Energy: Fossil
Fuels
Power Units Power is the _____ at which work is done/energy is consumed.
Energy= ability to do work. The joule is a unit of both work and energy.
Power = energy/time or work/time Power Units:
o Watt = I Joule/second
o Kilowatt (kW) = 103 W
o Megawatt(MW) = 106 W
o Gigawatt (GW) = 109 W
o Terawatt (TW) = 1012 W
Discuss with your table partner: Rewrite the power formula to solve for energy.
Determine which of the following is a correct unit
for energy and explain why.
A.Watt/hour C. Watt
B.Watt-hour D. Hour/Watt
_____________________
A correct unit for energy is the _________
because ____________________________ .
It is not _________ since this would indicate ___
_________________________________ .
Discuss with your table partner:
If a 75 Watt light bulb is turned on for 4,000 hours per year, how much energy is consumed by this bulb each year?
If energy costs $.11/kwh, how much does it cost to light this bulb each year? (kwh = kilowatt- hour)
Discuss with your table partner:
Review the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics and the definition of entropy.
First Law of Thermodynamics: ____________________________________________________________________________________
o Energy is___________;
o Einstein showed energy
& matter can be
interconverted; E = mc2
Second Law of Thermodynamics: when energy is
converted from one form to another, ________________
______________________________________________
_____________________________________________
o Entropy____________. Entropy is a measure
of___________; increased entropy means
increased_________________________.
o Degraded energy generally in the form of _______.
Discuss with your table partner:
More Developed Nations Less Developed Nations
Compare the energy usage in more developed nations to less developed. Review the different types of energy.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Energy Use in the U.S.
The United States is the largest user (&
waster) of commercial energy.
•U.S. has 4.6% of world population, but
uses 24% of the energy;
• 84% of the U.S. energy comes from
nonrenewable fossil fuels
• ______ of the U.S. energy comes from
nuclear power;
• only 7% of the U.S. energy is
renewable sources (hydropower,
geothermal, solar, biomass).
What is Net Energy?
Net energy:
The total useful energy available from a resource
___________________________________________.
• Example: if 8 units of energy are wasted for every 10
units extracted, then there is a net energy of 2 units;
Net energy ratio:
The ratio of useful energy produced to the energy
used to produce it; the higher the ratio the greater
the net energy yield;
•Example: for the above problem the net energy
ratio is 10/8 = 1.25.
Net Energy Ratios
Net energy ratios for various energy systems
used for transportation.
Oil Petroleum or crude oil is a fossil fuel, produced by the
decomposition of deeply buried organic matter.
Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of
sulfur, oxygen, & nitrogen impurities;
• primary oil recovery involves drilling a well & pumping oil that flows
by gravity into the bottom of the well;
• secondary oil recovery involves injecting water in nearby wells to
force remaining heavy oil to the surface;
• tertiary or enhanced oil recovery involves using_____________
___________________________
Discuss with your table partner:
Which form of oil recovery has the highest net energy? Which has the lowest? Explain your answers.
_________ Oil Recovery has the lowest net energy
because _____________________________________
________________________________________
____________ recovery has the highest net energy.
Oil storage
Oil drilling
platform Oil well Pipeline
Gas well
Mined coal
Pump
Coal seam
Crude oil and natural gas are often found together in
sedimentary rock, with the oil dispersed in pores of the
rock formation.
Crude Oil Refining
• gasoline & aviation fuel are among the most volatile
components;
• heating oil is less volatile, but still burns readily;
• diesel oil is still less volatile, and is a common fuel for trucks,
buses, & heavy machinery;
• grease, wax, & asphalt are the least
volatile, most dense materials separated;
• petrochemicals derived from oil are
used for synthesizing industrial organic
chemicals, pesticides, plastics, synthetic
fibers, paints, medicines, & many other
products.
Low
Boiling
point
High
Boiling
point
The processing of crude oil is called refining. It involves
separating components based on their______________
Lowest Boiling Point
Gases
Gasoline
Aviation
fuel
Heating
oil
Diesel
oil
Naphtha
Heated
crude oil
Grease and
wax
Furnace Asphalt
Highest Boiling Point
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• In 2006 OPEC produced 43% of the world's oil (down
from 65% in 1973)
• OPEC members: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia,
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
UAE & Venezuela
• Important Non-OPEC oil producers include Mexico and
Canada (oil sand)
14
13
12
11
10 Projected U.S. oil
consumption 9
8
7
6
5
Barr
els
of oil
per
year
(bill
ions)
3
4
2 Arctic refuge oil output
over 50 years
1
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
ANWR (Arctic National Wildlife Reserves) potential oil supply
compared to US projected demand.
