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DPM Workshop, Reno, Nevada, January 24 & 25, 2007
Effects of Exhaust Aftertreatment Technologies on Concentrations of Diesel Particulate Matter and Gases
in Underground Mines
Aleksandar BugarskiNIOSH Pittsburgh Research Laboratory
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Diesel Emissions from Underground Mining Equipment
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) and elemental carbon (EC)
CO
NO and NO2
CO2
hydrocarbons
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Aftertreatment Technologies in Underground Mines
CO and hydrocarbons:Diesel oxidation catalytic converters (DOC)
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) and elemental carbon (EC):Diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems;
Filtration systems (FS) with disposable filter elements (DPEs);
Flow through filters
NO and NO2
Lean NOx catalyst,
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems
Integrated aftertreatment systems
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Aftertreatment Technologies in Underground Mines
CO and hydrocarbons:Diesel oxidation catalytic converters (DOC)
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) and elemental carbon (EC):
Diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems;Filtration systems (FS) with disposable filter elements (DPEs);Flow through filters
NO and NO2
Lean NOx catalyst,
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems
Integrated aftertreatment systems
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DPF SystemsElements
MediaWall flow monoliths
Cordierite
Silicon carbide (SiC)
Deep bed filters
Ceramic fiber
Sintered metal fiber
CatalystNon-catalyzed DPF systems
Catalyzed DPF systems:
wash coat catalyst
fuel borne catalyst
silicon carbide Cordierite fiber wound or knitted
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DPF SystemsRegeneration
DPF Regeneration – burning off carbon collected on the filter media
Regarding the regeneration concept, contemporary DPF systems available to mining industry can generally be classified into two groups:
PassiveExhaust gas temperatures are favorable and a DPF is regenerated during a duty cycle without operator’s involvement and need for external sources of heat.
ActiveDPF is sized to accumulate DPM between two active regenerations. Accumulated DPM is removed using an external source of energy:
electrical heaters;fuel combustion.
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DPF SystemsPassive Regeneration
Approximate minimum exhaust temperatures required to initiate regeneration process:
Non-catalyzed DPF – over 600 oC;Base metal catalyst – over 390 oC;Nobel metal catalyst – over 325 oC;Continuously Regenerating Technology (CRT) - over 260 oC…
25-30% or more of a duty cycle on vehicle/engine should be operated at loads generating exhaust temperatures exceeding minimum regeneration temperatures.
Frequency and duration of the favorable temperature occurrences are playing important role in initiating and supporting regeneration process.
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Regeneration of DPF SystemsExhaust Temperature Histogram
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Regeneration of DPF SystemsExhaust Temperature Histogram
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DPF SystemsActive Regeneration
Electrical HeatingOn-board heaters
Air/exhaust gas heatingsubstrate heating (sintered metal)
Off-board heatersAir heating
Fuel combustionFlame combustion
Automated full flow fuel burner systemStationary partial flow fuel burner system
Catalytic combustion
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DPF SystemsPassive vs. Active Regeneration Concept
Passive DPF systems:
relatively simple
low operational requirements;
low maintenance requirements;
lower initial cost;
regeneration depend on exhaust heat!!!
In some cases potential for increase in NO2 and sulfates emissions.
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DPF Systems Passive vs. Active Regeneration Concept
Active DPF systems:
regeneration does not depend on exhaust heat;
no long-term effects on secondary emissions;
might require changes in way vehicles are operated;
higher initial cost;
relatively complex;
higher maintenance requirements;
require change in operator’s attitude;
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DPF SystemsRegeneration Concepts
Underground mining stigma:
Passive=transparent=“business as usual”
Active systems=downtime=“trouble”
Advanced DPF regeneration strategies are constantly emerging:
Integration of DPF systems into engine management system
DPF systems evaluated by MSHA are posted at http://www.msha.gov/01-995/Coal/DPM-FilterEfflist.pdf
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Filtration Systems (FS) with Disposable Filter Elements (DFE)
Systems designed to control diesel emissions from permissible underground coal mining equipment:
Surface temperature requirements (30 CFR § 7.98):< 302 ºF (150 ºC)
Exhaust temperature requirements (30 CFR § 7.102)wet exhaust conditioner: < 170 ºF (76 ºC); dry exhaust conditioner: < 302 ºF (150 ºC).
