PROJECT REPORT
DRAINAGE AND REPLENISHMENT STUDY OF
MINED AREA OF RAWASAN-I RIVER,
HARIDWAR
Submitted to
UTTARAKHAND FOREST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (UFDC)
73, Nehru Road, Deharadun
Prepared&Submitted
by
Climate Change & Forest Influence Division
FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, DEHRADUN
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Project Title : Drainage and replenishment study of mining affected area of various rivers of Uttarakhand
2. Name of the Institute : Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
4. Designation of the Executive Authority of the Institute / University forwarding the application
: Director, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun
7. Duration : 6 Months (from beginning of the project)
8. Total Cost (Rs.) : 15.65 lakh
Name & Designation of Principle Investigator
: Dr. Parmanand Kumar, Scientist-B, FRI, Dehradun
Name and Designation of Co-Principal Investigator
Dr. Hukum Singh, Research Officer, FRI, Dehradun
Project Coordinator : Head, Climate Change & Forest Influence Division Forest Research institute, Dehradun
Address : Climate Change & Forest Influence Division, Forest Research institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun- 246008 Email : [email protected] Phone : 0135-2224332
SUMMARY
Drainage system is the pattern formed by streams, rivers and lakes in a
drainage basin. In a drainage system, streams or rivers always connect together to
form networks. Many factors such as topography, soil type, bedrock type, climate
and vegetation cover influence input, output and transport of sediment and water in a
drainage basin (Charlton, 2008). These factors also influence the nature of the
pattern of water bodies (Twidale, 2004). As a consequence, drainage pattern can
reflect geographical characteristics of a river network to a certain extent. There are
several types of drainage pattern. So far, much research has been done on the
description of drainage patterns in geography and hydrology (e.g. Howard, 1967;
Lambert, 1998; Twidale, 2004; Pidwirny, 2006).
In addition, sediment transport knowledge is important in river restoration,
ecosystem protection, navigation, watershed studies and reservoir management.
Bed load represents the lower portion of sediment load in natural rivers. Fluvial
sediment load materials are transported by rivers. Sediment load can be divided into
bed load and suspended load based on the mode of transport. Bed load is
transported close to the bed where particles moved by rolling, sliding, or jumping
(Adegbola, 2012). Xlaoqing (2003) explained that bed load transport in natural rivers
is a complicated phenomenon. Its movement is quite uneven in both the transverse
and longitudinal directions, which vary considerably.
The state of Uttarakhand has great importance in the local, regional, national
and international perspectives due to its distinct physiographic conditions i.e.
Himalayas, Shivalik and planes with altitudinal variation ranging from 300 to 3500
meters. It endowed with diverse vegetation types, ranging from tropical to
subtropical, temperate and alpine including riverine, grasslands and wetlands. The
state has 64.79% of its total geographical area as forest area against India’s forest
and tree cover of 23.4% of the total geographical area. Many rivers are generated
from Himalyan and Shivalik regions which supply water in down streams. The rivers
of the Uttarakhand are plays an important role for the nation and provide water
required by various sectors such as irrigation, drinking, recreation and industrial
requirements etc. Besides, mining activities are also being carried out in the rivers
for the developmental process. Di-siltation (remove of excess sand and stone from
river bed) of the river helps to maintain the carrying capacity and provides protection
from flooding during monsoon season. Further, continuous flow of river is essential
for ecological and economic needs such as irrigation and biodiversity etc. Therefore,
drainage study of the river helps to understand potential carrying capacity of water
during monsoon season which is generated from rainfall in the watershed and
quantity of di-siltation of rivers under mining affected areas.
Drainage and replenishment study was carried out in Rawasan-I River,
Haridwar was found with ephemeral streams. Quantification and estimation of river
bed material (RBM) was accomplished by followed three scientific approaches i. e.
mapping of watersheds by using Arc GIS software, survey of proposed mining area
and grain size distribution of sand and gravel. Moreover, analysis of grain size
distribution helps us to estimate sediment deposition and safe limit for extraction/
removal of deposited river bed material (RBM) available in the various rivers. This
quantity has been arrived upon considering that hydrological profile of the river flow
is guided to the centre of the river so as to minimize risk of steam bank erosion.
Furthermore, drainage study of rivers was done with the help of mapping of
watershed generated by Arc GIS. The behaviour and geo-morphology of rivers was
also estimated with the help of mapping.
