Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Laurence G Williams FREng
Professor of Nuclear Safety & RegulationUniversity of Central Lancashire
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
The Relationship between Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
• Nuclear safety is about protecting people and the environment from plant malfunction and human error
What is nuclear safety?
Potential HazardsFrom
Normal Operations&
Accidents
Nuclear Safety Workers
Public Environment
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
• What is nuclear security?
Workers Public
Environment
Nuclear Security
Potential HazardsFrom
Malicious Acts
Nuclear security is about protecting people and the environment from malicious acts
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
• What is nuclear safeguards?
Workers Public
Environment
Nuclear Security
Nuclear safeguards is about protecting people and the environment from the theft or diversion of nuclear materials and technologies that could be used to proliferate nuclear weapons
Potential Hazards
from loss of Safeguards
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Workers Public
Environment
Potential HazardsFrom
Malicious Acts
Security
Safeguards Potential Hazards
from loss of
Safeguards
Potential HazardsFrom
Normal Operations&
AccidentsSafety
Workers, the public and the environment require protection from plant malfunction, human error, malicious acts and proliferation of nuclear materials and technologies
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Malfunction, human errors Malevolent
acts by non-State actors
Misuse by State
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment
Similarly nuclear safety is necessary for the protection of people and the environmental but again it is not sufficient
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment
Similarly nuclear safety is necessary for the protection of people and the environmental but again it is not sufficient
The effective application of non-proliferation safeguards is again necessary but not sufficient
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards
Many nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards issues are not mutually exclusive
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Potential Hazards
From
Malicious Acts
Potential Hazards
From
Normal Operation
&
Accidents
Potential Hazards
from
Diversion of Nuclear
Materials &
Technologies
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Potential Hazards
From
Malicious Acts
Potential Hazards
From
Normal Operation
&
Accidents
Potential Hazards
from
Diversion of Nuclear
Materials &
Technologies
In these areas it is necessary to have an integrated approach to ensure that the solutions for one do not adversely affect the other
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
• All 3 are needed to provide the Continuum of Protection society needs
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s?
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Many examples of either nuclear safety or nuclear security have been compromised by through a lack of coordination
• Fences• Plant configuration controls• Armed protection forces• Safety access points• Etc.
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
There are important synergies in the measures used to deliver nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards
For effective protection all three areas need to treated in a coordinated way
Nuclear safety, nuclear security and where appropriate safeguards professionals need to work together
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
There needs to be much closer integration of nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards approaches in:
• design, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of nuclear installations
• the transport of nuclear and radioactive materials
• the use of radioactive sources
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Responsibility
Licensee responsible for safety & security
Responsibility for nuclear safety is more easily discharged
Responsibility for security is more problematic
• Not in complete control
• Cannot define the Threat
• Cannot carry out all the actions to reduce the Threat
• Government is in control of defining the Threat
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Safety & Security Communities
Nuclear safety and security practitioners have had little in common
Developed from different communities
Nuclear safety community comprised engineers and scientists who undertake detailed design and analysis to demonstrate the behaviour of nuclear plants and processes and to determine risk
Nuclear security community has been shrouded in secrecy and operated within a “need to know” culture
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Risk Evaluation
Nuclear safety is about
• understanding plant failure characteristics and human error
• providing effective engineered or administrative barriers to counter such failures and mitigation of the consequences
• using numerical approach to evaluate risk and hence acceptability
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Risk Evaluation
Nuclear security is about
• protecting against unknown, possibly unquantifiable, malicious acts
• evaluate risk from specifically defined event
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Risk Management
In the nuclear safety world
• risk is evaluated through a detailed understanding of plant and process failure mechanisms
• detailed technical analyses enables defence in depth to be designed in and effectively managed
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Risk Management
In the nuclear security world
• the nature and probability of the threat is not as easily amenable to calculation
• risk is more difficult to quantify
• risk is managed in conjunction with others, possibly including an armed protection force
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Culture
Nuclear safety culture is well established
Nuclear security culture is in its infancy
World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS) Guide
Culture is about beliefs and values
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Culture - beliefs
In the case of nuclear safety culture
• Staff believe that accidents can happen
For nuclear security it is important for staff to believe that:
• Nuclear security is important in combating terrorist threats
• Credible threats nuclear materials exist at all times
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Challenges
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Culture - Values
In the case of nuclear safety culture • Staff recognise the nuclear safety is their
responsibility
For nuclear security it is important for staff to recognise that:
• Maintaining effective security is the responsibility of everyone in the organisation
• they should challenge, question and report security concerns
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Effective Organizations
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
To be effective, nuclear safety and security staff will need to work together to meet the above challenges
Nuclear Security must be given the same recognition at Board level as nuclear safety and environmental protection
Organization should have an integrated nuclear safety and security culture
An effective organization will have an integrated approach to the management of nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
MSc Nuclear Safety, Security & Safeguards
UCLan Contribution to Skills
Module 1: Introduction to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Module 2: Nuclear Safety Law and Regulation
Module 3: The Delivery of Nuclear Safety
Module 4: Nuclear Security & Safeguards Law and Regulation
Module 5: The Delivery of Nuclear Security & Safeguards
Module 6: Leadership and Management
Module 7: Research Methodology
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Conclusions
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Protection of workers, the public and the environment depends upon the effective delivery of nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Conclusions
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards communities have developed separately for understandable reasons but to deliver a sustainable nuclear programme in the future they need to work together
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Conclusions
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
The risks to society that arise from the use of nuclear energy can be reduced through the effective integration of our approach to nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards within
• Government
• Regulators
• Licensees
• Nuclear supply chain
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
Safeguards: Non-Proliferation Agreements
and Additional Protocols
Safety: Int’l Safety Standards
And ConventionsSecurity:
Physical Protection,Detection and Response,
Information;Conventions and
Recommendations
SYNERGY
Safeguards
Safety Security
Promotes the Peaceful, Safe and Secure use of Nuclear Technology
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013
The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards
Thank You