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Energy Efficient Breakfasts
Energy Management Training for Small and Medium Size Enterprises
Cliff Bassett
13th March 2012
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Introductions – About the Carbon Trust
The Carbon Trust was set up by government as an independent company in 2008. Our mission is to accelerate the move to a low carbon economy.
To date, we have helped our customers save around 29.5 million tonnes of carbon and around £2.6 billion in energy costs.As a Company Limited by Guarantee any profits we make are reinvested to help deliver our mission.
We cut carbon emissions now;• By providing specialist advice and finance to help
organisations cut carbon • By setting standards for carbon reduction
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Outputs from this Briefing – The Energy Management Action Plan
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The Energy Management Action Plan
You have been provided with an Action PlanThe following sections discuss opportunities which are relevant to the SME sectorPlease complete each part of the Action Plan at the conclusion of each sectionUse your own data if you have it, or the sample data providedCalculate the total potential savingTake your Action Plan back to your business and Take Action!Please leave the duplicate copy with us when you leave
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Why Manage Energy?
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Drivers for energy management
Rising energy costs
Complying with relevant standards and regulations
Environmental concerns
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Barriers to Energy Management
Barriers to energy management:
– Time
– Resources
– “Just another job to do”
– Lack of expertise
– Lack of capital
– Landlord/tenant relationships
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Energy Management Basics
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Energy and Power
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Energy and Power
Power is the capacity of a device to transform energy from one form to anotherE.g. a boiler transforms stored chemical energy (gas) into thermal energy (heat)Power measured in Watts: 1,000 Watts = 1 kilo Watt kW
Energy = Power x Time
Energy measured in kWh
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Units and Conversions
Electricity– Kilowatt hours (kWh) – sometimes “units”
Gas – cubic feet (ft3)– hundreds of cubic feet (100 ft3)– Cubic metres (m3)
Oil– litres
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Units and Conversions
Fuel Units Conversion to kWh (multiply units by)
Electricity - kWh
1
Gas – ft3 0.32
Gas – 100 ft3 31.72
Gas – m3 11.20
Gas oil – litres 10.60
LPG - litres 7.08
LPG - kg 13.67
Aim to convert all units to a common “currency” – usually kWh
See Carbon Trust Fact Sheet “Conversion Factors” for further details
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Units and Conversions:Energy to Carbon (CO2)
Fuel Units Conversion to kgCO2
(multiply units by)
Electricity kWh 0.545
Natural Gas kWh 0.185
Gas Oil kWh 0.275
LPG kWh 0.214
Source: DECC Greenhouse Gas Reporting Guidelines 2010
Divide by 1,000 to get tCO2
See Carbon Trust Fact Sheets “Conversion Factors” and “Carbon Footprinting” for further details
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Example Calculation – Lighting
How much energy do the lights in this room use?What is the cost?What are the emissions?
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Example Calculation - Lighting
1. How many Watts do the lamps use each?2. How many lamps?3. Multiply together to give power demand in Watts4. Divide by 1000 to give kilo Watts (kW)5. How many hours per day, days per week, weeks
per year?6. Calculate hours per year and multiply by power
demand to give energy use in kWh/year7. Convert to cost (x p/kWh) and carbon (x
kgCO2/kWh)
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Electricity Metering
Electricity Meters
– Analogue dial
– Analogue
– Digital
– HHM or Smart
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Constructing a Basic Energy Management Spreadsheet
MetricDay kWh Night kWh Total kWh Cost, £ 100 ft3 kWh Cost, £ kWh Cost, £ kWh/m2
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecTotal
Electricity Gas TotalYear Month
2011
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© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved.