Drainage and replenishment study
Methodology:
The catchment area of the river was analyzed with the help of ArcGIS approach. The
mined affected area of the river was measured through ArcGIS approach and ground based
survey by GPS approach. The stretch of the mined area of river was divided in various
segments depending on stretch of the rivers. The width (meters) and GPS information at each
segment was collected to quantify the total mined area of river. The geo-morphological
patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS methodology. Besides, the
mined affected area of the river was divided in to various segments (Fig. 1) to analyze grain
size distribution in river bed. The one pit with size of 2m × 1m × 1m (Fig.1) per segment was
made throughout the stretch of the river with digging methods. The materials were collected
from two depths of the river beds i.e. above 50 cm and below 50 cm of the river bed. The dug
material from each depth was filled in iron bucket with 50 kg capacity and weighted though
weighing balance. After that, the weighted material was filtered through various grades of
sieves (<2mm, 2-6mm, 6-10mm, 10-50mm and >50mm). Again, the filtered material of each
size sieve was weighted to calculate actual percentage of grain size at both depths.
Grain Size Distribution Analysis in Rivers
Grain size distribution in the river bed was estimated with the help of different
opening size of the screens up to 1 m depth at different locations of the river.
Fig.: 1. Sampling site and pit size for study of grain size distribution
Study Area
The Rawasan-I River, a tributary of Ganga River comes under Haridwar Forest
Division. The catchment area of River is 624.36 ha. Geographically, the River lies between
78º 12’ 26”E to 78º 14’31”E longitude and 29º 46’ 59”N to 29º 48’ 13” N latitude. The
catchment area obtained through ArcGIS method was approximately 624.36 ha with
perimeter of 12.84 km. As far as forest ecosystem is concerned, very dense forest was
calculated around 6.47 ha (1 %), moderate dense forest 179.80 ha (29%) and open forest
194.25 ha (31%). The 243.37 ha was considered as non forested area which covers around 39
% of whole catchment area (Fig.2& 3). In addition to catchment area, the total mined area
was measured with the help of ground based survey method by GPS approach and it was
recorded around 170.49 ha whereas ArcGIS calculated 182.0 ha. The area obtained by both
approaches was near about to close and no significant difference was observed. It was
Sapling site for analysis grain size distribution
2 m
1 m
1 m
interesting to know that small patches of newly growing vegetation or stabilised island with
regenerating vegetation are also found in river. Nevertheless, the small patches or islands
were avoided during assessment of river.
The morphological patters in terms of stream orders were also observed using ArcGIS
methodology. Two numbers of stream orders were found in the river with various lengths.
The utmost length of Ist stream order was found to be around 5.10 km and IIndorder (2.77 km)
order. (Fig.4 and Table 1).The total length of the stream of the Rawasan I River was
approximate 7.8 km with bifurcation ratio of 1.5 and stream length ration of 0.27. The stream
frequency, drainage density, drainage intensity and length of overland flow were 0.80, 1.26,
0.64 and 24.55 respectively (Table 3).
Fig.: 2. Land use/forest cover map of Rawasan-I River
Fig.: 3. Catchment area of Rawasan-I River
Fig.: 4. Drainage study of Rawasan-I River
1%
29%
31%
39%
Total Catchment area = 624.37 ha
VERY-DENSE-FOREST
MOD.DENSE-FOREST
OPEN-FOREST
NON-FOREST
Fig.: 5. Proposed mining area of Rawasan-I River.
