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Emotion
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What Is an Emotion?
• Organized psychological and physiological reactions
• These reactions are:– Bodily Reaction– Affective (subjective experience)– Cognition
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Triggers
• external events
• thoughts
• behavior (facial feedback)
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Characteristics
• Duration– Short called emotion– Long called mood
• Valence– Positive– Negative
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Theories of Emotion
Is emotion in the heart, in the head, or both?
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James-LangeTheory
Saul Kassin, Psychology. Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission.
Also called the James-Lange theory of emotion
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Change Associated with Different Emotions
From "Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity," by R.W. Levenson, P. Ekman, and W.V. Friesen, Psychophysiology, 1990, 24, 363-384, © 1990.
Reprinted with permission from Cambridge University Press.
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From "Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion-Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity," by R.W. Levenson, P. Ekman, and W.V. Friesen, Psychophysiology, 1990, 24, 363-384, © 1990.
Reprinted with permission from Cambridge University Press.
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Lie Detection
• James’s theory forms basis.
• Polygraphs monitor physiological activity.
• Different approaches:– Control question test.– Directed lie test.– Guilty knowledge test.
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Accuracy of Polygraphs
• Estimate vary widely.– A guilty person can “fool” a polygraph.– Some innocent people can be mislabeled as
guilty (false positive).
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Cannon-Bard Theory
Saul Kassin, Psychology. Copyright © 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission.
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Updating Cannon’s Theory
• Thalamus is not the “seat” of emotion.
• Specific brain areas produce the feelings of pleasure or discomfort associated with emotion
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Schachter-Singer Theory
• Cognitive Interpretation/Appraisal• Unambiguous
– Excitation transfer
• Ambiguous– Misattribution
» Schachter & Singer (Anger vs. Joy)» Dutton & Eron (Love vs. Fear)
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Stimulus Arousal Emotion
Stimulus AppraisalArousalEmotion
Stimulus Arousal Appraisal Emotion
3. Schachter-Singer theory
4. Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal theories
1. James-Lange theory
StimulusArousalEmotion
2. Cannon-Bard theory
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Main Criticism of Appraisal Theories
• Emotion without “cognition”– fear conditioning without explicit knowledge– emotion without awareness
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Communicating Emotion
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How Do We CommunicateEmotions to One Another?
• Through words.– Women talk about their emotions and the
complexity of their feelings.
• Through body movement and posture.– Especially through facial movements and
expressions.
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Innate Expressions of Emotion
• Darwin’s universal facial expressions.– hard-wired
• Supporting evidence– newborns– cross-cultural– blind persons
Next
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Facial Displays
ANGERANGER FEARFEAR DISGUSTDISGUST
SURPRISESURPRISE JOYJOY SADNESSSADNESS
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Winning Gold or Silver!
BackPride Pride + Shame
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Ceremonial Facial Masks And Threat
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Cultural Influences
• Cultural variations in recognizing some emotions.
• Smiles vary as people learn to use them to communicate certain feelings through operant conditioning.
• Expression of emotion affected by cultural rules, called emotion culture– “stiff upper lip”
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Social Influences and Emotion
• Social Referencing– Adult (Offensive or Not?)– Infant (OK Mom?)
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“Are these OK, Mom?”
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Physiology• Body
– Arousal– Facial
• Involuntary/voluntary facial displays
• Some Brain Areas– Amygdala (fear)– Hypothalamus (attacking rage, defensive rage)– Lateralization
• Right brain dominant• Right amygdala (negative emotions)
– Cerebral cortex• Regulates Emotion (frontal inhibits aggression)• Serotonin = Inhibitory Effect On Anger
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The AutonomicNervous System
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Smiles: Faked and Authentic
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