Conventional Oil: Advantages
• Ample supply for 42–93 years
• Low cost
• Easily transported within & between countries
• Low land use
• Technology is well developed
• Efficient distribution system
Conventional Oil: Disadvantages
• Releases CO2 when burned
• Can cause water pollution
• Pollutes air when produced and burned
• Nonrenewable. Will need to find substitute in the future
• Large government subsidies
• Environmental costs not included in
market price
• Artificially low price encourages waste and
discourages search for alternatives
Background: Mining Terms
Overburden: The layer of material that __________ the
mineral resource.
Spoil: The material (overburden) that ___________
________________ from over a mineral resource.
Tailings: The material ____________ from a mineral
resource (ore).
Overburden
Mineral
Resource
Spoil
Tailings
Oil Sand
• Oil sand, tar sand
-contains bitumen
• Canada and Venezuela:
-oil sand have more oil than in Saudi Arabia
• Extraction
– 4 metric tons of overburden removed to produce 1 metric ton of bitumen
– Each barrel of oil requires _______________
– Releases _ times as much CO2 as conventional oil
– Low net energy yield
Oil Sand
Video on Oil Sands: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=1225047n
Oil Shale
• Oil shales contain kerogen
– After distillation: shale oil
• 72% of the world’s reserve is in arid areas of western United States;
– Lack of water needed for extraction and processing
– Low net energy yield
Video on Oil Shale: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4221813n
Oil Sands and Oil Shale: Advantages
• Moderate cost (oil sand)
• Large potential supplies, especially oil
sands in Canada
• Easily transported within and between
countries
• Efficient distribution system in place
• Technology well-developed (oil sand)
Oil Sands and Oil Shale: Disadvantages • _______________________ needed for processing
• Severe ______________
• Pet coke waste from refining process (ex. near
Chicago and Detroit neighborhoods)
• Severe water pollution
• More flammable than traditional crude (recent train
fires)
• Low net energy yield
• Environmental costs not included in market price
Oil Spills
- volatile organics can kill
many aquatic organisms
(especially plankton & larvae),
- floating oil coats birds &
marine mammals,_________
_______________________,
- heavy oil sinks to ocean
bottom & washes into
estuaries where it
contaminates crabs, oysters,
etc.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill March 24, 1989, Exxon Valdez spilled oil in Prince William Sound
Over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of shoreline was coated
Exxon ruled negligent in 1991 federal lawsuit, and paid $1 billion to Alaska in fines
Exxon ruled guilty in 1994 lawsuit, and awarded $5 billion in damages to fishing industry, landowners, and AK residents
Preventing Oil Spills A __________________ may have prevented the Valdez catastrophe
All new tankers must have a double hull, and all single-hulled tankers are supposed to be phased out by 2015, but the oil industry is working to weaken these requirements.
Oil Protection Act of 1990 was supposed to regulate supertankers, but oil companies have found a way around the law by operating barges instead of tankers
Deep Horizon Oil Spill: Gulf of Mexico
• On April 20th, 2010,
methane in a deep water
oil well caused an
explosion.
• For 3 months oil gushed
into the deep ocean
before being capped
• An estimated 200 million
gallons spilled.
Methods of Cleaning-up Oils
Clean-up efforts included:
• Skimming
• Burning
• Removal from beaches
• Sorbents (Pads to absorb oil)
• Use of dispersants (______
________________________)
Booms to contain spill, sorbents and
other materials must be disposed of
as a hazardous waste.
Deep Horizon Oil Spill: Gulf of Mexico Corexit was the primary dispersant used and was highly
controversial.
Corexit is a carcinogen with the potential to
bioaccumulate.
The OSHA Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) states:
“No toxicity studies have been conducted on this
product.”
On May 19th, the EPA gave BP 24 hours to choose a
less toxic dispersant.
By July 30th, about 1.8 million gallons of dispersant,
mostly Corexit, had been deployed.
Deep Horizon Oil Spill: Gulf of Mexico
Deep Horizon Oil Spill
Methane: About 200,000
tons of CH4 were released
• As of Sept. 2010, most of
the methane appeared to be
gone.
• Methane-eating microbes
(methanotrophs) are
probably responsible
• Downside:___________
_____________________,
so waters became
________ depleted.
CAFE Standards: Corporate Average Fuel Economy
• After the 1973 Oil Embargo, the US Energy Policy &
Conservation Act of 1975 set standards for the
average fuel efficiency for each _______________
• From 1990-2010, the CAFE standards were 27.5 mpg
for passenger vehicles and 20.7 mpg for light
trucks/SUV’s
• Increases in standards through both the EISA (Energy
Independence and Security Act in 2007 and Obama
Administration regulations. Increases to __________
average for (new) passenger vehicles by 2025.
