Download - Employability
Employability
1 'Employability' refers to a person's capability for gaining and maintaining
employment (Hillage and Pollard, 1998). For individuals, employability depends on the knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) they possess, the way they present those
assets to employers. As such employability is affected by both supply-side and demand-side factors which are often outside of an individual's control.
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Employability - Origins
1 The concept of employability has been in the literature for many years. Current interest has been driven by:
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 While there is no singular definition of employability, a review of the
literature suggests that employability is about work and the ability to be
employed, such as:
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Berntson (2008) Employability refers to an individual‘s perception of his or
her possibilities of getting new, equal, or better employment.
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Harvey (2001) Employability is the ability of graduate to get a satisfying
job. Employability is a process of learning.
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Hillage and Pollard (1998) Employability is the capability to
move self-sufficiently within the labor market to realize potential through
sustainable employment.
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Fugate, Kinicki, and Ashforth (2004) define employability as a form of
work specific active adaptability that enables workers to identity and
realize career opportunity. Employability facilitates the
movement between jobs, bothwithin and between organizations
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Fugate et al. (2004) contend that employability enhances an
individual‘s likelihood of gaining employment, although it does not
assure actual employment.
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Harvey (2001) concurs that job acquisition should not be prioritized over preparedness for employment
to avoid pseudo measure of individual employability
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Thus employability by this definition is about learning, not least learning
how to learn, and it is about empowering learners as critical
reflective citizens (Harvey, 2001).
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Harvey‘s (2001) definition is important for it emphasizes
employability of graduates, which is similar to our context, hence, able to
provide insight about how to measure graduates‘ employability
and what are the differences between graduates and experienced
individuals in labor market.
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Employability - Employability: towards a definition
1 Berntson (2008) argues that employability refers to an individual‘s perception of his or her possibilities
of getting new, equal, or better employment. Berntson‘s study
differentiates employability into two main categories – actual employability (objective
employability) and perceived employability (subjective
employability).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-employability-toolkit.html
Employability - Four components of employability
1 This suggests that we can separate out four main elements in respect of individuals’ employability: the first
three are analogous to the concepts of production, marketing and sales, and the fourth is the marketplace in
which they operate.
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Employability - Assets
1 An individual’s ‘employability assets’ comprise their knowledge (i.e. what they know), skills (what they do with what they know) and attitudes (how they do it). There are a number of
detailed categorisations in the literature which, for instance,
distinguish between:
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Employability - Assets
1 Further key points from the literature include the importance of the
transferability of these skills from one occupational or business context to another for employability and the increased attention employers are
paying to the softer attitudinal skills in selecting employees.
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Employability - Deployment
1 * Job search skills— i.e. finding suitable jobs. Access to formal and informal networks is an important
component of job search and employability.
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Employability - Presentation
1 Another key aspect of employability is being able to get a particular job, once identified— sometimes included under career management skills, but is given prominence as a separate element here due to its crucial importance to securing employment. It centres around the ability
to demonstrate ‘employability’ assets and present them to the market in an
accessible way. This includes:
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Employability - In the context of personal circumstances and the labour market
1 Finally and crucially, the ability to realise or actualise ‘employability’ assets depends on the individual’s
personal and external circumstances and the inter-relationship between
the two. This includes:
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Employability - Priorities for action
1 From 2005 to 2007 The Association of Graduate Recruiters in the UK identified
where there was a skills gap in the graduates leaving
university.http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/14782/1/HEA_-_Employability_is_the_answer_but_what
%27s_the_question.pdf It suggested that commercial awareness, leadership,
commitment and drive, problem solving and managing own learning as the areas in most
need of attention
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Employability - Priorities for action
1 For the individual the need is to boost those aspects of their
employability which will most enhance their opportunities in the
light of their circumstances. However, what the individual
believes to be most critical does not necessarily coincide with the views of
the employer.
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Employability - Issues for public policy
1 The above definition of employability provides a basis for analysing the
policies affecting the employability of certain groups (e.g. 16 and 17-year-
old school leavers), or conversely how major policy initiatives (e.g. the New Deal) impact on employability. A brief review of government initiatives
in this area suggests that policy is aimed:
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Employability - Issues for public policy
1 the views of employers and the workforce of their employability; and outcome measures,
e.g
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Employability - Duality of Employability
1 An alternative account of employability takes a more relative
approach. Brown and Hesketh define employability as ‘the relative
chances of getting and maintaining different kinds of employment’
(2004).
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Employability - Duality of Employability
1 ‘Employability not only depends on whether one is able to fulfil the
requirements of specific jobs, but also on how one stands relative to
others within a hierarchy of job seekers’ (Brown and Hesketh, 2004)
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Employability - Duality of Employability
1 With the move to a more knowledge economy|knowledge based economy,
it is widely thought that there is an increasing demand for high-calibre
managerial talent. However, a focus on obtaining skills in order to gain
good employment has led to an over-supply of graduates and a larger
number of contenders chasing the same top jobs. Brown and Hesketh
argue that there is a clear mismatch between individuals’ expectations of employability and the realities posed
by the labour market.
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Employability - Duality of Employability
1 This view of employability incorporates the dual aspects of supply and demand of labour to show that advancing one’s position in the
labour market by gaining credentials is partially dependent on structural factors
outside the individual’s control. The recent financial crisis demonstrates that global
economic factors can and do have a significant impact on the likelihood of an
individual securing a job regardless of their skills, credentials and social status.
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Higher education in Portugal - Employability
1 Due to these factors, higher education courses with a higher
employability rate include medicine (there is a very high demand for medical doctors across the whole
country), some classic engineering specializations, and computer
sciences.
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Higher education in Portugal - Employability
1 Low employability is found among teaching, humanities and some
social sciences fields of study, like history, geography, linguistics,
philosophy, sociology; or to a lesser degree among the exact sciences
and natural sciences, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology or geology, when these courses are oriented towards a
teaching career instead of a more technical or scientific research
career.
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Higher education in Portugal - Employability
1 Despite their generally high reputation, economics, law and architecture degrees, even from some of the most selective and
prestigious schools, have had an increasingly low employability rate due to an excessive number of new
graduates each year.
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Higher education in Portugal - Employability
1 There are courses which used to have high or very high employability rates (at least during the 1990s) and
currently are among the most precarious in terms of employment
for new graduates
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Job guarantee - Full employability
1 The full employability agenda has come under fire from a number of sources in recent years (see, for example ILO, 2004).International Labour Organisation (ILO) (2004)
Macroeconomic policy for growth and employment Committee on
Employment and Social Policy, Governing Body, 291st Session
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University of the Arts London - Student Enterprise and Employability service
1 To make sure that students and graduates are prepared for the
careers they will enter and that basic career skills and knowledge are built into the University’s curricula right
from the start, UAL’s Student Enterprise and Employability service
was set up in September 2011
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