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Filtration Systems (FS) with High Temperature Disposable Filter Elements (DFE)
Systems designed to control diesel emissions from non-permissible underground coal mining and other equipment:
No surface temperature requirements
Exhaust temperature requirements:
DFE efficiency;
Potential for spontaneous combustion of accumulated soot.
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Equivalent Disposable Filter Elements (DFE)
List of the DFE evaluated by MSHA is available in Table 1 at http://www.msha.gov/01-995/Coal/DPM-FilterEfflist.pdf
Equivalency with respect to efficiency recognized only if DFE is used below manufacture specified exhaust temperature limits (185, 302, 650 ºF)
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DFE Life
The elements should be replaced when engine backpressure exceeds engine manufacture recommended limit:
DDEC Series 60 - 41 in H2OCaterpillar 3306 PCNA - 34 in H2O
Low emissions extend life of the DFEEmissions assisted engine maintenance directly benefits DFE life.
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Useful References on DPF and DFE Systems
DieselNet Technology Guide. http://www.dieselnet.com/tg.html#other
Schnakenberg-GH, Bugarski-AD [2002]. Review of Technology Available to the Underground Mining Industry for Control of Diesel Emissions. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002-154, Information Circular 9462, 2002 Aug :1-51 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs/programareapubs8.htm
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) Diesel Particulate pages:
http://www.msha.gov/01-995/dieselpart.HTM
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DPF and DFE Systems in Underground Mines
Achieving substantial reductions in the exposure to DPM depends on the ability of the industry to widely implement advanced diesel emissions control technologies primarily DPF systems.
Design, selection, and implementation of DPF systems for underground mining presents unique challenges:
Wide variety of application with specific operational, engineering and maintenance issues.MSHA regulations
Confined space:(NO2 + NO) vs. NOx
Retrofit systems vs. OEM.Harsh environment.“Business as usual” philosophy vs. reality
Human factor;High expectations.
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Selection of DPF Systems for Underground Mining Applications
Considerations:
Effects on DPM/EC and gaseous emissionsReductions in
total diesel particulate matter (DPM)elemental carbon
Secondary emissionsLaboratory vs. in-use emissions
Regeneration strategy
Implementation issues
Cost.
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Effects of DPF systems and DFEs of DPM emissions
MSHA posted the following total DPM removal efficiencies at http://www.msha.gov/01-995/Coal/DPM-FilterEfflist.pdf :
Cordierite DPF elements – 85%
Silicon carbide DPF elements – 87%
DFE – equivalency criteria
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Effects of DPF Systems on Gaseous Emissions
NO to NO2 conversion
Ventilation rate requirements might be higher for the engines equipped with certain types of DPF systems
---7.28.31.81.920.117.47.62.12.38
3.652.319.10.315.956.515.126.81.615.97
3.536.926.20.318.372.713.132.61.518.76
9.928.536.20.419.972.016.543.31.820.55
---13.89.70.35.527.033.216.84.05.74
5.652.38.00.311.748.314.214.81.311.53
5.237.614.20.313.946.211.518.41.014.32
6.933.422.80.415.765.413.025.50.916.31
------------------------------
PMNO2NOCOCO2PMNO2NOCOCO2
DPF-out EmissionsEngine-out EmissionsMODE
Dilution Ratios
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Effects of DPF Systems and DFEs on Concentrations of DPM in Mine Air
Isolated Zone Studies at Stillwater Nye Mine
May/June 2003, and
August/September 2004.
To measure the effects of selected diesel emissions control technologies on the concentrations and properties of aerosols and gases in mine air:
DPF systems;
DFEs;
DOCs and;
Reformulated fuels.
2003
2004
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Rationale Behind Isolated Zone Testing
Direct in-situ assessment of the effects of control technologies on quality of ambient air in occupational environment.
Vehicles operated over a simulated transient production cycle.
Interaction between vehicle, engine, and control technology.
