Download - Embedded Systems Project
Embedded SystemsEmbedded Systems
Embedded SystemsEmbedded Systems
: Under the supervision of
Dr / Farhat Farg Farhat
OutlineOutline
introduction What is an embedded system? Characteristics of Embedded Systems Categories of Embedded Systems Major Components in Embedded Systems Embedded Systems HW / SW Embedded Systems Applications Software Development Tools Examples of Embedded Systems
Embedded systems are ubiquitous. They can be found in consumer products such as washers, microwave ovens, and automobiles; industrial process controllers; as well as cellular phones, and personal digital assistants.
Introduction
Today’s embedded systems development ranges from microprocessor-based control systems, to systems-on-chip (SoC) design, and device software development. A myriad of implementations can be found in consumer electronics, medical devices, and commercial and military applications.
This program looks at embedded systems engineering as a synergistic function between hardware and software device design and development. Participants learn the essential concepts of embedded systems development through a practical hands-on approach utilizing industry design automation (EDA) tools and design kits.
What is an Embedded Systems ?What is an Embedded Systems ?
An embedded system
is some combination of computer hardware and software, possibly with some mechanics, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of application device.
An embedded system can be part of a larger system
90% of all computers are embedded computers!
• Anything that uses a microprocessor but isn't a general-purpose computer
• Take advantage of application characteristics to optimize the design ex:• Personal digital assistant (PDA)
• Set-top boxes
• Televisions
• Video Games
• Refrigerators
• Cars
• Planes
• Elevators
• Remote Controls
• Alarm Systems
CPU
memory
input
output analog
analog
embeddedcomputer
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Major Components in Embedded Major Components in Embedded SystemsSystems
Data
Algorithm
Program
Hardware
Data acquisition and processing Communication System logic and control algorithm Interface Auxiliary units
display storage monitoring and protection test and diagnosis.
Characteristics of Embedded SystemsCharacteristics of Embedded Systems
1.Device Programmability or Manageable
The functioning of a specific hardware part on a smart device can be easily changed by simply changing the software associated with it.
2.Multi-tasking
An embedded system employed in a modern refrigerator performs door sense and temp sense at the same times, which are two functions at the same time.
3.Real-time Response
It is the ability of an embedded system to respond to ambient conditions suddenly. That is, a smart TV adjusts picture quality suddenly in response to sudden environmental brightness variations.
Embedded Systems: ApplicationsEmbedded Systems: Applications
Consumer electronics, cameras, camcorders, ....
Consumer products, e.g., washers, microwave ovens, ...
Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control, ...)
Industrial process controllers & avionics/defense applications
Computer/Communication products printers, FAX machines, ...
Emerging multimedia applications & consumer electronics
Categories of Embedded SystemsCategories of Embedded Systems
1. Stand-alone embedded systems
Embedded logic circuit placed in a stand-alone smart device like a TV receiver
2. Real-time embedded systems
It can be again classified as hard real-time and soft Real-time embedded systems Hard systems are employed in biomedical smart devices, where real-time response is crucial. Soft systems have less real-time response than a hard system. Smart TV is an example for soft system.
3. Networked embedded systems
Here a smart device is networked with other systems. The networking may be wired or wire-less. Mobile phone is an example for wire-less smart device.
EMBEDDED EMBEDDED HARDWARE & SOFTWAREHARDWARE & SOFTWARE
Any systems that contained a ‘Microcontroller’ are called as Embedded Systems.
1.Processor It is the brain of the embedded logic circuit. The processor can be of
three types: 8b Microcontroller (MC)
For applications where space requirement is high but processing power and memory requirements are low, like in toys, smart cards, etc.
32b Microprocessor (MP)
For applications where space requirement is low but processing power and memory requirements are high, like in handheld computers.
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
For applications where signals are handled than Data, like audio and video applications. DSP contain a MAC (Multiply-Accumulate) unit, which performs all complex floating point Fourier calculations. Of the worlds total processor production 94% holds for embedded systems.
Embedded systems design: Embedded systems design: Major subtasksMajor subtasks
Modeling the system to be designed, and experimenting with algorithms
involved; Refining (or “partitioning”)
the function to be implemented into smaller, interacting pieces; HW-SW partitioning: Allocating
elements in the refined model to either (1) HW units, or (2) SW running on custom hardware or a general microprocessor.
Scheduling the times at which the functions are executed. This is important
when several modules in the partition share a single hardware unit.
Mapping (Implementing) a functional description into (1) software that runs on a processor
or (2) a collection of custom, semi-custom, or commodity HW.
