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Evidence-based Design
Drivers and Data for Design Teams
BECC ConferenceSacramento, CA
November 16, 2010
Cathy HigginsProgram Director
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new buildings institute• Non-profit, think tank on commercial
building energy efficiency• Formed in December 1997 • Funding
– Sponsors: includes SCE, PG&E, NGrid, NYSERDA, CEC, SMUD, NEEA
– Major Grants: EPA, EF, Doris Duke, Kresge
– Contracts: USGBC, CEC PIER, DOE, EPA
– Staff in Vancouver, Seattle, and White Salmon, Washington
Evidence-based Design and Operations is a California Energy Commission
Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) project
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Common Interests
Do design firms want to create buildings of beauty that meet the clients program AND are energy and environmentally responsible?
No
Yes
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CAMP
California Advisors on Measured Performance (CAMP)A & E firm advisors to PIER and related measured performance projects
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Design team as Advocates for Energy Efficiency
Recognition, Image, Incentives
Performance Feedback
Policies & regulations
Design Team
Client / Owner
Design Tools
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12/6/20106
Policies & Regulations
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Rating & Disclosure Mandates
Enacted Building types Disclosure Also required
California 2007 Nonresidential Point of Transaction: Buyers, lessees and lenders
Utility assistance
Austin, TX 2008 Nonresidential + multifamily
Point of Transaction: Buyers + public display for multifamily
Energy audits + some retrofits for multifamily
District of Columbia 2008 Nonresidential Annual to public web site
Disclosure of energy use estimations for new buildings
Washington State 2009 Nonresidential Point of Transaction: Buyers, lessees
and lenders
Utility assistance; minimum ratings for state leases
New York City 2009 Nonresidential + multifamily
Annual to public web site Energy audits & retro commissioning
Seattle 2010 Nonresidential + multifamily
Annual to city + Point of Transaction: Buyers, lessees , lenders + current tenants
Utility assistance
Others Pending Source: Institute for Market Transformation
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Ratings & Labels
Benchmark first then: Label @ design and @ operations
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Levels of Metering
• Whole building metering • Tenant space sub-metering• Load-type isolation (Design for Meterability)
– HVAC– Lighting– Building Operations (elevators, automatic doors, etc.)– Miscellaneous (plug and process loads)
• Metering of on-site renewables• All connected to a data acquisition system
Process diagram for data collection from meters to software tools
Proposal for the International Green Code Council (IgCC)
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An outcome-based energy code
• Would be based on achieving actual post-retrofit performance outcomes rather than applying prescriptive codes
• Would leverage current efforts toward annual disclosure and benchmarking of performance of all buildings
Probable Pilots: Seattle, Vancouver B.C.
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an outcome-based code is worth exploring
• Can include typical “unregulated” loads• Puts appropriate pressure on operations
and Cx to assure that equipment works and is properly controlled
• Credits good daylighting design and natural ventilation – difficult now
• Breaks policy silos by becoming a reference point for multiple entities
• Narrows the gap between design and actual performance – puts pressure on design teams (or design build) to optimize the solution set.
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Feedback on Key Performance Indicators
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Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency – infiltration –operating hours – climate – weather – occupant density – heating efficiency –duct design – fan size – window area – HVAC control sophistication – building
mass – interior shading – occupant habits – data centers – kitchen equipment –lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls - furniture configuration – exterior vegetation - operable window use – insolation- glazing
orientation – wall insulation – ventilation rate - exposed interior surface characteristics - domestic hot water use – number of computers – copiers and
printers – elevators – exterior lighting - occupant gender ratio – elevation –photovoltaics - development density – register location – cooling distribution
system – roof insulation – building manager training – cool roof – building surface to volume ratio – building use type – janitorial services – metering strategies – commissioning – structural system – acoustic treatment – slab edge detailing – night setback temperature – ground water temperature –
humidity – occupant dress code – lamp replacement strategy – roof slope –daylight controls – sensor calibration – corporate culture – lease terms – utility meter characteristics – parking garage ventilation – HVAC system capacity –
number of separate tenants – retail space – age of equipment – ceiling height –heating fuel – transformer capacity – window mullion pattern – terms of
maintenance contract – wall thickness – building height – lighting fixture layout – overhangs – thermostat location – exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators
– solar hot water – utility meter – load diversity
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Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency – infiltration –operating hours – climate – weather – occupant density – heating efficiency –duct design – fan size – window area – HVAC control sophistication – building
mass – interior shading – occupant habits – data centers – kitchen equipment –lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls - furniture configuration – exterior vegetation - operable window use – insolation- glazing
orientation – wall insulation – ventilation rate - exposed interior surface characteristics - domestic hot water use – number of computers – copiers and
printers – elevators – exterior lighting - occupant gender ratio – elevation –photovoltaics - development density – register location – cooling distribution
system – roof insulation – building manager training – cool roof – building surface to volume ratio – building use type – janitorial services – metering strategies – commissioning – structural system – acoustic treatment – slab edge detailing – night setback temperature – ground water temperature –
humidity – occupant dress code – lamp replacement strategy – roof slope –daylight controls – sensor calibration – corporate culture – lease terms – utility meter characteristics – parking garage ventilation – HVAC system capacity –
number of separate tenants – retail space – age of equipment – ceiling height –heating fuel – transformer capacity – window mullion pattern – terms of
maintenance contract – wall thickness – building height – lighting fixture layout – overhangs – thermostat location – exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators
– solar hot water – utility meter – load diversity
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Glazing performance – building orientation – cooling efficiency – infiltration –operating hours – climate – weather – occupant density – heating efficiency –duct design – fan size – window area – HVAC control sophistication – building
mass – interior shading – occupant habits – data centers – kitchen equipment –lighting power density – filter condition – wall color – lighting controls - furniture configuration – exterior vegetation - operable window use – insolation- glazing
orientation – wall insulation – ventilation rate - exposed interior surface characteristics - domestic hot water use – number of computers – copiers and
printers – elevators – exterior lighting - occupant gender ratio – elevation –photovoltaics - development density – register location – cooling distribution
system – roof insulation – building manager training – cool roof – building surface to volume ratio – building use type – janitorial services – metering strategies – commissioning – structural system – acoustic treatment – slab edge detailing – night setback temperature – ground water temperature –
humidity – occupant dress code – lamp replacement strategy – roof slope –daylight controls – sensor calibration – corporate culture – lease terms – utility meter characteristics – parking garage ventilation – HVAC system capacity –
number of separate tenants – retail space – age of equipment – ceiling height –heating fuel – transformer capacity – window mullion pattern – terms of
maintenance contract – wall thickness – building height – lighting fixture layout – overhangs – thermostat location – exit lighting – private offices – refrigerators
– solar hot water – utility meter – load diversity
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What do we measure?
CONNECTED LOAD LIGHTING
POWER DENSITY
Old System 1,564 W 1.04 W/SF
New System 2,076 W 1.32 W/SF
CA T24 code (2005) with controls allowance = 1.37 Office of the Future Pilot Project
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Weekday Hour (HH)
Lightin
g Po
wer Den
sity (W
/SF)
T‐24 ‐2008 Installed LPD ‐Standard ControlsMeter 15‐min Maximum(W/SF)Meter Average (W/SF)
T24 max ‘Power’ T24 assumed energy
Landmark System Performance
Savings
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0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
0:00 1:12 2:24 3:36 4:48 6:00 7:12 8:24 9:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00 19:12 20:24 21:36 22:48 0:00
Lumenergi Weekday AverageGSA BaselineConnected Load
San Francisco OfficeLumenergi ‐Workstation Specific Lighting
Weekday averageConnected loadBaseline
W/SF
Time of Day
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Plug Loads
19
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Plug Load Existing Condition
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0:00 1:12 2:24 3:36 4:48 6:00 7:12 8:24 9:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00 19:12 20:24 21:36 22:48 0:00
4 California commercial office
buildings
W/SF
Time of Day
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Comparing Models to ActualEasier with Energy Signature
• Compare EUIs
• Compare Signatures
82.4 98.195.0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120kbtu/sq ft/yr [Actual for year ending 12/2009]Design- Actual- Baseline-
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
40 50 60 70
Aver
age
Pow
er D
ensi
ty,
W/ft
2
Monthly Average Degrees F
Measured year 2008 & design model
Total measured signature
Design total signature
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
40 50 60 70
Aver
age
Pow
er D
ensi
ty,
W/ft
2
Monthly Average Degrees F
Design Model
Design total signature
Design electric signature
Electric design points
Design fuel signature
Fuel design points
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Primary Performance Areas as seen by First View tool
Design & construction:
–Signature slopes↔ Shell, HVAC
Tenants / Occupants:Schedule & plug loads ↔ Internal gains
Operations:Controls‐related issues ↔ Model interactions and relationships
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
35 45 55 65Av
erag
e Ho
urly
Usa
ge,
W/s
f
Mean Monthly Temperature, deg F
Heat‐G
Heat‐E
Cool‐E
DHW (E or G)
Int+Ext Gain
Ref: 4
First View
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Relative vs. Absolute energy
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Mea
sure
d EU
I (kb
tu/s
f)
"The Barn" Certified Silver Gold Platinum
NBI Study of the measured performance of 100 LEED buildings.
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Design team as Advocates for Energy Efficiency
Recognition, Image, Incentives
Performance Feedback
Policies & regulations
Design Team
Client / Owner
Design Tools
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Snapshot Summary:Designers need
• Receptive owners / clients– Policies
• Disclosure, Labeling, Codes, Metering– Incentives & Promotion
• Evidence on performance– Feedback on their buildings– Comparative data