Download - Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)
![Page 1: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Represents amount of energy available at each level as well as amount of living tissue—both decrease with each increasing trophic level
Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)
![Page 2: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
V. Ecological Interactions between organisms
A. Competition—when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
Ex: food, water, shelter
![Page 3: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Monkeys compete with each other and other animals for food.
Rams compete with each other for mates.
![Page 4: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Until Americans introduced gray squirrels into parts of England in the early 20th century, red squirrels had been the only species of squirrel in the country. The gray squirrels were larger and bred faster and successfully competed for resources. Within a couple years of overlap in an area, the red squirrels disappeared.
![Page 5: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
B. Niche—the ecological niche involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles that an organism has in its habitat.
Example: The ecological niche of a sunflower growing in the backyard includes absorbing light, water and nutrients (for photosynthesis), providing shelter and food for other organisms (e.g. bees, ants, etc.), and giving off oxygen into the atmosphere.
![Page 6: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The ecological niche of an organism depends not only on where it lives but also on what it does. By analogy, it may be said that the habitat is the organism’s “address”, and the niche is its “profession”, biologically speaking.
Worm’s Niche“Address”—Soil, Ground, etc.
“Profession”– Mix-up soil
![Page 7: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
C. Predation—one organism captures and feeds on another organism
1. Predator—one that does the killing
2. Prey—one that is the food
![Page 8: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
D. Symbiosis—any relationship in which two species live closely together
1. Mutualism—both species benefit (WIN-WIN)a. Ex: insects and flowers
Can you think of any other examples that we’ve talked about in class?
![Page 10: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2. Commensalism—one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.(WIN-0)
Example: barnacles on a whale
![Page 11: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Commensalism
The Remora fish attaches to the shark and gets a free ride.
Birds build nests in trees.
![Page 12: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
3. Parasitism—one organisms lives on or inside another organism (host) and harms it.The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the host. (WIN-LOSE)
Example: fleas on a dog
![Page 13: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Parasitism
Wasp eggs on back of caterpillar.
Mosquito biting a human.
Sea lampreys feed on fluids of other fish.
![Page 14: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Mutualism, Commensalism or Parasitism??
Parasitism
Mutualism
![Page 15: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ecological Levels
![Page 16: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Density and Distribution of Populations
• Population Density - Number of individuals per unit area or volume.
• Population Distribution - Pattern of dispersal of individuals within the area of interest.
![Page 17: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Uniform Distribution
![Page 18: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Random Distribution
![Page 19: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Clumped Distribution
![Page 20: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Characteristics of Populations• They tend to grow• Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase
(r)
![Page 21: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Population Growth Models
• Exponential Growth• Biotic Potential • Environmental Resistance
![Page 22: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Exponential Growth Curve
![Page 23: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Logistic Growth
• Logistic growth—indicated by an S-shaped curve
• Difference between logistic and exponential due to environmental resistance
![Page 24: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Logistic Growth
![Page 25: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Carrying Capacity
• Carrying Capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a given species the environment can support.– The closer the population to the carrying capacity,
the greater the environmental resistance.• Biotic potential is having full effect and birthrate is a
maximum during exponential growth.
![Page 26: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
St. Paul Island Reindeer Population
![Page 27: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mortality Patterns• Cohort --- all the members of a population
born at the same time.• Survivorship---the probability of newborn
individuals of a cohort surviving to particular ages.
• Illustrated by Survivorship Curves
![Page 28: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Survivorship Curves
![Page 29: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Survivorship Curves
![Page 30: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Age Distributions• What proportion of population
is in each cohort? • Age Structure Diagrams
![Page 31: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
U.S. Age Distributions
![Page 32: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Regulation of Population Size• Density - Dependent Factors• Density - Independent Factors
![Page 33: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Factors That Affect Population Size
Density Dependent Factors
1. Competition Intraspecific Interspecific
2. Predation
3. Parasitism
4. Disease
![Page 34: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Factors That Affect Population Size
Density Independent Factors
1. Abiotic factors
2. Unpredictable, catastrophic
events
![Page 35: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Life History Patterns• r - Strategists (Opportunistic)• Remember r=reproduction
![Page 36: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Life History Patterns• k - Strategists (Equilibrium)
• Remember k=Karrying kapacity
![Page 37: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Human Population Growth
• Human population has had an exponential growth pattern.– Doubling time currently estimated at 53 years.
• Population Size– 1800 1 Billion– 1930 2 Billion– 1960 3 Billion– 2000 6 Billion
![Page 38: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
World Population Growth
![Page 39: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Country Development• More-Developed Countries (MDCs)
GR=0.1%• Less-Developed Countries (LDCs)
GR= 1.6%– LDC population expected to
increase from 5-8b by 2050
![Page 40: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Age Distributions
• Age Structure Diagrams divide populations into three age groups.–Pre-Reproductive–Reproductive–Post-Reproductive
![Page 41: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Demographic Transition• Stage I: high birthrates and death rates• Stage II: continued high birthrates, declining
death rates• Stage III: falling birthrates and death rates,
eventually stabilizing
![Page 42: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
More-Developed Countries
![Page 43: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Less-Developed Countries
![Page 44: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005 Millions
300 100 100 300300 200 100 0 100 200 300
Less Developed Regions
More Developed Regions
Male Female Male Female
80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 17-19 10-16
5-90-4
Age
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision (medium scenario), 2003.
Age Distribution of the World’s Population
![Page 45: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
World Population Distribution by Region, 1998 and 2050
![Page 47: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Environmental Impact
• Measured in terms of:–Population Size–Resource Consumption Per
Capita –Resultant Pollution
![Page 49: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Environmental Impact
![Page 50: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Review• Scope of Ecology• Population Density and Distribution• Population Growth Models• Survivorship Curves• Age Distributions• Regulation of Population Size• Life History Patterns• Human Population Growth
– Environmental Impact
![Page 51: Energy and Biomass Pyramid (together)](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062517/568136cb550346895d9e677e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• facstaff.bloomu.edu/.../Ecology%20of%20Populations%20online%20