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FINAL YEAR PROJECTPRESENTATION
Amanda Goh | Choo Wei Kim | Zerline Goh
Diploma in Childhood Psychology & Early EducationNgee Ann Polytechnic 2011
Play Scripts and Functional Play Skills of Children with ASD
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Host OrganisationSpastic Children’s Association of Singapore (SCAS) @ Cerebral Palsy Centre
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Aim of Research Project
Using Play Scripts for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
The use of play scripts was investigated to determine if they were effective in teaching functional play in dramatic play settings to children with ASD.
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Key Research Questions
• How do play scripts help children with ASD? • What happens when teachers scaffold children's play
during dramatic play session? • What are the teachers’ perspectives about
implementing dramatic play for children with ASD?
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• What is the function of play to children with ASD? • What are play scripts?• How can the use of play scripts be beneficial to children
with ASD? • What does literature research suggests about using play
scripts to teach play skills in dramatic play settings to children with ASD?
• Why is it important to scaffold children’s play?• How does supportive adult participation in play
contribute to gains in children’s play skills? • How do teachers teach and guide the children to use the
play scripts?
Sub Research Questions - I
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• What does literature research suggests about techniques used in scaffolding children’s play?
• What are the teachers’ beliefs about children with ASD?• What are the teachers’ beliefs about the importance of
dramatic play for children with ASD?• What are the push factors which influence teachers’
decisions regarding whether to implement dramatic play for children with ASD?
• What are the barriers which influence teachers’ decisions regarding whether to implement dramatic play for children with ASD?
Sub Research Questions - II
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Children with ASD would show increased functional play skills after intervention using
play scripts
Play scripts work equally well with children ofboth genders
Assumptions
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Literature
Results of interviews
Observational records of children
Needs Analysis- Sources
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Triad of impairments
Functional play of children with ASD is less elaborated, varied and integrated
Benefits of play scripts for children with ASD• An aid for play and in communication and social interactions between
peers • Provide the right responses to play situations• Although it is not creative, it enables purposeful play
Needs Analysis- Sources
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Children with ASD can learn with the provision of instructional supports and visual aids
Wanted to set up a dramatic play area to help children with ASD acquire play and interaction skills
Needs Analysis- Interviews
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3 children with ASD
All 3 children exhibit little functional play
Play Skills checklist
Needs Analysis- Observation Records
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Play Skills checklist
Needs Analysis- Play Skills Checklist
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Early Reactive Play
• Reacts to people
• Joint attention
Early Reciprocal
Play• Joint
attention • Social
referencing • Imitation • Pair games
Independent/ Solitary Play
• Preoccupied activity
• Functional play
• Constructional play
• Self-pretend play
• Object-pretend play
• Sequenced pretend play
Level of Socialisation (Peer Play)
• Observer • Parallel play• Associative
play• Cooperative
play
Needs Analysis- Play Skills Checklist
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Play Skills checklist
Needs Analysis- Play Skills Checklist
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Setup of Play Area
• Improve the children’s play skills, especially functional play
• Support the teachers’ idea of wanting to set up a dramatic play area
Play Scripts
• As an intervention means to teach functional play by providing instructional and visual supports
Play Skills Checklist
• Allows teachers to record children’s play behaviour during pre- and post- intervention observations
Video
• Staff training• Use when
talking to sponsors
Implementation
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The Dramatic Play Area
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The Dramatic Play Area
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Overall, the project accomplished its’ objectives.
All the children improved in their functional play after intervention, proving that the assumptions
were correct.
