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Rainwater HarvestingStd X CBSEAs per NCERT Geography textbook
Contemporary India II
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How?The concept is simple
Collect
Store and use
Recharge
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Not new to India
Source: http://blog.shunya.net/shunyas_blog/2008/08/dholavira-a-har.html
Rainwater storage reservoir at Dholavira (Rann of Kutch) Harappancivilization (2500-1900 BC)
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Traditional rainwater harvesting systems
Widely prevalent in all parts of India
Mountainous rain-shadow regions like Spiti valley
Flood plains to check floods during monsoons
The Deccan plateau which has only monsoon fed(no perennial) rivers
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Traditional rainwater harvesting systems
Widely prevalent in all parts of India
Desert and arid region , Rajasthan, Rann of Kutch etc.
Mountainous regions with heavy rainfall to check erosion andto provide water in non-rainy months since water
distribution systems are not easy to install
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Centuries old Kul irrigation in the Western Himalayanmountainous rain-shadow regions like Spiti valley
Glacier melt is diverted into the head of a kul or a diversion channel
These kuls channel the water over
many kilometers
They lead into a tank in the village from which water flow is regulated
Source:http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/methods/traditional/kuls.htmAccessed November 2008
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Inundation channelBengal Flood plains
Fields
Fields
Floodwater entered the fields through the inundation canals
The waters brought in rich silt and fish
The fish fed on mosquito larva and helped check malaria in this region.
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Khadins of Jaisalmer(harvesting structures for agricultural fields)
Designed by the Paliwal Brahmins of Jaisalmer, in 15th century
Similar system also practised in Ur (Iraq), the Negev desert, and in south west Colorado
An embankment prevents water from flowing away. Collected water seeps into the soil.
This water saturates land, which is then used for growing crops
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Johads of Rajasthan(provide water for domestic use)
Earthen or masonry rainwater harvesting structure,for providing water for domestic use to the communities.
Photo by L R Burdak
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Photo by Farhad Contractor, taken in Alwar district of Rajasthan
Johads of Rajasthan(provide water for domestic use)
Read about revival of Johads in Reviving Indias water harvesting systems
T k f Bik B Ph l di R j th
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Tankas of Bikaner, Barmer, Phalodi - Rajasthan
Note the slope provided for the rainwater(palar pani) to flow into the tanka
Pipes from the rooftop leadrainwater into the tanka
catchment
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Tankas for storing drinking waterThar desert region of Rajasthan (Barmer, Bikaner, Pallodi)
Unique underground structures ofvarious shapes and sizes to collect rainwater for drinking purposes
Sometimes used to store drinking waterbrought from far off wells in case therainwater gets exhausted
Constructed in court yards or in front
of houses and temples,
Built both for individual households aswell as for village communities
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Main source of drinking water in these areas
People protect and maintain them
Just before the on-set of the monsoon, the catchment area of the Tanka is cleaned up toremove all possible pollutants
Human activity and grazing of cattle in the area is prohibited
First spell of rain not collected
Tankas of Bikaner, Barmer, Phalodi - Rajasthan
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Tankas of Bikaner, Barmer, Phalodi - Rajasthan
Provide enough drinking water to tide over the water scarcity during the summer monthseven though average annual rainfall is as less as 200 mm to 300 mm.
In many cases the stored water lasts for the whole year.
These simple traditional water harvesting structures are useful even during years of below-normal rainfall.
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Rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan today
Rajasthan Canal (Indira Gandhi Nahar Project) brings water (for agriculture and domesticuse) from the Sutlej and Beas rivers
Rainwater harvesting was on decline
Being revived in many parts of Rajasthan: traditional methods with some improvisations
http://pashunz.blogspot.com/2006_12_01_archive.html
For more information, check out
http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Improvised.htm000
http://twofloatingweeds.blogspot.com
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Deccan Plateau
Then Water harvested in a system of tanks that were fed
by seasonal streams
Tanks recharged groundwater
Now
Tanks neglected
Many regions facing water scarcity
Importance of rainwater harvesting being realized
Rooftop rainwater harvesting getting a boost
No perennial rivers
DeccanPlateau
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Rainwater harvesting in theNorth Eastern states
Uneven distribution of population
Abundant water resources but not tapped due to rugged terrain
Face water scarcity in areas of high population density
Mountainous regions with heavy rainfall
http://media-2.web.britannica.com
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Bamboo drip irrigationin Meghalaya
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Bamboo drip irrigation inMeghalaya
200-year-old system
Used by tribal farmers of Khasi and Jaintia hills
Bamboos divert water from perennial springs onhilltops to the lower reaches by gravity
Used to irrigate the betel leaf or black pepper crops
18-20 litres of water entering the bamboo pipesystem per minute gets transported over severalhundred meters and finally gets reduced to 20-80drops per minute at the site of the plant.