Apr03
Jun03
Aug03
Oct03
Dec03
Feb04
Apr04
Jun04
Aug04
Oct04
Dec04
Feb05
Apr05
Jun05
Aug05
Oct05
Dec05
Feb06
Apr06
Trends in Site Electricity Consumption
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© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 19
Thermal Energy Use
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
kWh
MONTH
Baseload = process or domestic hot water load
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© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 20
Electricity – Half-hourly Metering for an Office
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Typical Day
Ele
ctr
icit
y L
oad (
kW
)
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© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 21
Electricity – Half-hourly Metering for a Manufacturer
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
00:00
12:00
00:00
12:00
00:00
12:00
00:00
12:00
00:00
12:00
00:00
12:00
00:00
12:00
Typical Week (Mon - Sun)
Ele
ctri
city
Load (
kW
)
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Identifying the Opportunities
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Boilers, Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water
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Check Time and Temperature Controls
Time Controls:– Match start and stop time to
occupancy– Adjust to match Summer/Winter
time – do not allow 1 hour float to cover both
– Avoid excessive start up times - adjust throughout the season
– Check controls regularly – ensure that they cannot be over-ridden
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25
Top tip: Time Control
Reducing the heating time by 1 hour per day saves around
10% in running costs
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Check Time and Temperature Controls
Check location and condition of thermostats
Are they tamperproof? Are they representative of the actual
temperature?– Thermostats should not be near heat sources
(inside or outside)– Avoid draughts/near windows etc.– Locate internal optimum start sensors in
coldest part of building/heating zone– Check location for local unrepresentative
activities
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Check Time and Temperature Controls
Temperature – what is appropriate? Is 230C really the right thing to do? UK guidelines for heating workplaces:
– Heavy work 130C– Light work 160C– Sedentary (sitting) work 190C– Offices 200C
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Thermostatic Radiator Valves (TRVs)
TRVs provide basic, local control of temperatureCan be used to set a comfortable working temperature for staffMake sure staff know what they are and how they are usedEnsure valves are not obstructed
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29
Top tip: Temperature Control
Reducing the temperature by 1oC saves around 10% in
running costs
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Carbon / Cost Alert!!!
Look out for the use of portable electric heatersThese are symptomatic of wider problems with the heating systemThey cost you money and have high carbon emissionsThey upset heating system controls and make problems worseFix the root cause of the problem
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© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 31
Boiler & PipeworkInsulation
Effective insulation can save 1 to 3% of heating energy costsInsulation is cheap and easy to applyCheck boilers, hot water tanks and pipework for insulation thickness and conditionDon’t forget valves and other fittings
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Upgraded Heating System Controls
Optimum Start Control (or “Optimiser”)– Think of it as a “weather-dependent
timeswitch”– Reduces heat up times in mild weather– Optimum stop facilities also available –
will switch off the heating early if possible
– Easy to retrofit, but requires additional sensors
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Upgraded Heating System Controls
Weather Compensation Controls - vary system flow temperature in response to outside air temperatureRequires modifications to pipework and additional sensors
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Time control Optimum safe storage/delivery temperature
– 600C is the optimum in most cases Minimisation of standing losses – better
insulation Direct fired heaters – better for high volume all
year round Local electric heaters - can be appropriate in
some circumstances
Domestic Hot Water Services
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Boiler Plant, Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water – Summary and Action PlanOpportunity Description
Typical savings
Please tick
√
Proposed Action
Action by
whom?
Your Savings Capital Cost
% £/year
tCO2/year
Are boiler and heating time controls set correctly?
10 to 30% None
Is the heating setpoint appropriate to the use?
10% None
Is the domestic hot water setpoint appropriate?
2% None
Are boilers, domestic hot water cylinders and pipework well-insulated?
1 to 3% Low
Can timeswitches be upgraded to optimiser controls?
10% Medium
Can weather compensation controls be installed?
10% Medium
Sub-Total Boiler Plant, Space Heating & DHW
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Lighting and Lighting Controls
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Use of Lighting
Is lighting being used appropriately?
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Use of Lighting
Are the lights switched off when people leave?
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Lighting Controls
Time schedulesDimming controls– Can be used on fluorescent lighting when specified
with dimmable ballasts
Occupancy-sensing– Passive infra red– Microwave
Daylight-linked – Photocell
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Lamp Efficiency
Measured in lumens/watt (“efficacy”)Higher efficacy = more light for less energyChoose efficient lamps and fittings, appropriate to the applicationAvoid over-lighting. Insist on an engineered solution, with light levels appropriate to the use.Consider the efficiency of the fitting itself – some lose over half of the light by directing it the wrong way! Upgrades can give savings of 20% to 80%!!
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Lamp Efficiency
Less Efficient– Tungsten filament (GLS)– Low voltage tungsten
halogen– Older T12 (38 mm
diameter) fluorescent tubes
– Mercury vapour lamps
More Efficient– Compact fluorescent
lamps– T5 or T8 fluorescent +
high frequency controls– LEDs (still a developing
technology)– Metal halide– Low and high pressure
sodium
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Lighting – Summary and Action Plan
Opportunity Description
Typical savings
Please tick
√
Proposed Action
Action by whom?
Your Savings Capital Cost
% £/year
tCO2/year
Are lights being used effectively?
1 to 5% None
Do staff switch off lights when not needed?
5 to 10% None
Are lamps and fittings efficient - can they be upgraded?
20 to 80% Medium/ High
Can occupancy-linked controls be installed?
10% to 20% Low/ Medium
Can daylight-linked controls be installed?
10% to 20% Low/ Medium
Sub-Total Lighting and Controls
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Ventilation and Air Conditioning
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Air Conditioning Controls
Basic controls:– Time– Temperature
Local systems (splits or “cassette-type”) have local controlsUsually more complex controls for larger systems– Stand-alone controls or building management
systems (BMS)
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Check Air Conditioning Controls
Similar rules to heating:– Reducing operating hours by one hour/day may
save up to 10%– Avoid over-cooling by increasing cooling
setpoints as high as possible:– A 10C increase in temperature can save around 10%
in cooling energy
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Upgrade Air Conditioning Controls
Complex systems need specialist advice, but there are good savings available through:– Use of “free cooling”– Installation of variable speed
drives on fans– Demand control systems
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Ventilation, Cooling and Air Conditioning – Summary and Action Plan
Opportunity Description
Typical savings
Please tick
√
Proposed Action
Action by
whom?
Your Savings Capital Cost
% £/year
tCO2/year
Are air conditioning time controls set correctly?
10% to 30%
None
Is the cooling setpoint appropriate to the use?
5 to 20% None
Can air conditioning controls be upgraded?
10 to 30% Medium/ High
Sub-Total Air Conditioning and Ventilation
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Office Equipment
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Typical Power Use by Office Equipment
Equipment Estimated Power Use (Watts)
PC – Base Unit 80 W
PC – 17” LCD Monitor 15 W
PC – 17” CRT Monitor 70 W
Laptop 50 W
Inkjet Printer 40 to 80 W
Laser Printer 90 to 130 W
Multi-function Printer 150 to 250 W
Fax 30 to 40 W
Mobile Phone Charger 5 to 15 W
42” LCD TV 250 W
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Office Equipment – Behavioural Change
Raise staff awarenessChallenge myths– Logging off is not the same as switching off– Screensavers don’t save energy– Does the IT department really require all
equipment left on overnight?– Does the server room need to be kept at
16oC?Audit work areas after hours – scoring system?Enable power management features on equipment
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© Carbon Trust 2008. All rights reserved. 51
Technology, Rationalisation & Upgrades
Consider power management softwareRemove redundant/rarely-used equipmentRationalise printersUpgrade CRT to flat screens (60% saving)Upgrades generally (30% saving)
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Other Equipment
Vending Machines – non-perishable– Fit timer to switch off at night
Vending Machines – perishable– Switch off lights at night if possible
Water coolers– Fit timer to switch off at night
Cooling fans– Avoid if possible – these add heat!
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Office Equipment – Summary and Action Plan
Opportunity Description
Typical savings
Please tick
√
Proposed Action
Action by
whom?
Your Savings Capital Cost
% £/year
tCO2/year
Are PCs and office equipment switched off at the end of the working day?
10 to 20% None
Can timers be fitted to water coolers, vending machines and other equipment?
10% Low
Can office equipment be rationalised?
10% Low
Can equipment be upgraded?
30% Medium/ High
Sub-Total Office Equipment
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Conducting an Energy Walkround
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Energy Walkround Guidelines
Try to focus on the main areas of energy useAim to identify:– “Quick wins” – mainly around behavioural change
or control settings– Technical areas where capital may be required, e.g.
improved controls– Technical areas requiring expert advice, e.g.
replacement plant, or systems obviously not functioning correctly
Try to quantify savings:– Look at easily quantifiable uses, e.g. lighting or IT– What can you tell from energy data?
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Quick Wins
No.1 - Check the control settings!– If you have half-hourly electricity data – look at it!– Are there any controls? Do they work?– Do the time settings match the occupancy?– Check all days – do you have a 24-hour or 7-day
timer?– Are the temperatures appropriate?– Do staff complain? Too hot/cold? Too draughty?– Is there evidence of portable heaters or coolers in
use?– Do thermostatic radiator valves work correctly? Do
staff know what they are and how to use them?
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Quick Wins
Look at staff behaviour:– Are lights left on when there’s no one around?– Do staff know what is the right thing to do?– Would lighting controls solve the problem, or would a
“switch off” campaign be enough?– Do staff leave PCs and printers on after hours?– Can staff be asked to switch off monitors when on
breaks?– Are windows opened when the heating is on?– Are heating and cooling used at the same time?– What can we do to help?
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Questions?
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Constructing Your Action Plan
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The Energy Management Action Plan
Did you complete each part of the Action Plan at the conclusion of each section?Use your own data if you have it, or the sample data providedCalculate the total potential savingTake your Action Plan back to your business and Take Action!Please leave us a copy of the Action Plan at the end of the Briefing
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Feedback Form
Please leave your Feedback Form on your table or hand in on exit
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Summary and Close
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Recognition for real carbon reduction
Gain recognition for your carbon reductionCommunicate your carbon credentials with integrityRobust certification based on strict criteria and detailed assessor audit
“The experience of striving for carbon accreditation…was hugely beneficial – from a financial, ethical, operational and reputational point of view and demonstrated the value of applying for the Carbon Trust Standard”
- Richard Pamenter, Head of Sustainability, GlaxoSmithKline
Certify
Measure Manage
Reduce
Visit www.carbontruststandard.com/SME or call 0800 019 1443 for more information
The Carbon Trust Standard:
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Sources of Funding
Finance for energy saving projects; Carbon Trust and Siemens have joined forces to offer flexible financing from £1k upwards. www.energyefficiencyfinancing.co.uk
Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs) are a straightforward way for a business to improve its cash flow through accelerated tax relief. www.eca.gov.uk/etl
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Carbon Trust Implementation Services
Many UK businesses need support to implement energy efficient equipment. Often there is a challenge to establish the business case, source first class suppliers and obtain a robust set of proposals for projects.We help you meet these challenges and make it easy to find high quality suppliers and projects.
Download our service guide
PFL043 or call us now on
0845 6008683 to find out more.
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Carbon Trust Website
Dedicated section for SMEs
First steps for small businesses and information specifically about your sector or the technologies you use
Online cut carbon cut costs training tool
Visit www.carbontrust.co.uk
Get Practical & Free Advice
Expert in Energy series
Free monthly low carbon business guides, web advice and webinars
Designed to help businesses save money and reduce their energy use
www.carbontrust.co.uk/expertinenergy
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New employee engagement tool – Carbon Trust Empower
www.carbontrust.co.uk/empower
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Free Energy Saving Plan
Open Monday to Friday, 9am to 5.30pm
Call 0800 085 2005
Tick the box on your feedback form if you’d like us to contact you for an ESP!
The Carbon Trust Advice Line can give you guidance and support on how to assess the energy use on your site. We also offer practical advice on how to take action, improve efficiency and reduce costs.
We can also provide you with a structured Energy Saving Plan:• A bespoke free service that guides you and your business through
how to take simple measures to detailed technical support• A tailored report highlighting the areas of opportunity and guidance
on implementation with links to further online advice• Advisors on hand to offer support and answer any questions
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Thank you for coming!
The Carbon Trust receives funding from Government including the Department of Energy and Climate Change, the Departmentfor Transport, the Scottish Government, the Welsh Assembly Government and Invest Northern Ireland.
Whilst reasonable steps have been taken to ensure that the information contained within this publication is correct, the authors,the Carbon Trust, its agents, contractors and sub-contractors give no warranty and make no representation as to its accuracyand accept no liability for any errors or omissions. Any trademarks, service marks or logos used in this publication, and copyrightin it, are the property of the Carbon Trust. Nothing in this publication shall be construed as granting any licence or right to useor reproduce any of the trademarks, service marks, logos, copyright or any proprietary information n any way without theCarbon Trust’s prior written permission. The Carbon Trust enforces infringements of its intellectual property rights to the fullextent permitted by law.
The Carbon Trust is a company limited by guarantee and registered in England and Wales under Company number 4190230with its Registered Office at: 6th Floor, 5 New Street Square, London EC4A 3BF.Published in the UK: March 2011.
© The Carbon Trust 2011. All rights reserved.