Complements results of laboratory evaluations.
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LHDs in Isolated Zone
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Haulage Trucks in Isolated Zone
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Sampling Strategy Used in IsoZone Tests
Three sampling locations:
Upstream sampling station, ~ 300 ft (91 m) upstream of the upstream load/dump point.
Downstream sampling station, ~ 450 ft (137 m) downstream of the upstream load/dump point.
On-vehicle, ~ 6 ft (1.8 m) from the operator.
Contribution from the vehicles obtained by subtracting upstream from downstream concentrations.
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Instrumentation at Downstream Sampling Station
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Instrumentation at Upstream Sampling Station
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Aftertretment Systems Tested in 2003
Ceramic substrate with platinum based
catalystN/AN/A
Engelhard PTX DOC
N/Aplatinum washcoatCeramic,
CordieriteDCL MineX
5C57 11 DPF
N/Aplatinum washcoatCeramic,
CordieriteEngelhard DPX
DPF
DOCDPF CatalystDPF MediaAftertretment
System
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Aftertretment Systems Tested in 2004
N/AN/AHigh Temperature Disposable Filter
Element
Filter Service DFE
N/AN/AHigh Temperature Disposable Filter
Element
Donaldson P604516DFE
Metal substrate with palladium based
catalystN/A
Ceramic, Cordierite
ArvinMeritor (AM) DPF with Pd DOC
Metal substrate with platinum based
catalystN/A
Ceramic, Cordierite
ArvinMeritor (AM) DPF with Pt DOC
DOC Media and Catalyst
DPF CatalystDPF Media Filtration
System
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Selected Results of Isolated Zone Studies
Effects of selected DPF systems, FS with DFEs and DOC on:
mass concentrations of elemental carbon particles under 800 nm
number concentrations and size distribution of aerosols between 10 and 392 nm
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The Effects of DPFs and DOC on Mass Concentrations of Elemental Carbon (EC)
1182
1112
1328
51
149
1365
1344 14
34
1632
342 370
1875
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Engelhard DPX DCL MineX DOC
Con
cent
ratio
ns [µ
g/m
3]
EC BaselineEC AftertreatmentDPM BaselineDPM Aftertreatment
2003
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The Effects of DPFs and DOC on Mass Concentrations of Elemental Carbon (EC)
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Con
cent
ratio
ns [µ
g/m
3]
EC 96 87 -3DPM 75 74 -15
Engelhard DPX DCL MineX DOC
2003
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The Effects of DPFs and DFEs on Mass Concentrations of Elemental Carbon (EC)
105
8 9
31
172
54
27
65
180
51
43
62
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Muffler AM Pd DOC Donaldson Filter Services
Con
cent
ratio
ns [u
g/m
^3]
EC HV TPM Gravimetric TPM TEOM2004
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The Effects of DPFs and DFEs on Mass Concentrations of Elemental Carbon (EC)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Red
uctio
n fr
om B
asel
ine
[%]
EC HV 92 92 70TPM GRAV 69 85 62TPM TEOM 72 76 65
AM Pd DOC Donaldson Filter Services
2004
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The Effects of DPFs and DOC on Concentrations of Aerosols with Electrical Mobility Diameter Between 10 and 392 nm
in Mine Air
Tested DPFs greatly increased the aerosol number concentrations.
Tested DPFs reduced D50 of the aerosols.
Tested DOC slightly increased aerosol number concentrations.
Tested DOC slightly reduced D50 of the aerosols.