Attempts made to introduce modern pipe systemsbut farmers prefer to use their indigenous form ofirrigation.
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For more information onRain Water Harvesting Systemsin different regions
Check out http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/eco/eco-region.htm
Read the book Dying wisdom published by the Centre for Science andEnvironment (CSE)
Brief notes on some traditional water harvesting structures are available atTraditional Water Harvesting Structures information sheet onwww.indiawaterportal.org
http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/eco/eco-region.htmhttp://www.indiawaterportal.org/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/eco/eco-region.htmhttp://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/eco/eco-region.htmhttp://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/eco/eco-region.htm -
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Rainwater harvesting today
Collection(Catchment)Flat / sloping roofs
Leaf and gritfilter, Firstflush device
Transportation: Downtakepipes
Storage intanks
Recharge into open wells /borewells / percolation pits /
trenches
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Case studies of interest - Legislation
Tamil Nadu
Rainwater harvesting made mandatory for all the buildings in thestate
If the rain water harvesting structure is not provided as required, anauthorized person can implement a rain water harvesting structure
and the cost is recovered along with property tax".
Citizens are also warned about disconnection of water supplyconnection if rainwater harvesting structures are not provided.
To learn more about policies and legislation (India and abroad),
check outhttp://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Policy/Legislation.htm
http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Policy/Legislation.htmhttp://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Policy/Legislation.htmhttp://www.tn.gov.in/acts-rules/maws/muncipal_ord_2003.htm -
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Gendathur (Karnataka)- a remote village in Mysore district
The first village to have installed a maximum number of rainwater harvesting systems.
Each of the 200 houses have a rooftop rainwater harvesting system
TheMysore Zilla Panchayat, an NGO (MYRADA) and the villagers worked together
The villagers contributed20%of the project cost.
The villagers ofGendathur use rainwater for all their everyday needs; they even use it fordrinking and cooking.
Karnataka
Case studies of interest - Implementation
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Some people Chewang Norphel, 62, of Leh, Ladakh.
In Ladakh, the annual average rainfall is 50 mm.The only source of water are glaciers, which melt in latesummer.
Water shortage felt at the start of the cropping season in early summer(May to June)
Taps left open in winter, so that water does not freeze in the pipelines(Water wasted in winter)
Norphel builds artificial glaciers by channelising glacier water intodepressions lying in the shadow area of a mountain, hidden fromsunlight.
He places half-inch-wide iron pipes at the edge of the depression. Asthe water keeps collecting in the pipes, it freezes. As more water seepsin, it pushes out the frozen blocks, and in turn, itself gets frozen. Thiskeeps happening in a continuous cycle, and these frozen blocks create
a clean, artificial glacier.
Norphel has made four such glaciers.
To learn more about people who are making a difference,check out http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/People/People.htm
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Want to play
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Divide the class into 5 teams Team A selects 2 persons who will pick the clue and draw it out on the
board for the other team members to guess.
If the guessers get the right answer in 30 secs, they get 5 points If the guessers get the right answer in 60 secs, they get 3 points Otherwise
The chance then goes to Team B and so on.
Rules No mouthing of words No names or numbers to be written No actions
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Turn off the projector now, so that
the whole class cannot see the clues.The 2 representatives of Team A
can come up to the computer and
see the clue.
Ready?
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Round 1
Team A
Khadin
Team B Johad
Team C Tanka
Team D Kul
Team E Inundation channel
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Round 2
Team A
Dholavira Team B Spiti valley
Team C Rann of Kutch
Team D
Deccan Plateau
Team E Jaisalmer
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Round 3
Team A Thar
Team B
North East India
Team C Bamboo drip irrigation
Team D Indira Gandhi Canal
Team E Gendathur
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Round 4
Team A
collection Team B storage
Team C recharge
Team D filter
Team E pipelines