amount of exposure may differ depending on the type of work they do, the number of
exposure hours, and Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) used. The significance of
this exposure can be rated moderate to high if no mitigation measures are employed
to manage the potential risks and hazards. However if the mitigation measures and
operational controls stipulated in the Environmental Management Programme, the
Operational Plan, and the requirements of the Occupational, Health and Safety
Management Plan are implemented then the significance of the exposure and human
and ecological risk is likely to be reduced to low.
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6. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
The EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) procedure stipulates that the
environmental investigation needs to consider feasible alternatives for any proposed
development. Therefore, DEA requires that a number of possible proposals or
alternatives be identified and considered in order to accomplishing the same
objectives.
6.1 NO-GO ALTERNATIVE
The study by USK Environmental and Waste Engineering of 2013 showed that not all
sites at Koedoespoort are equally impacted by asbestos in all its various forms i.e.
friable fibres, Asbestos Containing Material (ACM) or the clearly identifiable asbestos
sheet (blanket). It was found that a site named Site 5 was found to contain huge
amounts of asbestos above and below the surface. Based on the study it was
recommended that Transnet Engineering should take a systematic risk based
approach to the management and remediation of the identified risk areas. It was
recommended that TE should seek to investigate the option for using Site 5 as the
central focal point for the remedial action plan for all the contaminated sites within the
Koedoespoort Centre. It is therefore the objective of this EIA to conduct an
investigation into the environmental, social, financial, and legal feasibility of this site
for development of a Landfill site. The No-Go Alternative could therefore not be
considered given the primary objective of the project.
6.2 LAYOUT ALTERNATIVES
Two Layout Alternatives were considered for the development (Appendix A1 and
Appendix A2). The landfill and associated facilities should be designed to
Minimize potential environmental impacts.
Minimize health and safety risks for landfill site operations and the public.
Encourage recycling in accordance with the waste management hierarchy.
To make the most efficient use of resources on site.
The following Layout considerations were made:
1) Gate house-is the first line of active measures to check incoming waste
stream to detect non-conforming waste and direct materials to recycling
facility area. It should include facilities such as viewing platform and
cameras which allows gatehouse attendant to readily scrutinize the
incoming waste load.
2) Secondary entrance- It is a strategic access for use during the site
contamination remediation.
3) Hazardous disposal site –It is closer to the leachate dam, however the
final positioning of the hazardous disposable area will be determined by
the outcomes of the geological & hydrological report.
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4) Leachate Dam- Is positioned at the lowest part of the site. The design
objective for a leachate collection system is to ensure that it is able:
a. To drain sufficiently so that the leachate head above the liner is
minimized
b. Approximately sized to collect the estimated volume of leachate
c. Resistance to chemical attack
d. Designed to be sufficiently robust to function and perform as
required for the expected landfill life cycle.
5) Operations block-strategically located to be able to accommodate
operational function and support function for the land fill site and recycling
areas
6) Admin Block-situated closer to the entrance and facing the bulk of the
site. This houses the administration and management functions
7) Weigh Bridge-this will facilitate the weighing of waste materials for
invoicing and monitoring waste disposable rates.
8) Reverse Logistics and Recycling Centre
9) Laboratory -is positioned close to the recycling facility and reverse
logistics. This facility will be used to test ad analyse samples taken from
the landfill site such as leachate and underground water.
6.3 COMPARISONS OF OPTIONS
Both Option A and Option B have leachate dams, however Option A, has a
stormwater dam. The storm water dam was specifically designed in order to
accommodate all internal runoff water within the site.
Option A has the administration block was combined with the operations
building and in the process reducing the footprint of the building as it covers a
smaller space. This is different to option B, where the two buildings are
separated.
Option A has the reverse logistics centre and the recycling centre merged.
The two facilities are separated in Option B.
Overall, the two options have marginal differences, however it is concluded that
Option A is recommended as it has reduced actual environmental footprint.
