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The Energy Challenge and Introduction to Solar Cells
Burhan Saifaddin
Splash program for High School Students, MIT 2011
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Outline
• The importance of Energy • The energy Challenge• Introduction to Solar Cells• Organic Photovoltaic Research
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What is Energy !!
• Brain storm the importance of energy and its uses: Examples on the impact of energy : – Transportation– Housing– Industry
• Materials • Manufacturing
– Information Technology – Food– People and every living being
The Sun is the main source of energy at our planet.
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What is Energy !!
• Discovery of Energy. • Matter is Energy. Everything is Energy.– The Big bang started the universe.– Biological Life is based on the consumption of energy.– Fire discovery ended Stone AgeMore recently :– Steam Engine started the industrial revolution– Electricity started communication, tranportation and
information revolution– Nuclear energy started the nuclear age.
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Do we consume Energy more than we drink water *?!
• How are we spending energy ?• World wide : ~0.5 Zetta-Joules (10^21)– What does one Joule means ?!
• ~ 2.9 MJ to boil 1 kg of water from zero degrees.
• In the US 100 Quadrillions(10^15) BTU – 5% consumes 22% of global energy use.In lay terms– this is 1.5 Gallon /person/day.– Average US is 7.5 Gallon/person/day.– How much water do you drink a day ? But more than 1.6B people have Zero electricity
* Ignore other industrial, agricultural etc… uses of water
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Adopted from Prof Tonio Buonassisi
Units 101
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Units 101
Adopted from Prof Tonio Buonassisi
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Adopted from Prof Tonio Buonassisi
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Adopted from Prof Tonio Buonassisi
100 MW Solar Cells Power Planet
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The Energy Challenge
1- Meet Huge Energy Demands Sustainably:
• 2010, 6.8 Billion People 12TW– 2kW/person over the year. – 1.5 Gasoline Gallon/day.
• Increasing population. By 2050, 10-12 Billion People 20-24TW (conservative estimate).
• Raising standards of Living for over than 2 Billions people.• Nations wants energy security and green energy.
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The Energy Challenge 2- Risks of Global Warming. Is it real ?
3-National Security.
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Why meet the Energy Challenge
• Meet Global Energy Demands in a sustainable way.
• Big economic growth: Energy is a Trillions of Dollars Industry. – 30% growth in photovoltaic market in the past 6
years. • Enable cheap and distributed power sources. • Empower people around the world.– 25 % of humanity have no electricity.
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The developing World
The World at night.
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PV and the developing WorldWorld
http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/Adopted from Prof. Tonio Buonassisi
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PV and the developing WorldWorld
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The Sun is the Primary energy source on Earth
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Solar Insolation: Incoming Solar Radiation
Summer
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Solar Insolation: Incoming Solar Radiation
Winter
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Review
• What are the main energy challenges facing our world ?
• Design a Solar System to Generate – 10KWh/day at peak sun conditions.
• How much area , roughly, we need to generate
1 TW ?
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Difficulties with the sun’s light spectrum:
-Very Wideband
-Low power density , Maximum (peak) ~ 1000 W/m2
-Capacity factor ~ 20%.
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Three generation of Photovoltaic in 50 Years
Main Problem for wide adoption is Cost $$
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Polymer and Silicon PV
• TTwo
Based on A Heeger et all. Science (1995)
Polymer PV
Early Applications in Space
Crystalline Silicon in Bell Labs in the 1950s
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Basic Photovoltaic Energy Conversion
What is the maximum limit for a single junction PV ?
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PV Technology Status
NREL, 2009
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PV Technology Status
NREL, 2009
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Motivation for Cheap Solar Cells
• Meet Global Energy Demands in a sustainable way.
• Big economic growth.– 30% growth in photovoltaic market in the past 6 years.
• Enable cheap and distributed power sources. • Empower people around the world.– 25 % of humanity have no electricity.
Why Polymers or Organic Materials ?
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Additionally Huge Economic Advantages.
• Big economic growth.– Potentially trillions of dollars market size.– 30% growth in photovoltaic market in the past 10
years. – DOE expect grid parity for PV tech. in 2020.
• Empower people around the world.– 25 % of humanity have no electricity.
africa-charity-project.org
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Basic Overview of the Organic PV Technology
• Setbacks – Low life time (2-5 years) – and low efficiency (4-5%).
• Key patents :Konarka (2001) and Solarmer (2006).
BHJ Cells manufacturers Claims:Roll to Roll processing. Cheap abundant Materials. Light weight.Flexible. Larger acceptance angle.
www.osa-opn.org
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PV Researchers and entrepreneurs dream
• Covers large area of land with PV cells. – 1 % of US land to satisfy US electricity needs.– Spain size to satisfy 20TW increase in demand.– Small contribution to global warming , comparable to US
black highways. – Reasonable fraction Targets by 2030 and by 2050.
• However to be competitive in the grid parity market– 5c/KWh at around 1$/W for the whole system.– Improve lifetime in outdoor conditions.
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Components of BHJ PV
• Active materials cost is a small fraction of the total cost. • Similar cost structure to Thin Films. . Kalowekmao et al., 2007
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PV Electricity Markets
• Market Size double every 3y. Currently ~$40 Billion. • Competitors will reach Grid parity at some locations (8-10
c/kwh) before by 2015.
Thin Films are leading the way nowExs. First Solar
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Solar systems cost
• Balance of System (>50%)– 1- Light weight plastic substrate. – Glass substrate • Cost is Different in developing nations
• Balance of Materials – In crystalline silicon materials cost is 10% , 2-3
C/KWh(1).
(1) Nathan S. Lewis. SCIENCE 9 FEB 2007 VOL 315.
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Niche Markets: What would be the consumer reaction?
• Opportunities is determined by– $/kWh, life time, efficiency.
• Light Weight and low light suitability. • Portable Electronics: Mobiles , laptops, ipods• Watches.
• Flexibility lead to – Clothing. – Fabrics. – Tents
• Transparency lead to– Tinted Glass.– Building integrated materials.– Automobiles.
Premium to 100$