Geomorphological Analysis of Rawasan-I River
Table: 1. Geomorphology of Rawasan-I River
Stream Order Su
No of Streams Nu
Length of stream (km) Lu
Bifurcation ratio Rb
Stream Length Ratio Rl
I Order 3 5.10 1.50
II Order 2 2.77 0.27
Total 5 7.87 1.5 0.270
Mean 2.50 1.57 1.5 0.27
Table: 2. Geometric-parameter of Rawasan-I River
No Geometric - Parameters Formula Method Result 1 Area (km2) A GIS output Arc GIS 10 6.24 2 Perimeter (km) P GIS output Arc GIS 10 12.84
3 Length (km) Lu GIS output Arc GIS 10 5.7 4 Relative perimeter (Pr) Pr = A/P Schumn(1956) 0.49
5 Mean width (Wb) Wb = A/Lb Horton (1932) 1.095
6 Length area relation km (Lar) Lar = 1.4*A0.6 Hack (1957) 4.200
7 Form factor ratio (Rf) Rf = A / Lb2 Horton (1932) 0.19
8 Elongation ratio (Re) Re = 2/ Lb*(A/π) 0.5 Schumn (1956) 0.495
9 Circularity ratio (Rc) Rc = 4* π (A/P2) Miller (1953) 0.476
Table: 3. Morphometric parameters of Rawasan-I River
No Morphometric Parameters Formula Method Result
1 Stream frequency (Fs) Fs = Nu / A Horton (1932) 0.80
2 Drainage density (Dd) Dd = Lu / A Horton (1932) 1.26
3 Drainage Intensity (Di) Di= Fs/ Dd Faniran (1968) 0.64
4 Constant of Channel Maintainace (C) C= 1/ Dd Schumn (1956) 0.79
5 Length of overland flow (Lg) Lg = A/2* Lu Horton (1945) 24.55
Table: 4. Measurement of mine area by survey ofRawasan-I River
Measuring Points
Segment Length, m
River Width, m
Average width, m
Area, ha (Measured)
Area, ha (Estimated by Arc GIS)
Starting Point (1)
367
358
392
650 456 393 25.56 28.0502
2
415
369
398
650 392 394 25.58 24.834
3
456
372
311
650 300 360 23.38 23.1754
4
271
377
451
650 354 363 23.60 29.7789
5
307
385
291
650 374 339 22.04 20.0863
6
428
369
345
650 334 369 23.98 24.5197
End Point (7)
326
284
320
375
549
650 577 405 26.34 31.554
Total 4550 170.49 181.9985
Grain size distribution of Rawasan-I River
The grain size of >50 mm and 10-50 mm was utmost calculated for below 50 cm
whilst 2-6 mm and 6-10 mm observed at above 50 cm of the river bed. The grain size of <2
mm size had equal percentage both above and below 50cm. In respect of the overall average
grain size distribution, the maximum percentage of grain was observed for >50 mm size
(26.6) followed by <2mm size (23.2 %), 10-50 mm size (23 %) and minimum for 2-6 mm
size (14.0 %) and 6-10 mm size (12.8 %). In terms of depth, above 50 cm depth occupied
highest percentage (25.6%) for size >50 mm followed by (23.2%), size <2 mm, (22.0 %) 10-
50 mm size (Fig.6) and lowest in favour of size 6-10 mm (14.0 %). At below 50 cm is
regarding, the maximum percentage was observed grain size >50 mm (27.6 %) followed by
10-50 mm size (24.4 %), <2 mm size (23.2 %) whereas minimum for 6-10 mm size (11.6 %).
It was concluded that the river bed material consisted major quantity of sand, small gravels
and boulders. These materials comes down mostly through rolling over the river bed from
steep river slopes and settle down when the velocity of water decrease at meeting of hilly and
plane area.
Fig: 6. Average Grain size distribution of different locations (A) and depth (B) of Rawasan-I River
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
<2 mm 2 - 6 mm 6-10 mm 10-50mm
>50 mm
%
Grain Size, mm
% (Above 50 cm) % (Below 50 cm)
23%
14%
13%
23%
27%
(B)
<2 mm 2 - 6 mm6-10 mm 10-50 mm>50 mm
Table: 5. Estimation of RBM in the proposed for mining of Rawasan-I river
Catchment
Area (ha)
Gross area of river under mining (ha) Net river area*
under mining
(ha)
Executable
RBM (lakh
m3) Measured@ Estimated #
624.37 170.49 182.00 85 10
@ indicates mining area measured through ground survey.
#indicates mining area estimated through ArcGIS approach.
*indicates 50% of total mining area
Conclusions:
Two numbers of stream orders in Rawasan I River were found with various lengths.
The utmost length of Ist stream order was found to be around 5.10 km and IIndorder (2.77 km)
order respectively. The total length of the stream of the Rawasan-I River was approximate 7.8
km with bifurcation ratio of 1.5 and stream length ration of 0.27. The stream frequency,
drainage density, drainage intensity and length of overland flow were 0.80, 1.26, 0.64 and
24.55 respectively. The above 50 cm depth occupied highest percentage (25.6%) of size >50
mm followed by (23.2%), size <2 mm, (22.0 %) 10-50 mm size and lowest in favour of size
6-10 mm (14.0 %). At below 50 cm, comprised maximum percentage of grain size >50 mm
(27.6 %) followed by 10-50 mm size (24.4 %), <2 mm size (23.2 %) whereas minimum for 6-
10 mm size (11.6 %). The executable RBM in Rawasan-I was computed about 10.0 lakh
cubic meters.
Activities in the river bed