Download - EGEE 102 – Energy Conservation And Environmental Protection Non-Renewable Fuels Environmental Impact
EGEE 102-Pisupati 2
US Energy Consumption by Source (1999)
Nuclear8%
Natural Gas23%
Petroleum38%
Coal23%
15
44
49
1
WindHydroelectricBiomassGeothermalSolar
Renewables , 8%
All Energy Sources 96.7 QUADSRenewables 7.2 QUADS
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World Coal Consumption
• World coal consumption is projected to increase from 5.3 billion tons in 1997 to 7.6 billion tons in 2020.
• US annual coal consumption is approximately 1 billion tons
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Coal Reserves (M metric tons)
Africa, 67.7
Far East
and
Oceania,
322.2
C & S.
America,
23.7
North
America,
286.6
W. Europe,
99.6E. Europe
& FSU,
288.3Middle
East, 0.2
Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/table82.html
US – 275.5World -1088.6
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Proximate Analysis
• Moisture• Volatile Matter• Ash• Fixed Carbon (obtained by
difference)
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Ultimate Analysis(elemental composition)Carbon 60 -
96%
Hydrogen 2 - 6%
Nitrogen 1-2%
Sulfur 0.5 - 5%
Oxygen 1 - 30%
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Calorific Value (Heating Value)
• Heating or Calorific Value is the amount of heat released when a unit mass of fuel is burned (Btu/lb. or cal/g)
• Calorific value has implications for pollution measurements such as SO2 whose emissions are calculated on a lb per million Btu basis
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Coal Ranks
• There are 4 general ranks for coals:• Lignite low rank• Subbituminous• Bituminous• Anthracite High rank
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Reserves to Production Ratio (R/P Ratio) World 1173 G Tons / 4.33 G Tons/y
= 271 YearsUSA 277 G Tons/0.99 G Tons/y
= 280 Years
Lifetime (of a resource) = Reserves Annual Use
Note: Reserves are likely to increase as well as decrease, usage is also expected to change
Coal’s Future
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Petroleum
• Naturally occurring liquid containing a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (molecules made of C and H atoms)
• Also contains few compounds containing N, S, and O atoms
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Petroleum Composition
Element Range (wt%)
Carbon 85-90%
Hydrogen 9-15%
Nitrogen 0-0.1%
Sulfur ppm- 4%
Oxygen ppm
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Crude Oil Reserves (B bbls)
Middle East, 675.6
Africa, 74.9
Far East and Oceania, 44
W. Europe, 18.8
S. and Central
America, 89.5
North America, 55.1
E Europe & FSU, 58.9
Source: www.bp.com
US – 21.8World – 1,016
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Production and Consumption (mn bbls/day)BP Amoco Statistical Review of World Energy 2000 (http://www.bp.com)
• World• Production – 73
• United States• Production – 9.2• Consumption – 18.9
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One Barrel of Oil (42 US gallons) produces …
• Gasoline (19.5 Gallons) • Distillate Fuel Oil (9.2) • Kerosene (4.1) • Residual Fuel Oil (2.3)• Lubricating Oil, Asphalt, Wax (2) • Petrochemicals for plastics and
polymers (2) • Total Yield: 44.4 gallons
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How long can we depend on Petroleum?
• World = 1016,000 million barrels/73 million bbls/day = 13,967 days= 38.1 years
US = 21,800 million bbls/18.9 million bbls/day = 1,153 days or 3.16 years
if we keep importing at the current rate = 21,800 million bbls/9.3 million bbls/day = 2,344 days or 6.4 years
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Natural GasWHAT IS IT?• Principally methane, CH4, with some
ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8), and impurities such as CO2, H2S, and N2.
CALORIFIC VALUE• Approximately 1,000 Btu/cu.ft (22,500
Btu/lb)
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Natural Gas Types
• WET- contains HCS other than Methane and ethane
• SOUR- contains H 2S,which is highly undesirable due to corrosion, and SO2 formation upon combustion.
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Reserves (Trillion Cu. Ft)
Far East and Oceania, 375.4
Africa, 409.7
C. & S. America, 227.9
North America, 261.3
W. Europe, 159.5
E. Europe and FSU, 1947.6
Middle East, 1836.2
US - 167 T Cu. ftWorld - 5210 T cu. ft
EGEE 102-Pisupati 26
• US = 166 T. Cu. Ft / 21.7 T. Cu. Ft per year
(1999) = 7.6 years • World = 5240 T cu. Ft/84.2 T. Cu.ft per year
=62 years
How long can we depend on Natural Gas?
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Utilization-CombustionPremium Fuel
• Highest calorific value of any fossil fuel (1,000 Btu/cu. ft. or 24,000 Btu/lb)
• No ash in the fuel - no mess• Easy transportation and no storage
space required• Better combustion efficiency• Less CO2 emissions compared to oil
and coal for the same heat release
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Composition Heating ValueCoal CH 0.8 13,000 Btu/lbOil CH2 20,000 Btu/lbNatural Gas CH4 22,000 Btu/lbAll also contain oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen etc.1 gal of Petroleum = 10 lb of Coal = 150 cu.ft Gas
Comparison of Fossil Fuels
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Cost of Energy/MMBtu for oil
• Price of oil is usually given in $ / barrel
• If the price is $22/barrel• One Barrel of oil has 5,800,000 Btu
MMBtu
Barrelx
BarrelMMBtuperCost
8.5
1
1
22$
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Cost of Energy per MMBtu- Natural gas• Usually price is given as $/1,000
Cu. Ft• Say $7.44/1000Cu. Ft (PA)• Energy Content 1,000 Btu/Cu. Ft
MMBtu
Btux
Btu
ftCuonex
FtCuMMBtuperCost
610
000,1
.
.1000
44.7$
EGEE 102-Pisupati 31
Cost of Energy- $/Million Btu
• Price is given in $/ton. Approximate average price is $33.26/ton in PA
• Calorific value = 13,000 Btu/lb or 20.77 million BTUs/ton
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US Energy use and Environmental Consequences
Fossil Fuels
Combustion
CarbonHydrogenNitrogenSulfurOxygen
CO2
CO
SO2
NOx
Emissions
Particulate MatterPM10
PM2.5
NH3
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US Air Emissions, Mtons (1999)
Gas Emissions
Carbon Dioxide 1,520
Carbon Monoxide 97.4
Lead 4.1
NOx 25.4
SO2 18.8
Particulate Matter 23.7
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Nitrogen oxides, like hydrocarbons, are precursors to the formation of ground level ozone and thereby to photochemical smog
• Precursors to the formation of acid rain
• Long-term exposures to NO2 may lead to increased susceptibility to respiratory infection and may cause permanent alterations in the lung.
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Carbon Monoxide
• Product of incomplete combustion • Reduces the flow of oxygen in the
bloodstream • Particularly dangerous to persons
with heart disease.
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Sulfur Dioxide
• High concentrations of SO2 can result in temporary breathing impairment for asthmatic children and adults• in conjunction with high levels of PM, include
respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs’ defenses, and aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease.
• Together, SO2 and NOx are the major precursors to acidic deposition (acid rain)
• major precursor to PM2.5, which is a significant health concern
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Particulate Matter
• Health effects • Visibility impairment • Atmospheric deposition • Aesthetic damage