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The Animalia Structure
Dwi Puji AstiniEmail: [email protected]
SMAN 2 Purwokerto Jawa TengahJl. Gatot SJl. Gatot Soeoebroto 69 Purwokertobroto 69 Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah , Jawa Tengah 5311653116
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TissuesTissues
DefinitionsDefinitions Tissues are groups of cells that have Tissues are groups of cells that have
the same structure and functions.the same structure and functions. The study of tissues is called The study of tissues is called
HISTOLOGYHISTOLOGY HistosHistos: tissue; : tissue; ologyology: field of study : field of study
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Tissues are:Tissues are: Collections of specialized cells and cell Collections of specialized cells and cell
products organized to perform a limited products organized to perform a limited number of functionsnumber of functions Histology = study of tissuesHistology = study of tissues
The four tissue types are:The four tissue types are: EpithelialEpithelial ConnectiveConnective MuscularMuscular NervousNervous
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Tissues and tissue typesTissues and tissue types
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There are 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial tissue,muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues). Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body). Muscle tissue includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach. Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry "messages" to and from various parts of the body.
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Includes glands and epitheliumIncludes glands and epithelium Glands are secretoryGlands are secretory
Is avascularIs avascular Forms a protective barrier that Forms a protective barrier that
regulates permeabilityregulates permeability Cells may show polarityCells may show polarity
Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue
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Physical protectionPhysical protection Control permeabilityControl permeability Provide sensationProvide sensation Produce specialized secretionsProduce specialized secretions
Functions of epitheliumFunctions of epithelium
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Perform secretory functionsPerform secretory functions Perform transport functionsPerform transport functions Maintain physical integrityMaintain physical integrity Ciliated epithelia move materials Ciliated epithelia move materials
across their surfaceacross their surface
Specializations of Specializations of epitheliumepithelium
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The Polarity of Epithelial The Polarity of Epithelial CellsCells
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Cells attach via cell adhesion Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM)molecules (CAM)
Cells attach at specialized cell Cells attach at specialized cell junctionsjunctions Tight junctionsTight junctions DesmosomesDesmosomes Gap junctionsGap junctions
Maintaining the integrity Maintaining the integrity of epitheliumof epithelium
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Intercellular connectionsIntercellular connections
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Basal lamina attaches to underlying Basal lamina attaches to underlying surfacesurface Lamina lucidaLamina lucida Lamina densaLamina densa
Germinative cells replace short-lived Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cellsepithelial cells
Structure of typical Structure of typical epitheliumepithelium
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Number of cell layersNumber of cell layers SimpleSimple StratifiedStratified
Shape of apical surface cellsShape of apical surface cells SquamousSquamous CuboidalCuboidal ColumnarColumnar
Classification of epitheliaClassification of epithelia
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Squamous EpitheliaSquamous Epithelia
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Cuboidal EpitheliaCuboidal Epithelia
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Cuboidal EpitheliaCuboidal Epithelia
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Transitional EpitheliumTransitional Epithelium
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Columnar EpitheliaColumnar Epithelia
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Columnar EpitheliaColumnar Epithelia
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Columnar EpitheliaColumnar Epithelia
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Exocrine glandsExocrine glands Secrete through ducts onto the surface of Secrete through ducts onto the surface of
the glandthe gland Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands
Release hormones into surrounding fluidRelease hormones into surrounding fluid
Glandular epitheliaGlandular epithelia
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Merocrine (product released through Merocrine (product released through exocytosis)exocytosis)
Apocrine (involves the loss of both Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm)product and cytoplasm)
Holocrine (destroys the cell)Holocrine (destroys the cell)
Glandular secretions can Glandular secretions can be:be:
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Mechanisms of Mechanisms of Glandular SecretionGlandular Secretion
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UnicellularUnicellular Individual secretory cellsIndividual secretory cells
MulticellularMulticellular Organs containing glandular epitheliumOrgans containing glandular epithelium Classified according to structureClassified according to structure
GlandsGlands
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A Structural Classification A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glandsof Exocrine Glands
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Establishing a structural frameworkEstablishing a structural framework Transporting fluids and dissolved materialsTransporting fluids and dissolved materials Protecting delicate organsProtecting delicate organs Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissuesSupporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues Storing energy reservesStoring energy reserves Defending the body from microorganismsDefending the body from microorganisms
Connective tissue Connective tissue functions: functions:
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A Classification of A Classification of Connective TissuesConnective Tissues
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Specialized cellsSpecialized cells MatrixMatrix
Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substanceground substance
Connective tissues Connective tissues contain contain
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Contains varied cell populationsContains varied cell populations Contains various fiber typesContains various fiber types A syrupy ground substanceA syrupy ground substance
Connective tissue proper Connective tissue proper
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Fluid connective tissueFluid connective tissue
Contains a distinctive cell populationContains a distinctive cell population Watery ground substance with Watery ground substance with
dissolved proteinsdissolved proteins Two typesTwo types
BloodBlood LymphLymph
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Less diverse cell populationLess diverse cell population Dense ground substanceDense ground substance Closely packed fibersClosely packed fibers Two typesTwo types
CartilageCartilage BoneBone
Supporting connective Supporting connective tissuestissues
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Contains fibers, a viscous ground Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell substance, and a varied cell populationpopulation FibroblastsFibroblasts MacrophageMacrophage AdipocytesAdipocytes Mesenchymal cellsMesenchymal cells MelanocytesMelanocytes Mast cellsMast cells LymphocytesLymphocytes MicrophagesMicrophages
Connective tissue properConnective tissue proper
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Three types of fiberThree types of fiber Collagen fibersCollagen fibers Reticular fibersReticular fibers Elastic fibersElastic fibers
Connective tissue properConnective tissue proper
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Classified as loose or denseClassified as loose or dense LooseLoose
Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues connective tissues
Areolar tissueAreolar tissue Adipose tissueAdipose tissue Reticular tissueReticular tissue
DenseDense Dense regular CTDense regular CT Dense irregular CTDense irregular CT
Connective tissue properConnective tissue proper
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The Cells and Fibers of The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue ProperConnective Tissue Proper
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Connective Tissue in Connective Tissue in EmbryosEmbryos
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Adipose and Reticular Adipose and Reticular TissuesTissues
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Dense Connective Dense Connective TissuesTissues
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Dense Connective Dense Connective TissuesTissues
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Dense Connective Dense Connective TissuesTissues
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Distinctive collections of cells in a Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrixfluid matrix
BloodBlood Formed elements and plasmaFormed elements and plasma
Red blood cells, white blood cells and plateletsRed blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to
the heartthe heart Capillaries allow diffusion into the Capillaries allow diffusion into the
interstitial fluid interstitial fluid LymphLymph
Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vesselsvessels
Fluid connective tissuesFluid connective tissues
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Formed Elements of the Formed Elements of the BloodBlood
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Cartilage and bone support the rest of Cartilage and bone support the rest of the bodythe body
CartilageCartilage Grows via interstitial and appositional Grows via interstitial and appositional
growthgrowth Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin
sulfatesulfate Cells called chondrocytesCells called chondrocytes Cells found in lacunaeCells found in lacunae Perichondrium separates cartilage from Perichondrium separates cartilage from
surrounding tissuessurrounding tissues Three types: hyaline, elastic and Three types: hyaline, elastic and
fibrocartilagefibrocartilage
Supporting connective Supporting connective tissuestissues
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The Perichondrium and The Perichondrium and Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage
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The Perichondrium and The Perichondrium and Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage
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The Perichondrium and The Perichondrium and Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage
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Has osteocytesHas osteocytes Depend on diffusion through canaliculi Depend on diffusion through canaliculi
for nutrientsfor nutrients Little ground substanceLittle ground substance Dense mineralized matrixDense mineralized matrix Surrounded by periosteumSurrounded by periosteum
Bone, or osseus tissueBone, or osseus tissue
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BoneBone
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Form a barrierForm a barrier Composed of epithelium and Composed of epithelium and
connective tissueconnective tissue Four typesFour types
CutaneousCutaneous SynovialSynovial SerousSerous MucousMucous
Membranes are simple Membranes are simple organsorgans
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MembranesMembranes
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Line cavities that communicate with Line cavities that communicate with the exteriorthe exterior
Contain lamina propriaContain lamina propria
Mucous membranesMucous membranes
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Line sealed internal cavitiesLine sealed internal cavities Form transudateForm transudate
Serous membranesSerous membranes
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Cutaneous membraneCutaneous membrane Covers the body surfaceCovers the body surface
Synovial membraneSynovial membrane Incomplete lining within joint cavitiesIncomplete lining within joint cavities
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Network of connective tissue proper Network of connective tissue proper consisting ofconsisting of Superficial fasciaSuperficial fascia Deep fasciaDeep fascia Subserous fasciaSubserous fascia
Organs and systems are Organs and systems are interconnectedinterconnected
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The FasciaeThe Fasciae
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Specialized for contractionSpecialized for contraction Three typesThree types
SkeletalSkeletal CardiacCardiac SmoothSmooth
Muscle tissueMuscle tissue
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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
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Cells are multinucleateCells are multinucleate Striated voluntary muscleStriated voluntary muscle Divides via satellite cellsDivides via satellite cells
Skeletal muscleSkeletal muscle
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Cardiocytes occur only in the heartCardiocytes occur only in the heart Striated involuntary muscleStriated involuntary muscle Relies on pacemaker cells for regular Relies on pacemaker cells for regular
contractioncontraction
Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle
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Non-striated involuntary muscleNon-striated involuntary muscle Can divide and regenerateCan divide and regenerate
Smooth muscle tissueSmooth muscle tissue
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Conducts electrical impulsesConducts electrical impulses Conveys information from one area to Conveys information from one area to
anotheranother
Neural tissueNeural tissue
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NeuronsNeurons Transmit informationTransmit information
NeurogliaNeuroglia Support neural tissueSupport neural tissue Help supply nutrients to neuronsHelp supply nutrients to neurons
Neural tissue cellsNeural tissue cells
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Neural TissueNeural Tissue
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Cell bodyCell body DendritesDendrites Axon (nerve fiber)Axon (nerve fiber)
Carries information to other neuronsCarries information to other neurons
Neural anatomyNeural anatomy
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Injured tissues respond in Injured tissues respond in coordinated fashioncoordinated fashion
Homeostasis restored by Homeostasis restored by inflammation and regenerationinflammation and regeneration
Inflammation and Inflammation and regenerationregeneration
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Isolates injured areaIsolates injured area Damaged cells, tissue components and Damaged cells, tissue components and
dangerous microorganisms removeddangerous microorganisms removed Infection avoidedInfection avoided
Regeneration restores normal functionRegeneration restores normal function
Inflammatory responseInflammatory response
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An Introduction to An Introduction to InflammationInflammation
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Change with ageChange with age Repair and maintenance less efficientRepair and maintenance less efficient Structure alteredStructure altered Chemical composition alteredChemical composition altered
Aging and tissue repairAging and tissue repair
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Aging and cancer Aging and cancer incidenceincidence
Incidence of cancer increases with Incidence of cancer increases with ageage
70-80% of all cases due to exposure 70-80% of all cases due to exposure to chemicals or environmental to chemicals or environmental factorsfactors
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Changes in a Tissue Changes in a Tissue under Stressunder Stress