Elizabethan Catholics and PuritansEnglish Catholicism after Mary
The Council of TrentConformity, Recusancy, Exile
Catholic Resistance in EnglandJesuit PriestsPlots against the Queen’s
Life
Survival of the Catholic Community
Early Elizabethan Puritanism“But Halfly Reformed”Conformity, Moderation,
Separatism
Puritanism Within/Without the Church
Political PuritanismPresbyterianism &
Separatism
The Attack on Separatism
A “Priest Hole” for Harboring Catholic Priests while under Investigation
English Catholicism after MaryThe Council of Trent
1545-63: 3 Periods, last was 1559-63Doctrinal Clarity; Condemning HeresyCatholic/Counter ReformationInvitations to English/German Protestants
Declined; Prot. Solidarity/Alliance
ConformitySwearing the Oath of Supremacy (M.P.s)Universities: Protestant Theology (Clergy)
RecusancyRefusing to Attend Church ServicesLack of Outward Conformity
ExileFlight to the Mainland: France, Italy, L.C.
Pope Paul III, 1543, by Titian
Catholic Resistance in EnglandJesuit Priests
Society of Jesus; Ignatius LoyolaDouai, ’68: William AllenValladolid, ‘89; St. Omer, ’96Edmund Campion, Robert ParsonsMission to England, ‘80-1
Plots against the Queen 1569: Northern RebellionCatholic Nobles for Mary, Q. Scots1570: Regnans in ExcelsisPope Pius V’s Deposition1571: Ridolfi PlotPope, Spain, Scotland, Norfolk1583: Throckmorton PlotEnglish, Spain, Scotland, Guise1586: Babington PlotEnglish, Jesuits, Scotland
Mary, Queen of Scots, 17th Cent.
Survival of the Catholic CommunityRecusancy Fines
Initially Low EnforcementIncreased £ and Enforcement, ’70
Landed FamiliesNobility and GenryPriest HolesItinerant Priests
Clandestine NetworksStrong in the North, WalesPockets in Oxfordshire, Kent
Elizabethan Catholicism Did Not DieQua Marian Protestantism
Coughton Court, Home of the Throckmorton Family; Warwickshire
Early Elizabethan Puritanism“But Halfly Reformed”
Alienated by Compromise of ER SettlementYearning for “Further Reformation”Returning Marian Exiles (esp. Swiss Lands)
Calvin’s Geneva; Bullinger’s Zürich
Conformity (Officials)Outward/Public Observance
Inward/Private DevotionE.g.: Cecil, Jewel
Moderation (“Hotter Sort of Protestants”)Calvinist Clergymen; Emmanuel, CambridgeEdmund Grindal, Bp. London
NonconformityAdmonition to Parliament, 1572Some Support from Powerful Patrons
Emmanuel College, est. ‘84Training Ground for Puritan Clergymen
Puritanism Within/Without the ChurchPolitical Puritanism
Advocacy of Protestant ChurchHome/Abroad
Clergy, Laity; Politicians, DiplomatsRobert Dudley, Earl of LeicesterFrancis Walsingham, SecretaryGrindal, Abp. Canterbury
Prophesyings (Special Meetings)
Presbyterianism & SeparatismRejection of Est. EcclesiologyPresbyt: Congregation, Classis, Synods
Thomas Cartwright, John FieldSepar: Private Congregations
Robert Browne, Norwich, 1580
Henry Barrow, London, 1592
Francis Walsingham, c. 1587; NPG
The Attack on SeparatismSeparatism as Sedition
Catholics & Presbyterians AlikeNot Treated as Heresy, so much as TreasonExtension of Recusancy FinesUnlicensed Preaching
John Whitgift, Abp. Cant, 1583Succeeded Grindal (Had been Suspended)Enforcement of Supremacy, BCP, 39 Arts.Court of High Commission; Oath Ex Officio
Required to Answer All QuestionsRadicals Going too Far (Justified Attack)
Marprelate Tracts (Funny Pamphlets)“Frantic” William Hacket (“Messiah”)
An Effort Towards Protestant ConformityLessened Catholic ThreatContinued Protestant Diversity
“And be it known unto them that Martinism stands upon another manner of foundation than their prelacy does, or can stand. Therefore if they will needs overthrow me, let them go in hand with the exploit rather by proving the lawfulness of their places than by exercising the force of their unlawful tyranny. For once again, I fear not their tyranny.”From The Protestation of Martin Marprelate, September 1589