Evaluation of Project Outcomes
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NATHAN
DAN
MAYIncrease in combining 2 or more objects in
play
Increase in playing with replica objects according to their functions
Increase in using cause/effect toys
Increase in performing actions on object
Similarities and Differences in Results(Functional Play)
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Nathan May Dan 01020304050607080
50
25
676775 75
Pre-Inter-vention Observa-tionPost-inter-vention observa-tion
Functional Play Skills
Play
Sco
res
in P
erce
ntag
e (%
)Functional Play Skills Scores Before & After Intervention
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Why did May show the most improvement?• Role of cashier• Play actions in script were confined to cash register• Play actions were repetitive
Why did Dan show the least improvement?• Higher cognitive functioning evident from his verbal
skills• Functional play did not provide much scaffold for him• Pretend play provided a better avenue of learning for him
Evaluation of Project Outcomes
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Self-pretend play
Increase in describing and
vocalizing the role he takes on
Object-pretend play
Increase in including gestures, sound
effects, or speech that describes a
situation
Describing and vocalizing what he is
doing with play object
Increase in attributing fake properties and
feelings to toys
Sequenced-pretend play
Increase in carrying out familiar
imaginary actions in sequence e.g.
cooking and serving food
DAN
Additional Findings
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Reasons For The Increase In Functional & Other Play Skills
Nature of Play scripts
Children could rely on their strengths to learn how to
play
Play scripts provided understanding of the play
situations by defining roles for play
Clear sequence and structure in play scripts
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Prompting and Modelling
Teachers gave physical prompts and direct and indirect verbal prompts
Redirect children back to play
Teachers modeled specific play behaviours for higher-functioning
children to imitate
Reasons For The Increase In Functional & Other Play Skills
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Family Support
More family support = more secure, more confident children
Children might observe their family members and re-enact their
observations
Family changes might affect the children’s mood to learn new play
skills
Interweaving Factors
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School Factor
Exposure to play settings in mainstream preschools
Give the familiarity and ideas on how to play
Consequently, these children might exhibit increased play skills
Interweaving Factors
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Qualitative research method used in project
• When exploring the children’s play behaviours, participants can be studied in more depth• Exploratory nature allows comparison of findings and data collection from multiple
sources
Project is easy to repilcate
Easy implementation of the project as it requires minimal logistics
The play scripts can be consistently modified to accommodate each child’s level of play as he progresses
Strengths of Project
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Time Constraint• Short time for intervention• Difficult to let children exchange roles to find out if results will be
affected • Difficult to determine if the children could generalise the play skills
learnt to other settings
Findings cannot apply to larger populations
• Emphasis on 'deep data'• Case studies cannot be implemented in projects requiring many
participants• Findings apply to children with ASD only
Improvements
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Find out if children can generalise play skills learnt to other settings
• The play skills checklist can be used at home by parents to record children's play• Observe children's play in other play settings
Give children multiple roles• With better time management, let children exchange roles• Provides a more in-depth study on the effectiveness of play scripts to teach functional
play
Recommendations
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Using play scripts to teach functional play skills to
children with ASD is effective when:
Teachers scaffold, facilitate and guide the children
The strengths of children arecapitalized
Activities & materials are tailored to meet the children’s
needs
Conclusion
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PERSONAL REFLECTIONS
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• Teacher AideRole
Played
• Help out in class during lessons• Clean up after the children, especially
during feeding• Conduct simple tabletop activities with
the children• Bring the children to therapy, and also
fetch them back to class from therapy• Bring the children for transport
services
Tasks Assigned
Personal Reflections (Amanda)
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• Positive attitude• Accepts all children as they are• Willing to learn and try new things• Eager for feedbacks and improves on criticisms
Strengths
• Inflexible with planned activities• Needs to be more confident
Weaknesses
Personal Reflections (Amanda)
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Lesson learnt from the job of an intervention professional
Be open to new ideas, and do not be afraid to try new things
Personal Reflections (Amanda)
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Follow up actions
Read up about different techniques and methods to help children with
special needs cope with daily living, and discuss some workable methods with experienced persons
in the field
Personal Reflections (Amanda)
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Lesson learnt from the Industry/Sector
Understand that maintaining positive relationships with other professionals
in the field is vital for maximum benefit to the child
Personal Reflections (Amanda)
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Follow up actions
Honour and recognise fellow professionals
Exchange information about the child regularly with professionals involved in
aiding various aspects the child’s development
