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Ecología del Paisaje BásicaId: 001803
Juan C. Benavides
Estructura del paisaje: términos
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Son los paisajes productos del azar?
San Juanito
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Paisaje
A landscape is an area where a cluster of
interacting stands or ecosystems is repeated in
similar form. The landscape is formed by two
mechanisms operating together within its
boundary-specific geomorphological processes
and specific disturbances of the component stand
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Region, y ecosistema
• Region is bounded by a complex of physiographic, economic, social and cultural characteristics(Dickinson1 970,I sard1 975).
• Stand (or a localized community) is the group of organisms at a specific locality, and is homogeneous enough to be considered a unit (Greig-Smith1 964,Daubenmire 1968).
• The ecosystem concept--organisms and their encompassing abiotic environment may be applied at any level of spatial scale (Odum 1971)
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Que es un parche…
In simplest terms, patches are communities or
species assemblages surrounded by a matrix with
a dissimilar community structure or composition.
The matrix exhibits several characteristics itself,
such as the degree of heterogeneity and
connectivity.
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Parche
• Área que difiere de sus alrededores y no es el elemento dominante del paisaje
• Rodeados por una matriz
• Conectados por corredores
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragmentation
Manaus,
Brazil http://www.stri.si.edu/english/research/faci
lities/affiliated_stations/bdffp/
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Tipos de parches por origen
• Perturbación
• Remanente
• Recurso ambiental
• Introducido
• Efimero
Froman 1981
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Clasificaciones de los parches (Farina)
• Funcional
• Recursos
• Estructural
http://www.bogota.gov.co/sites/default/files/pictures/orien.jpg
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Clasificación• Parche funcional
– Área homogénea para un descriptor particular
– Temperatura, humedad
http://www.bogota.gov.co/sites/default/files/pictures/orien.jpg
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Clasificación
• Parche de recursos
– Ecología animal
– Rango de un animal donde diferentes comportamientos se realizan en diferentes tipos de coberturas
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Izaak Zonneveld
• Dimensiones de ecología del paisaje
– Topología: composición
– Geoesfericidad: relaciones globales
– Corología: flujos de información y energía
“a part of the space on the Earth’s surface consisting of a complex of systems, formed by the activity of rock, water, air, plants, animals and man and that by its physiognomy forms a recognizable entity”
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Izaak Zonneveld
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Izaak Zonneveld
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Izaak Zonneveld
5 types of Landscapes according to the level of human agency:
NATURAL LANDSCAPES (Conservation systems, and no human presence areas)
MANAGED LANDSCAPES (Extensive Extractive systems, affects composition but not
basic functioning of ecosystem)
CULTIVATED LANDSCAPES (Farming systems: cropping, grazing, forestry, mixed)
SUBURBAN LANDSCAPES (Settlement systems, Farming systems, Recreational
systems)
URBAN LANDSCAPES (Dense Settlement systems)
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Izaak Zonneveld
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Izaak Zonneveld-Land Unit
• La unidad de tierra (land unit)
– Topologico: Land unit structure
– Corologico: land unit relationships
• Transferencia de conocimiento
– Evaluación
• Elementos cartográfico
– Unidad mapeable
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Disturbio-perturbaciones
• “A relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment.”
• Picket 1985
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Disturbio-perturbaciones
• Relación inversa entre severidad y frecuencia
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Disturbio-perturbaciones
• Relación inversa entre severidad y frecuencia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kznwnpN
TB6k
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Modelo
Realidad
Relieve
Suelos
Clima
Perturbaciones
Procesos bióticos
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Reconocer patrones ecologícos
Linking PATTERN and PROCESS
FORM FUNCTION
El lenguaje de los paisajes(humano vs maquina)
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22
Digital - Visual ??