18.21.01E+0772.4Engelhard PTX DOC
--8.56E+0685.74Baseline
#92526 LHD, MSHA VR = 4.72 m3/s (10000 ft3/min)
60.62.61E+0738.06DCL MineX DPF
--1.63E+0775.42Baseline,
#99942 LHD, MSHA VR = 7.08 m3/s (15000 ft3/min)
79.68.07E+0643.74Engelhard DPX DPF
--4.49E+0667.28Baseline
#92128 Haul Truck, MSHA VR = 5.66 m3/s (12000 ft3/min)
Increase in Total Particle Conc. [%]
Average Total Particle Conc. @
MSHA VR [#/cm³]
Average Geometric Mean [nm]Test Type
2003
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0.00E+00
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.50E+07
2.00E+07
2.50E+07
10 100 1000
D_p [nm]
dN/(d
log
D_p
) [#/
cm^3
]
Engelhard #1 Engelhard #2 Engelhard #3 Muffler #1 Muffler #2 Muffler #3
Size distribution of aerosols in mine air Truck with Engelhard DPX DPF vs. Muffler
2003
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0.00E+00
1.00E+07
2.00E+07
3.00E+07
4.00E+07
5.00E+07
6.00E+07
10 100 1000
D_p [nm]
dN/(d
log
D_p
) [#/
cm^3
]
DCL MineX #1 DCL MineX #2 DCL MineX #3 Muffler #1 Muffler #2 Muffler #3
Size distribution of aerosols in mine air LHD with DCL MineX vs. Muffler
2003
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0.00E+00
2.00E+06
4.00E+06
6.00E+06
8.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.20E+07
1.40E+07
1.60E+07
1.80E+07
2.00E+07
10 100 1000
D_p [nm]
dN/(d
log
D_p
) [#/
cm^3
]
DOC/Muffler #1 DOC/Muffler #2 Muffler #1 Muffler #2
Size distribution of aerosols in mine air LHD with DOC/Muffler vs. Muffler
2003
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1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
10 100 1000
D_p [nm]
dN/d
log(
D_p
) [#/
cm^3
]
Muffler
AM Pd DOC
Donaldson
Filter Services
AM Pd DOC,
The Effects of DPFs and DFEs on Concentrations of Aerosols with Electrical Mobility Diameter Between 10 and 392 nm
in Mine Air
2004
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The Effects of DPFs and DFEs on Concentrations of Aerosols with Electrical Mobility Diameter Between 10 and 392 nm
in Mine Air
2004
53.51.02290.013140.81.036073.635.8Filter Services
26.11.62600.069225.01.695268.324.2Donaldson
-105.24.51280.020842.24.533742.5AM DPF with Pd
DOC
2.19970.010163.22.209886.034.2Muffler
%107
#/cm3107
#/cm3nm107
#/cm3nmnm
Change Norm.
Average Number
Norm. Average Number
Average GMD
Norm. Average Number
Average GMD 2
Average GMD 1
Net ContributionUpstreamDownstream
Exhaust Configuration
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The Effects of DPFs and DOC on Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
The ambient concentrations of NO2 increased when vehicles with platinum coated DPFs were tested.
Tested DOC did not significantly affect ambient concentrations of NO2.
261.1Engelhard PTX DOC
0.9Muffler
#92526 LHD, MSHA vent rate 4.96 m3/min (10500 ft3/min)
1801.5DCL MineX DPF
0.5Muffler
#99942 LHD, MSHA vent rate 7.08 m3/min (15000 ft3/min)
2692.1Engelhard DPX DPF
0.6Muffler
#92128 Haul Truck, MSHA vent 5.66 m3/min (12000 ft3/min)
%ppm
Increase in NO2
concentrations by control technology
Average NO2
concentration at MSHA Ventilation
RateTest Vehicle and Test
Type
2003
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0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Relative time [sec]
Con
cent
ratio
ns [p
pm]
Baseline D1 Downstream (5/29/2003) Baseline D2 Downstream (5/29/2003) DCL MineX Downstream (5/29/2003)
2003
Ventilation-normalized NO2 concentrations at downstream sampling station observed during the tests with LHD retrofitted with DCL MineX DPF
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The Effects of DPFs with DOC and DFEs on Concentrations of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
-870.03Filter Services
-440.14Donaldson
-20.24AM Pd DOC
1800.69AM Pt DOC
0.25Muffler
%ppm
Increase in NO2 by control technology
Average NO2
concentration at MSHA Ventilation
RateTest Vehicle and Test
Type
The average ambient concentrations of NO2 increased when vehicle with DPF and platinum coated DOC was tested.
The average ambient concentrations of NO2 did not increase when vehicle with DPF and palladium coated DOC was tested.