Personal Reflections (Amanda)
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Lesson learnt in Personal/Professional Development
Appreciate strengths, instead of focusing on weaknesses
Personal Reflections (Amanda)
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Follow up actions
Read up about children with special needs and generally identify the strengths
of children with different disabilities
Interact with more individuals by visiting organisations who caters to
children with special needs
Personal Reflections (Amanda)
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• Teacher AideRole Played
• Assisted in daily routines (circle and snack time)• Use of Picture Exchange
Communication System (PECS)
• Assisted in daily activities (play sensory, outdoor and gross motor)
Tasks Assigned
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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• Teacher AideRole Played
• Conducted ‘Work with Teacher’ time• Handwriting skills for the higher
functioning • Fine motor activities for the
lower functioning• Bring and play with the children
during water play
Tasks Assigned
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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• Willingness to learn from host teachers, field mentor and other staff• Learning from others’ experiences• Open to others’ ideas and opinions
• Having a positive attitude• Self-motivated
Strengths
• Too much of a perfectionist
Weakness
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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Lesson learnt from the job of an intervention professionalPassion and commitment
Importance of tailoring activities and materials to the children’s needs
Children’s safety well-being is most important
Job which requires communication and collaboration with people
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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Follow up actions
Have a vision to make a difference in the lives of the children
Make the choice to recognise the satisfaction and joy that comes with
it
Observe the children in class for their strengths and weaknesses
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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Follow up actions
Monitor children’s progress frequently
Pair visual supports with any instructional activity
Respect, share knowledge and build consensus with family members, psychologists, therapists, social
workers, interventionists
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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Lesson learnt from the Industry/Sector
What makes up this industry? Most precious resource is people
What is this industry about? Delivering programmes, lifelong learning, purposeful
intervention Family support
Public education to raise awareness
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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Follow up actions
Maintain positive relationships by collaborating, communicating, sharing, exchanging, recognising and respecting
Recognise and promote lifelong learning for children and professionals
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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Lesson learnt in Personal/Professional Development
Appreciate and value people as who they are
Embrace diversity
Have to constantly upgrade our skills and knowledge to stay abreast
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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Follow up actions
Let all children have the right to learn and play in an inclusive environment
Let all children express their thoughts, ideas and opinions
Reflect on own teaching practices and beliefs regularly
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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Follow up actions
Attend relevant workshops
Share and exchange experiences and knowledge with fellow teachers
Read up on recent developments on
early intervention
Personal Reflections (Wei Kim)
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• Teacher AideRole Played
• Assist in class routines, feeding and conduct simple activities
• Help out in exercises and massages for the children
• Fetch children to and from therapy sessions and their transport services
Tasks Assigned
Personal Reflections (Zerline)
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• Shows initiative in asking questions• Shows confidence in handling and interacting with
children• Take instructions and work on them • Learn from criticism
Strengths
• Inadaptability to different teaching styles of teachers• Lack of initiative in follow-ups of activities
Weaknesses
Personal Reflections (Zerline)
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Lesson learnt from the job of an intervention professional
Equal partners in learning
Personal Reflections (Zerline)
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Follow up actions
Gain knowledge from books on specific disability to further understand the children’s needs
Conduct interviews with parents to know more about their children
Conduct home visits to observe children’s behaviours at home
Personal Reflections (Zerline)
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Lesson learnt from the Industry/Sector
Any person involved in the early intervention sector is
not a lone ranger
Personal Reflections (Zerline)
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Follow up actions
Conduct regular informal sharing sessions between therapies, parents,
interventionists and other professionals to inform each other about the
children’s progress, approximately once every two months
Personal Reflections (Zerline)
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Lesson learnt in Personal/Professional Development
Learning based on real life experiences allow better
understanding
Personal Reflections (Zerline)
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Follow up actions
Connect with different professionals to gain further
insights to the tasks of different professionals that are involved
in the early intervention program
Personal Reflections (Zerline)
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THANK YOU