Natural Gas
•Natural gas is a mixture of 50–90%
methane (CH4), with other
hydrocarbons and the toxic gas
hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
•When a natural gas field is tapped,
propane (C3H8) & butane (C4H10)
gases are removed as liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG).
•Natural gas is typically transported
in ________________.
Transporting Natural Gas Pipelines extend for hundreds of
miles, which can be hazardous Pipelines can also leak _______
_____________________ into the atmosphere.
Natural Gas is also transported in ships and trucks
Conventional natural gas is_____________________.
• Russia has largest reserves of conventional natural
gas.
Unconventional natural gas is found in coal beds,
tight sands, dissolved in deep hot water, and frozen on
the ocean floor.
• US has large reserves of unconventional natural gas
Fracking: Hydraulic Fracturing New technology uses high pressure water and chemicals injected horizontally into deposits to fracture and release the gas.
Environmental Concerns:
• ___________________________________________ ____________________________________
• ___________________________________________ ____________________________________
Marcellus Shale is a major deposit of natural gas in the NE (Pennsylvania, New York)
Videos on Fracking: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=50137954n
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7391179n
Natural Gas: Advantages
• CO2 emissions per unit energy produced is
__________________ for natural gas
compared to other fossil fuels.
• _________________than other fossil fuels
• Easily transported by pipeline
• Low land use
• Ample supplies
Natural Gas: Disadvantages • Nonrenewable resource
• Releases CO2 when burned
• Environmental costs not included in price
• ____________________________________
• Difficult to transfer from one country to another
• Can be shipped across ocean only as highly explosive
LNG
• Groundwater pollution from fracking
Coal
Coal is a fossil fuel,
produced from the buried
remains of swamp plants
that died during the
Carboniferous period
(geologic era ending 286
million years ago).
Stages in the
formation of coal
over millions of
years. Note the
three types of coal.
Coal Sources & Uses
Largest reserves of coal are in United States, the
former Soviet Union countries, and China.
•Coal provides about 25% of the world's
commercial energy (22% in U.S.)
•Used to generate 64% of world's electricity
(57% in U.S.)
•Used to make ___________________
•China gets ______________ from coal, largest
user.
Waste heat
Coal bunker Turbine Cooling tower
transfers waste heat
to atmosphere
Generator Cooling loop
Stack
Pulverizing
mill
Condenser Filter
Boiler
Toxic ash disposal
Mountaintop Removal Mining
Coal is naturally contaminated with mercury, which is
released when it is burned.
Coal-burning power plants and industrial boilers are the
greatest contributor to mercury pollution.
Mercury Emissions from Coal
Air Pollution from Coal: Acid Rain and Soot Coal contains sulfur and nitrogen impurities. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted from coal burning. These
molecules react in the atmosphere to form_________________
______________________________.
2/3 of all SO2 and ¼ of all NOx comes from electricity generated
by fossil fuels (especially coal).
East coast uses a greater percentage of
coal and has more acid rain.
Recent NASA Images of China’s Air Pollution
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/01/15/unbelievable-photos-of-how-bad-beijings-air-has-gotten/
Air Pollution from Coal: Soot
Carbon soot both contributes to global warming and is a harmful air pollutant (fine particulate matter.)
Methods of Reducing Air Pollution:
____________ ____________
____________
Videos on Coal: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4969902n
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6369590n
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4969906n
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=5356259n
Scrubbers can reduce Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
TRADE-OFFS
Coal
Advantages Disadvantages Severe land
disturbance, air
pollution, and water
pollution
Ample supplies (225–900
years)
High net energy yield
Environmental costs
not included in
market price
Low cost
Large government
subsidies Well-developed
technology High CO2 emissions
when produced and
burned
Air pollution can be
reduced with improved
technology
Severe threat to human
health when burned
Radioactive particle and
toxic mercury emissions
Conversion of solid coal to
-Synthetic natural gas (SNG) by coal gasification
- Methanol or synthetic gasoline by coal liquefaction
Synthetic fuels Advantages Disadvantages
Large potential
supply
Low to moderate net
energy yield
Higher cost than coal
Vehicle fuel Requires mining 50%
more coal
Environmental costs not
included in market price
Moderate cost High environmental impact
Large government
subsidies
High water use Lower air pollution than
coal when burned Higher CO2 emissions
than coal
Methane Hydrates
Methane hydrates are methane molecules (CH4) encased in an ice lattice
Stable only at __________ _______________________
Boils off at STP, and is extremely volatile
Not currently safe methods to extract
Videos on methane hydrates: http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4205577n