Characteristics of Embedded Characteristics of Embedded SystemsSystems
Application Specific Applications are known a priori Optimize for cost, area, power, and performance
Digital Signal Processing Signals are represented digitally
Reactive Reacts to changes in the system’s environment
Real-time Compute certain tasks before deadline
Distributed, Networked, …
Reliability Probability of system working correctly provided that
is was working
Maintainability Probability of system working correctly d time units
after error occurred.
Safety Not harmful for user
Security Confidential and authentic communication
Traditional Design ChallengesTraditional Design Challenges
Low cost
Light weight
Reliability
Low power
Portable
Complexity
Ease of use
Mixed digital/analog requirements
Shrinking time-to-market
Short product lifetime
Real-time processing
Inherent concurrency
HW/SW co-design
Recent Design ChallengesRecent Design Challenges
Design Complexity Ultra low power
Highly adaptive Active power management (voltage scaling, etc.) Alternative energy source (scavenge, solar, etc.)
Internet aware Incorporate RF technologies Networking capabilities
Larger OS, middleware, etc. Understanding of many/changing protocols
Co-operative operation (trashcan & refrigerator) Verification Security
Classification of Embedded Classification of Embedded SystemsSystems
Multi-dimensional classifications:
Hard versus software systems Fail-safe versus fail-operational systems Guaranteed-response versus best-effort Resource-adequate versus resource-inadequate Event-triggered versus time-triggered.
Software Development ToolsSoftware Development Tools Compiler: compiles C/C++ and in-line assembly language
Linker: links compiled application code, OS, and runtime libraries
Memory Image tools: places code in non-volatile memory at a given physical memory address
Debugger: debugs OS and application programs Loader: loads OS at power on and applications
Also a tool to download new code from the development system is typically provided
Examples of Embedded SystemsExamples of Embedded Systems
Microcontroller
CCD preprocessor Pixel coprocessorA2D
D2A
JPEG codec
DMA controller
Memory controller ISA bus interface UART LCD ctrl
Display ctrl
Multiplier/Accum
Digital camera chip
lens
CCD
• Single-functioned -- always a digital camera• Tightly-constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast• Reactive and real-time -- only to some extent
Example ES (II): Digital CameraExample ES (II): Digital Camera
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• Product: Sonic are Elite toothbrush
• Microprocessor: 8-bit
• Has a programmable speed control, timer, and charge gauge
toothbrushtoothbrush
Example: BMW 745iExample: BMW 745i
2, 000, 000 LOC Windows CE OS 53 8-bit P 11 32-bit P 7 16-bit P Multiple Networks Buggy! Example:
By 2010, electronics & software in cars will account for up to 40% of their value
Wireless parking managementWireless parking management
Street line networks
NASA's Twin Mars RoversNASA's Twin Mars Rovers
• Product: NASA's Twin Mars Rovers• Microprocessor:
Radiation Hardened20Mhz PowerPC• Commercial Real-time
OS• Software and OS was
developed during multi-year flight to Mars and downloaded using a radio link
Inside view of a Microsoft Mouse
Any PC Mouse, Keyboard, or USB Any PC Mouse, Keyboard, or USB DeviceDevice
• Product: Any PC Mouse, Keyboard, or USB Device
• Microprocessor: 8-bit Microcontroller
Gas PumpGas Pump
•Product: Dresser Wayne Ovation iX Gas Pump•Microprocessor: Marvel Xscale (ARM)•OS: Windows CE•Displays video ads &is networked to a gas station’s back office computer system. Also has remote maintenance features
Pocket PC PhonePocket PC Phone
•Product:Pocket PC Phone
•Microprocessor: TI OMAP (ARM+DSP)
•OS: Windows Mobile 5.0 (Windows CE OS)
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RoboticRobotic
•Product: Sony Aibo ERS-7 Robotic Dog
•Microprocessor: 64-bit MIPS R7000
•OS: Aperios - Sony’s Real Time OS
Embedded Systems Embedded Systems TopicsTopics
Introduction to embedded systems
Design of embedded systems
Input/output (I/O) activities common to embedded systems
Architectures common to embedded systems
Memory concepts important to embedded systems
Real-time concepts important to embedded systems
http://www.scribd.com/search?l=1&page=1&query=Embedded+systems
http://www.embedded.com
http://www.techonline.com
http://www.embeddedliinks.com/chipdir/
www.info.com/Embedded-System
http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms
For Further Information URLs :
N.N.M