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Energy From Organic Fuels
Chapter 15
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15.1 The Need For Energy
• The laws of physics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• Light energy from the sun is
converted by plants into chemical energy. When we eat food, energy is converted to heat, mechanical energy.
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•Fuel – any substance from which energy can be obtained.
•Energy from the sun fuels almost all life on Earth.
•Lightning is the only form of electricity found in nature.
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Changing Energy Needs
Modern industrial society uses about 50 times more energy per person than the hunter-gatherer (Lights, Heat, & Cooking) societies did.
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Fuels From Organisms
• Hydrocarbon – A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen.
• (Methane CH4, Ethane C2H6, Octane C8H18)
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Naming Hydrocarbo
ns
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Fossil Fuels•Fossil Fuels • Fuels derived from the
remains of organisms that lived long ago.
• The energy is stored within buried cells (Animals, Trees, Bones, Plant Roots) of organisms is used as a fuel today.
• Petroleum, Coal, and Natural Gas
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15.2 Coal
• Coal formation is largely the result
of sedimentation.
• Coal formation occurs in stages over millions of years.
• H & O is removed leaving higher concentrations of Carbon.
• Higher concentrations of Carbon produces greater amounts of energy.
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Peat
• The 1st stage in the formation of Coal.
• Peat – Brittle, brown plant material containing a great deal of water and a low percentage of carbon.
• Large amounts of smoke.
• Peat is not coal… yet!
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Peat
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Lignite
• The 1st form of true coal.
• Heat and pressure forces water from the peat forming lignite.
• Lignite – Soft, brown coal composed of about 40% Carbon.
• Must be mined.
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Lignite
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Bituminous Coal
• Soft coal composed of up to 85% Carbon.
• Most abundant type of coal mined in the US.
• Burns hotter and less smoke than lignite and peat.
• Used by Power Plants to produce steam to generate electricity.
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Bituminous Coal
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Anthracite Coal
• Metamorphic Rock formed from Bituminous Coal.
• A hard coal composed of up to 95% carbon.• Shiny black color
• Located deeper in the ground than other coal forms.
• Least amount of water, fewest impurities, and highest carbon content.
• Most Expensive = Least Abundant
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Anthracite Coal
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15.3 Petroleum and Natural Gas
• Petroleum – Crude oil, liquid fossil fuel.
• Natural Gas – Fossil Fuel in gaseous state.
• Coal - Solid
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Petroleum
• Crude oil is under extreme pressure as a result of being trapped under nonporous rocks such as shale.
•One of the World’s most important resources.
•Petroleum Products: Gasoline, Diesel, Fuel oil, Grease, Asphalt, Nylon, Polyester, and Plastics.
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Natural Gas • Major components
of Natural Gas are Hydrocarbons. (Ex. Methane, Ethane, and Propane)
• Natural Gas burns cleaner than Coal and Oil.
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15.4 Other Organic Fuels
• Alternative fuels can solve some but not all of the problems associated with fossil fuels.
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Problems With Fossil
Fuels
• Availability – Fossil Fuels are declining (Nonrenewable)
• Pollution – Environmental Damage (Oil Spills and Habitat destruction)
• Permanent degradation of coastlines are the most serious environmental threats associated with Fossil Fuel exploration.
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Biomass Fuels
• Fuels that are formed from burning recently living organic products.
• Biomass Fuel – Fuel formed from the products of living organisms.
• Wood, Garbage, Methane, and Alcohol
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Wood
• High concentrations of CO2 and Smoke.
• Damages Forests.
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Garbage
• 66% of garbage can be burned as fuel.
• Trash to Steam Power Plants
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Trash to Steam Plant 1
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Trash to Steam Plant 2
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Trash to Steam Plant 3
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Trash to Steam Plant 4
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Methane
• Family farmers can store animal waste in containers and capture natural gas for fuel.
• Swamp gas – naturally produced form of methane.
• Methane is being removed from landfills and swamps for fuel usage.
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Alcohol• Using alcohol fermentation converts
organic material into a fuel. (Ethanol)
• Bioconversion – Processing organic material into fuel.
• Gasohol is a gasoline-alcohol mixture that is being produced by sunflowers and peanuts.
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