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Elements -Substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances
Ex. Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Sodium (Na)
Atoms - Smallest part of an element- Made up of protons, neutrons and electrons
Compounds
- Two or more elements combined
Ex. Water Glucose
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Chemical Formulas
- Show the elements found in a compoundMolecular Formulas
- Shows the number of atoms found in a compoundC6H12O6 - Glucose
Structural Formula -Shows the number of atoms and how they are bonded to one another
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Inorganic Compounds- Lack elements carbon and hydrogenWater - Main inorganic substance found in living things
- 60 to 90% of living things are water
- We are 2/3 water by mass !!!Salts - Help maintain homeostasis in bodyAcids and Bases
- Involved in digestion and homeostasis
7
Neutralwater
0
Acid Base
14
- Acid + Base Water + SaltNeutralization
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Organic compounds- Compounds containing both Carbon and Hydrogen- Includes carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic
AcidsCarbohydrates- Major source of STORED energy for plants and
animals- Includes sugars – like glucose (C6H12O6)-Includes starches -( starches are big molecules, simple sugars are small )
-Chitin is a carbohydrate that makes up the shells of bugs!!!!
DO YOU WANT TO EAT SOME????
- Are made up of many simple sugars combined
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Lipids (FATS)
- Another source of stored energy- Have more than twice the amount of energy that Carbs have
- Include fats, cholesterol, waxes, and oils
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Proteins -make up parts of cell and make up enzymes
Ex. Hormones, Enzymes, Antibodies, Muscle, Blood
- Are made of small units called amino acids-Many amino acids together will make a protein-(amino acids are small, proteins are big
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Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA- Are found in nucleus of cell and are hereditary material
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- Proteins that make chemical reactions for life possible- Allow reactions to take place at body temperature-Are biological catalysts – cause reaction to occur but are not used up themselves
Substrate – the substance the enzyme acts upon
Enzyme + Substrate Enzyme Substrate Complex enzyme + new subst. -Enzymes are named for the substrate they act upon
Maltase
MaltoseLactase Lactose
Protease ProteinsLipase Lipids
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How Enzymes WorkLock and Key Model
- Each enzyme is specific to a certain substrate- The place where they enzyme and substrate fit
together is called the active site
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Factors Affecting Enzyme Action
1. Temperature
- Enzymes work best at specific temperatures- If temperature goes up or down from optimum
temperature enzyme does not work as efficiently
Enzyme Denaturation
- At high temperatures the shape of the enzyme changes and the enzyme does not work anymore
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2. pH - Enzymes work best at specific pH’s - If the pH goes up or down from the optimum pH then the reaction rate will go down
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3. Relative amounts of Enzyme and Substrate- The rate of a reaction depends upon how often enzymes bump into substrates
- If there is a lot of enzyme bumping into a few substrates then the substrate determines the rate of reaction- If there is a lot of substrate but few enzymes then the enzymes determine the rate of the reaction
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Respiration
- Using food molecules to make energy
ATP - Aka adenosine triphosphate - - A chemical used to store energy released by
respirationATP becomes ADP when energy is used.
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Anaerobic Respiration
- Respiration without oxygen- Takes place in the cytoplasm- Not very efficient – only produces 2 ATP molecules
Fermentation
- Glucose is broken down into alcohol and carbon dioxide
- Used in making bread, beer and wine
- Leads to lactic acid build up in muscles of humans
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Aerobic respiration - Respiration requiring oxygen
- Happens in the mitochondria
- Requires the use of enzymes- Much more efficient then anaerobic respiration
- Net gain of 34 ATP- Glucose is completely broken down to make carbon dioxide and water
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy (ATP) YOU MUST KNOW THIS FORMULA!!!!
- Happens 24/7
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Photosynthesis
- Process by which energy from the sun is used to make chemical energy (FOOD)
- Most of the energy available to organisms is the result of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
- Where photosynthesis occurs in green plants
- Only takes place during the daytime
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Chemistry of PhotosynthesisCarbon dioxide + water yields Glucose + Oxygen + water6 CO2 + 12 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
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