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23
Impactos de política, legislación, incentivos y
control/gobierno
? Rates, configuration,consequences
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Clasificación• Clasificar:
– Paisaje
– Componentes
• Parches, matriz
• Tipo de clasificación depende de:
– Pregunta
– Recursos (tiempo, dinero, insumos)
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Términos• Composición
• Configuración
• Conectividad
• Corredor
• Tipo de cobertura
• Borde
• Fragmentación
• Matriz
• Parche
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Términos• Composición
– En que cantidad y en que categorías se encuentran de cada tipo de cobertura
https://youtu.be/MxV7YKyem8k
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Configuración
• Configuración– Arreglo especifico de los elementos espaciales
– Estructura espacial
http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/5000/5772/kansas_AST_2001175_lrg.jpg
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Conectividad• Continuidad
espacial de lun tipo de cobertura o hábitat en el paisaje
http://phys.org/news/2014-03-forest-corridors-disperse-seeds.html
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Conectividad
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Términos• Corredor
– Cinta estrecha de un tipo de cobertura particular que difiere de los alrededores
http://passherald.ca/images-stock/CrowsnestHwy3_Overpass_Mockup_pic.jpg
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Tipos de corredor por función
• Hábitat: Que vive en los corredores?
• Conducción: Que se mueve a travésde los corredores? Agua, sedimentos,nutrientes, materia orgánica(corredores hidrográficos); personasy bienes (vías); viento y semillas (alinterior o adyacente a corredores);especies animales: dispersión -migración.
• Filtro: Movimiento selectivo deenergía, materiales, organismos
• Fuente: Salida de energía,materiales, organismos. Laestructura del corredor controla elefecto.
• Sumidero: De elementosprovenientes de la matriz.
• Barrera
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Escala en corredores
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Escala en corredores
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Escala en corredores
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Escala en corredores
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Términos• Tipo de cobertura
– Categoría dentro de un esquema de clasificación que se puede diferenciar de otros hábitats, ecosistemas o tipos de vegetación en un paisaje
http://www.corpoamazonia.gov.co/region/cartografia/11_geomorfologia.jpg
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Tipo de cobertura
http://www.corpoamazonia.gov.co/region/cartografia/11_geomorfologia.jpg
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Términos• Borde
– Área cercana al perímetro de un ecosistema, o unidad de paisaje, con condiciones ambientales que pueden diferir del interior.
– Longitud entre tipos de cobertura adyacente
http://www.worldwatch.org/brain/images/press/news/lg_06190226.jpg
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Borde y ecotono
Pequeño
Intermedio
Interior
Borde
Grande
Isodiametrico
Elongado
Elongado estrechoTAMAÑO
FORMA
Ecotono: "Zona de transición entre sistemas ecológicos adyacentes que tienen
características únicas (particulaes) definidas por escalas de espacio y tiempo, y
por las interacciones los ecosistemas con una relación espacial directa (di Castri
et al. 1988).
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Términos
• Fragmentación– División del hábitat en segmentos aislados, mas
pequeños y desconectados. No necesariamente reflejan perdida de habitat
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Fragmentación
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Términos
• Matriz
– Tipo de cobertura o unidad del paisaje dominante, caracterizado por una cobertura extensa y alta conectividad (continuidad)
– No todos los paisajes tienen una matriz definible
http://wrm.org.uy/pt/files/2013/07/oil-palm-plantation-vl.jpg
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Estructura espacial del paisaje• Parche estructural
– Patron diferenciable
– Tipos de suelo
– Vegetación
– Atributos físicos categóricos
• Ecotopo (ecotope)
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Clasificación• Pedon
– Unidad cartográfica que describe un único tipo de suelo
– Polipedon es la agrupación de pedones continuos
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/764/flashcards/2229764/png/screen_shot_2012-12-05_at_63222_pm1354761402726.png
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Clasificación• Ecotopos son el
resultado de los tipos fisiográficos mas la vegetación
• Ecotopo no tiene una definición única pero puede asociarse al concepto de facies (tipos de comunidades)
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Clasificación• En paisajes transformados por el hombre los
limites entre diferentes unidades pueden ser mas definidos
• Organismos son “obligados” a habitar en los diferentes elementos del paisaje
https://cuslar.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/haiti-dominican-border.jpg