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7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 CONCLUSION
The Environmental Impact Assessment Report consists of a detailed identification of
various biophysical and social issues that enabled the identification of potential
impacts and key environmental issues. The EIAR identified several potential impacts
and for all of these impacts suitable mitigation measures were identified. The impacts
were quantified and rated appropriately during the EIA phase. The specialist studies
during EIA also assisted with the development of an understanding of potential
impacts of the proposed development on both the social and biophysical
environments. The majority of negative impacts can be mitigated appropriately and it
can be concluded that the project has strong motivation as it seeks to address an
existing environmental problem on site.
7.2 RECOMMENDATION
Based on the results of the Environmental Impact Assessment, MCA recommends
that this report and the Environmental Management Programme is accepted by the
authorities and a Waste Licence be granted for the proposed Landfill site with
conditions of implementing the Environmental Management Plan (Appendix F).
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REFERENCES
Acocks, J.P.H. 1988. Veld Types of South Africa. Mem. Botanical Survey South
Africa. No. 57. DEAT: Pretoria.
DEA, 2014, National Environmental Management, Environmental Impact
Assessment Regulations, DEA, Pretoria
De Lange F, 2013, Hydrological Investigation Desktop Study Report, SSGS, South
Africa
Kalule SK, 2012, Asbestos And Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Investigation At
Koedoespoort Station, USK Environmental & Waste Engineering, East London
Kruger FJ, 2013, Short Geological Report on the Transnet Koedoespoort Site, GeoActive Dynamic Geological Services, Johannesburg Low, A.D., Rebelo, G. (Editors) 1996. Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and
Swaziland. A companion to the Vegetation Map of South Africa, Lesotho and
Swaziland. Pretoria.
National Department of Agriculture. 2002. Development and Application of a Land
Capability Classification System for South Africa. Report GW/A/2000/57. Pretoria
Statistics SA. 2011. Census 2011 Data.
South African Weather Service. 2015. Website: www.weathersa.co.za.
Date Accessed: 29 August 200
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APPENDICES
Appendix A: Site Development Plan
Site Development Plan- Option A
Site Development Plan- Option B
Designs of the Landfill site
Appendix B: Asbestos and Heavy Metal Contamination Investigation
Appendix C: Correspondence with Authorities
Appendix C1- Minutes of Meeting with Authorities
Appendix C2: Acknowledgement Letter from DEA
Appendix C3: Acknowledgement Letter for Notification for Contaminated Land
Appendix D: Studies Undertaken
Appendix D1 Geological Study
Appendix D2 Geotechnical Study
Appendix D3 Hydro-geological Study
Appendix D4: Surface Hydrological Study
Appendix D5: Heritage Impact Assessment
Appendix D6: Traffic Impact Assessment
Appendix D7: Ecological Assessment
Appendix E: Public Participation
Appendix F: Environmental Management Plan
Appendix G: CV of Environmental Practitioner
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Appendix A: Site Development Plan & Landfill
Design
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Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 61
Appendix A 1-Site Development Plan- Option A
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Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 62
Appendix A2- Site Development Plan- Option B
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Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 63
Appendix A3: Designs of the Landfill
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Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 64
Appendix B: Asbestos and Heavy Metal
Contamination Investigation
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 65
Appendix C: Correspondence with Authorities
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Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 66
Appendix C1- Minutes of Meeting with
Authorities
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Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 67
Appendix C2: Acknowledgement Letter from
DEA
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 68
Appendix C3: Acknowledgement Letter for
Notification for Contaminated Land
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 69
Appendix D: Studies Undertaken
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 70
Appendix D1 Geological Study
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 71
Appendix D2 Geotechnical Study
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 72
Appendix D3 Hydro-geological Study &
Storm water Management Plan
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 73
Appendix D4: Surface Hydrological Study
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 74
Appendix D5: Heritage Impact
Assessment
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Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 75
Appendix D6: Traffic Impact Assessment
& Traffic Management Plan
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 76
Appendix D7: Ecological Assessment
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 77
Appendix E: Public Participation
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 78
Appendix F: Environmental Management
Programme
Koedoespoort Landfill Site Transnet Engineering SOC
Draft EIA Report: Landfill Site Development, Koedoespoort 79
Appendix G: CV OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PRACTITIONER