Tested DFE reduced ambient concentrations of NO2.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Time [s]
NO
2 C
once
ntra
tion
[ppm
]
Muffler AM Pt DOC AM Pd DOC
Donaldson Filter Services
2004
Ventilation-normalized NO2 concentrations at downstream sampling station
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References to Stillwater Reports
Bugarski-AD, Schnakenberg-GH, Noll-JD, Mischler-SE, Patts-LD, Hummer-JA, Vanderslice-SE [2006]. Effectiveness of Selected Diesel Particulate Matter Control Technologies for Underground Mining Applications: Isolated Zone Study, 2003. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2006-126, Report of Investigations 9667.
Bugarski-AD, Schnakenberg-GH, Mischler-SE, Noll-JD, Patts-LD, Hummer-JA [2006]. Effectiveness of Selected Diesel Particulate Matter Control Technologies for Underground Mining Applications:Isolated Zone Study, 2004. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, DHHS (NIOSH) Pub. No. 2006-138, Report of Investigations 9668.
Available from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/pubs/programareapubs8.htm
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Issues with Implementation of DPF Systems
Selection
Installation
Secondary emissions
Maintenance
Engine backpressure monitoring
Ash accumulation
Education
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Selection and Optimization of DPF System for Underground Mining Application
Successes of DPF installations were found to be warranted only in the case of careful and educated DPF system selection for the particular application.
The objectives of DPF system installation should be clearly defined;
The technical limitations should be identified.
Selection of DPF for the application is a delicate task and requires a relatively high level of expertise.
Mine operators should coordinate efforts to upgrade new vehicles and retrofit existing vehicles with filtration systems with vehicle, engine, and aftertreatment technology manufacturers.
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Selection and Optimization of a DPF System for Application
The DPF is an integral part of the vehicle/engine/DPF system.
Design of the system should be based on long-term exhaust temperature profiling
The DPF system should be sized using realistic in-use emissions for the particular piece of equipment.
DPF system should be installed and used only on the vehicles/engines application that it was designed for.
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DPF System Maintenance
The installation of DPF system should be proceeded and supported with thorough emissions-based maintenance:
In-use emissions should be measured at system inlet and outlet.
DPF system can not replace engine maintenance
Integrity of exhaust and DPF system should be maintained:
External leaks;
Internal leaks:
mechanical damage;
uncontrolled regeneration problems.
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Engine Backpressure
Engine backpressure limitationsEngine manufacture vs. DPF system manufacturer recommendations.
32.4%
27.7%
40.0%
>200 mbar>150 mbar<150 mbar
8.2%
7.6%
84.2%
>200 mbar>150 mbar<150 mbar
Courtesy Josef Stachulak, Inco Ltd.
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Engine Backpressure Monitoring
Sizing of the system is critical:
Engine backpressure – engine limitations:
Caterpillar 3306 PCNA - 34 in H20;
DDEC Series 60 – 42 in H20.
Reliable backpressure monitoring and logging capabilities are essential for filtration system performance.
Pressure gage and alarm should be included in the filtration system.
Operator training and education.
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Ash Accumulation
Ash originates from fuel, lubricating oil, engine wear and/or fuel additives:
up to 1% of DPM.
Ash cannot be regenerated as carbon. Accumulation of ash in the filter results in a continuous increase in base backpressure.
Periodic cleaning of the filter is required.
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Conclusion
The strategies and technologies to achieve targeted mine air quality standards should be carefully planned and selected.
In significant number of cases achieving substantial reductions in the miners exposure to DPM strongly depends on the ability of the operators to widely implement advanced diesel emissions control technologies.
DPF systems and FS with DFEs offer dramatic reductions in DPM/EC emissions,
but careful planning, selection and optimization is needed to overcome potential implementation issues.
The introduction of those systems should be supported with emissions assisted maintenance and filtration system support program.
The maintenance and production crews should be adequately trained to support operation of the systems.
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Thank you for your attention!
Aleksandar Bugarski
NIOSH PRL, phone: 412.386.5912
e-mail: [email protected]
The findings and conclusion of this publication have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and should not be constituted to represent any agency determination or policy. Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH.