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Entomology Basics
Chris Becker
Regional Extension
Agent
Alabama Cooperative
Extension System
www.anilrana13014.weebly.com www.k8449r.weebly.com
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Table of Contents
• Fun Facts
• Introduction to Insects
• Growth and Development
• Insect Orders
• Feeding Styles and Mouthparts
• Integrated Pest Management
• Common Garden Pests
• Beneficial Insects
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Fun Facts• Over 750,000 described species
• Estimates run as high as 30-50 millionspecies
• Less than 3% of insects are classified as pests
• 1/2-1/3 all species are insects
• The oceans and poles are the only habitatsthat insects have not been able to exploit
• In the typical backyard there are ~1000insects at any given time
• An ant can pull 52 times its own weight -equal to a human pulling 4.5 tons!
• Honeybees communicate through dances
• Larvae eat 3-4 times their weight / day in
food
• Aphids can process 100 times their weight in
plant sap
• Some insects can survive being frozen solid
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What is an
insect?
Must have:
• Exoskeleton
• Segmented body
• Jointed appendages
• Three body regions
(head, thorax, abdomen)
• Six legs (3 pair)
• One pair of antennae
• None, one, or two pair
of wings
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Are spiders insects?
No:
•Class Arachnida
•2 body segments - head and
abdomen
•8 legs
•Includes mites and ticks
•No wings
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Insect vs. Spider
Antennae
Three
SegmentsWings
Six Legs
Eight Legs
Two
Segments
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Growth and Development
• Molting – insects must shed their
skin and produce a larger one in
order to grow
• Period between molts is referred to
as an instar
• Most insect life cycles have between 4
& 8 instars before the adult stage
• Insects can drastically change in
shape and form during growth and
development - called metamorphosis
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Complete Metamorphosis
Metamorphosis – Change in shape and
form
• Complete
•Four, distinct life stages
•Egg, Larvae, Pupa, Adult
•Examples: butterflies, moths, bees, wasps,
flies, beetles
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Complete Metamorphosis
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
• Incomplete
•No distinct stages
•Egg, Nymph, Adult
•Nymph often appears as small version of adult
•Adult often characterized by wings
•Examples: grasshoppers, stink bugs,
spiders
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Incomplete Metamorphosis
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Molting
Insects are covered with a hard outer
skeleton called the exoskeleton. The
exoskeleton has many functions including:
• Protective coating for the insect
• Serves as a place for muscle attachment
• Water barrier
• Sensory interface with the environment
Periodically throughout an insects life, the
exoskeleton becomes too small and
actually splits. This process is called
molting.
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Molting
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Molting
Split
Exoskeleton
(exuvium)
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Life Cycle and Development
The life cycle of an insect can vary
from species to species. Life cycles and
development can be influenced by
temperature, food availability, etc.
Higher temperatures promote more
active growth and development,
whereas lower temperatures slow or
hinder development. The majority of
insects have either univoltine or
multivoltine life cycles.
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Voltinism
Indicate the number of broods or generations of
an organism in a year
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Univoltine
• One generation per year
• Don’t develop continuosly
throughout the year
• Enter into diapause (period of
suspended development,
overwinter) due to drought, temps
high or low
• Example - Weevils
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Multivoltine
• Multiple generations per year
• Generally develop quite rapidly
• Some species only live for a matter
of days Example - fruit flies
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Insect Orders
• Coleoptera
• Lepidoptera
• Hymenoptera
• Hemiptera
• Diptera
• Isoptera
• Orthoptera
• Dermaptera
• Dictyoptera
• Thysanoptera
• Homoptera
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Coleoptera - Beetles
• Largest order of insects
• Complete metamorphosis -
larvae are grubs
• Chewing mouthparts
larvae and adults
• Two pairs of wings-first
hardened into wing covers
(elytra)
• Herbivores and carnivores
Colorado Potato Beetle
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Lepidoptera – Butterflies, Moths
• Complete metamorphosis
• Larvae have chewing
mouth parts
• Adults have sucking
mouthparts (proboscis)
• Two pairs of wings/
covered with scales
Gypsy Moth
Tomato fruitworm
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Hymenoptera – Ants, Bees, Wasps,
Sawflies
• Complete metamorphosis-
larvae are maggot like
• Chewing mouthparts in
larvae
• Some adults have chewing
(ants) some have sucking
(bees)
• Two pairs of wings- both
membranes hooked
together to work as one
Honey Bee
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Hemiptera – True bugs, Stink bugs,
Assassin bugs, Squash bugs
• Simple development
• Sucking mouthparts
• Front wings generally
hemelytrous, (thickened at
the base and membranous
at the tip)
• Hind wings membranous
and shorter than the front
wings
Green Stink Bug
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Diptera – True Flies
• Complete metamorphosis
larvae are maggots
• Chewing mouthparts in
larvae and variable in
adults
• Adults only have 1 pair of
wings
Horse Fly
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Isoptera - Termites
• Specialized life cycle that
includes; egg, larvae, nymph,
worker, soldier, king, and
queen
• Chewing mouthparts in larvae
and variable in adults
• Wings are variable
• Have complex caste system
(soldiers, sterile workers,
reproducers)
• Reproducers excrete hormone
to suppress sexual
development of the rest of the
colony
Termite
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Orthoptera – Grasshopper, Crickets
• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Chewing mouthparts
• One/two pair of wings, no
wings, nubs
• Modified hind legs
Katydid
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Dermaptera – Earwigs
• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Feed on animal and plant
matter
• Chewing mouthparts
• Have pincers at the end of
the abdomen
• Two pair of wings
Earwig
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Dictyoptera – Mantids and Roaches
• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Feed on animal and plant
matter
• Chewing mouthparts
• Two pair of wings, no wings
Praying Mantid
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Thysanoptera – Thrips
• Incomplete metamorphosis
• Generally feed on plant
matter some are beneficial
• Chewing mouthparts
• Two pair of wings, some no
wings
Thrips
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Mouthparts
• Chewing/biting
• Sucking
• Piercing sucking
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Mouthparts
Labrum - plate that serves as upper lip in insects with
chewing mouthparts. Helps to pull food into the
mouth.
Mandible – appendage that becomes the 1st pair of
mouthparts, analogous to jaw. Used to chew, cut, and
tear food, to carry things, to fight, and to mold wax.
Move from side to side rather than up and down.
Maxillae - 2nd pair of feeding appendages, used for food
handling and sensing. More complicated than the
mandibles but working in the same manner.
Labium - fused, 3rd pair of feeding appendages,
analogous to lower lip. They function to close the
mouth below or behind. Evolved from paired maxillae-
like structures that are fused along the center line.
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Chewing and Biting
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Feeding Styles
• Chewing
• Chews external plant parts
• Most primitive
• Holes in foliage, stem
• Ragged leaf edges
• Larval stages are almost always
chewing
• Examples: grasshoppers, Japanese
beetle, armyworms
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Sucking
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Feeding Styles
• Sucking
• Use proboscis to retrieve fluid from
flowers and fruit.
• Majority of moths do not have a
proboscis. Most moths live off fat
reserves stored during the larval
stage.
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Piercing and Sucking
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Feeding Styles
• Piercing/Sucking
• Pierce plant tissue and suck plant juices
(like needle)
• Slender and sharp pointed mouthpart
(stylet)
• Injury often appears as minute spotting,
wilting, deformed tissue, browning of tissue
• Many of these insects produce
honeydew/sooty mold
• Vectors of plant disease
• Examples: aphids, scale insects, plant
bugs, mosquitoes
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IPM
• IPM – Integrated Pest Management orIntelligent Pest Management, using acombination of biological, mechanical,cultural, and chemical means to controlpests.
• Helps to reduce pesticide resistance
• Reduces chemical costs
• Limits chemical exposure
• Reduces environmental exposure to pesticides
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IPM
• Prevention is the first step.
• Location
• Soil Preparation
• Plant inspection and selection
• Mechanical & Cultural Control
• Crop Rotation
• Companion Plantings
• Spacing
• Clean/Decon equipment
• Maintain equipment
• Resistant varieties
• Trap plants
• Barriers and traps
• Sanitation remove plant debris
• Destroy alternate hosts (weeds)
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Chemical
• Chemical
• Insecticides
• It is always necessary to read pesticide labels and follow all directions including PPE requirements and application guidelines.
• Insecticide – any substance intended for preventing, repelling or destroying insect pests.
• Always start with soft chemicals first then move up from there.
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Pesticides
• Naming
• Common name (active ingredient) –
Carbaryl
• Trade name – Sevin
• Classification
• Contact (Kills on contact) vs.
Systemic (Chemical is taken up by the
plant and kills pests as they feed.
• Mode of entry
• Chemical class (Organochlorines,
Pyrethroids, Organophosphates,
Carbamates, Botanicals)
• Formulation (Active ingredient, plus
additional mat.
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Insecticides
• Formulation
• Dusts
• Oils
• Soaps
• Fumigants
• Wettable powders
• Emulsifiable (concentrated)
• Granules
• Sprays
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Insecticides
• If there is any question on a chemical
and its safety, contact the manufacturer
and ask for the msds “Material safety
data sheet”. These will tell you its
chemical properties (flammability,
reactivity, corrosiveness, etc.)
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Insecticides
Broad Spectrum
• Wide range killers
• Used when several
different kinds of
insects are a problem
• Will not kill
everything but very
versatile
Narrow Spectrum
• Only kill specific
insects, types, etc
• Pheromones
• Growth inhibitors
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Break Time!!!!!!!
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Common Garden Pests
Cecropia Moth Larvae
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Corn Earworm• Feeds on beans, peas,
sweet corn, okra,
tomatoes, cabbage,
eggplant, and pepper
• Early planting
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Aphids • Feed on cole crops, cucurbits,
beans, peas, potatoes,
tomatoes, lettuce, turnips,
spinach
• Wash off plants with strong
stream of water
Insecticidal soaps
Biological control –
Wasps, Lady beetles
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Thrips
• Feed on garlic,
onion, blueberry,
ornamentals
• Remove weed
hosts
• Biological control
– Lady beetles
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Mealybug
• Soft scale insects
that feed on
foliage of various
plants.
• Produce
honeydew (sooty
mold)
• Biological control
– Lady beetles
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Leafminer• Larvae of flies,
moths, and beetles
that feed in between
upper and lower leaf
surfaces
• Feed on beans,
lettuce, celery,
broccoli, etc.
• Biological control –
lady beetles
• Remove visible
infestations
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Spider Mites• Not an insect
• Feed on beans, corn,
tomato, and eggplant,
etc.
• Remove weeds
• Adequate soil moisture
• High pressure water
spraying
• Miticides
• Insecticidal soaps
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Japanese Beetles
• Pest of turf,
ornamentals, fruit,
asparagus, soybean,
corn, etc.
• Physical control
• Attractants, trapping
(not recommended
• Biological control -
wasps
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Slugs• Feed on corn,
lettuce, beans,
ornamentals, etc.
• Optimum irrigation
timing
• Manual removal
• Baits
• Traps
• Stale beer
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White Fly
• Feed on
Tomatoes,
peppers, cole
crops, citrus, etc.
• Prevention
• Biological control
– Lacewings,
Bigeyed bugs
• Remove heavily
infested plants
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Tomato Horn Worm
• Feed on Tomato,
eggplant, pepper,
potato, etc.
• Bt (Bacillus
thuringiensis)
• Physical removal
• Biological
control – Wasps
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Flea Beetles
• Feed on potato,
spinach,
tomatoes,
peppers,
cucumbers, etc.
• Remove weed
hosts
• Traps
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Corn Borers
• Feed on corn,
peppers, potato,
etc.
• Variety selection
• Planting date
• Early harvest
• Bt
• Biological – Lady
beetles
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Squash Bug
• Feed on cucurbits
• Hard to control
• Early detection of
nymphs offers best
control
• Maintain healthy
plants
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Cucumber Beetle
• Feed on cucurbits
• Vector of disease
• Select resistant crops
• Can be spotted,
stripped, or banded
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Black Cutworm• Feed on corn,
asparagus, bean,
beet, etc
• Sever plants at the
base of stem and soil
line
• Generally no other
damage present
• Use Bt products for
control
• Avoid planting in
areas that were
formerly fields
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Black Cutworm
• Feed on corn
plants – leaves and
corn
• Actively scout
plants before silk
appears
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Leaf Hoppers
• Feed on beans, lettuce,
potato, etc
• Spread plant
pathogens – bacterial,
viral disease
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Curculios
• Feed on peas, plum,
cotton, lima bean and
many other fruit
• Late season crops are
less susceptible
• Rotate crops
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Squash Vine Borer
• Squash, zucchini,
pumpkins, and
gourds are attacked
• Scout for borer
activity
• Look for visible frass
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Tarnished Plant Bug
• Attacks some 50
species of plants
• Destroy favorable
overwintering sites
• Remove all host
plants
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Leaf Roller
• Attacks lime beans,
peas, soybean
cowpea etc
• Look for leaves
rolled over attached
with silk
• Shelters become
larger when insects
pupate
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Leaffooted Bug
• Will attack cotton,
peaches, and
tomatoes, and seeds
such as beans, black-
eyed peas, and
sorghum
• Damage similar to
stinkbugs
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Beneficial Insects
Tomato Hornworm parasitized by the Braconid Wasp
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Braconid Wasp
• Adult wasp inserts
eggs beneath the
skin of caterpillar
• Larvae hatch and
feed on caterpillar
until they pupate
and hatch out as
seen in photo
• Will also parasitize
other insects
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Tiger Beetle• Adults are
opportunistic
feeding on a wide
variety of insects
• Larvae have
burrows that they
use as shelter and
ambush prey as it
passes by
• Tiger Beetles are
also parasitized
by Diptera sp.
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Syrphid Fly
• Adult flies
resemble bees or
wasps
• Do not sting
humans
• Prey on aphids
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Predatory Stinkbug
• Most stinkbugs are
pests
• Feed on beetles,
caterpillars and
other stinkbugs
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Ladybird Beetle
• Larvae are
voracious eaters of
aphids, scale,
mealy bugs
• Adults also feed on
insects
• Multicolored Asian
Beetles are also
beneficial – THEY
ARE NOT PESTS
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Lacewing
• Adults and larvae
feed primarily on
aphids
• Larvae are often
referred to as
aphid lions
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Assassin Bug
• Feed on aphids,
leafhoppers, small
caterpillars, and
beetle eggs and
larvae
• Can inflict a
painful bite to
humans
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Soldier Beetle
• Adults feed mostly
on nectar with the
occasional aphid
• Larvae are found
under logs debris
and feed on aphids
maggots,
grasshopper eggs
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Damsel Bug
• Feed on caterpillar
eggs, small larvae,
aphids, fleahoppers,
lygus bugs,
leafhoppers,
treehoppers and
spider mites
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Tree Cricket
• Feeds on aphids, scales
• May also feed on plant
parts
• Not considered a pest
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Predatory Mite
• Young mites are
parasites on
Orthoptera
(grasshoppers,
locusts and
crickets)
• Utilized as a
biocontrol agent
against locusts
• Adults are
voracious predators
of various insects
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Spiders • Feed on insects and
other spiders
• Some spin webs and
some are roamers
• Crab spider, wolf
spider, and jumping
spider pictured to
the right
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Robber Fly
• Both adults and
larvae feed on insects
• Larvae live in the soil
and feed on insect
larvae, eggs, and
small insects
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Praying Mantis
• Voracious insect
predators
• Feed on anything
they catch
• Will feed on
pollinators