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Entomology For Master Gardeners
Mike WagnerRegents Professor-
EmeritusNorthern Arizona
UniversitySchool of Forestry
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Outline of Topics Extent and Economic Importance Insect Growth and Development Insect Feeding / Mouthparts Classification and Taxonomy Movement and Spread Population Dynamics / Concept of Pest Diagnosing Insect Problems Pest Management Approaches
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Extent and Economic Importance Major form of higher life Attack all stages of all species Damage equals harvest Beneficial aspects
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Beneficial Aspects Pollination Predators / Parasites Human food Biological control agents Nutrient recycling Insect products: honey, wax, shellac, dye Conservation biology Art and literature Ecotourism- butterfly farms / exhibits
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Characteristics of Insects Arthropods: exoskeleton, jointed
appendages Adult Insects:
Head, thorax, abdomen 1pair antennae 3 pair legs 2 pair of wings
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1. Head: Sensory Organ
a) Paired appendages (antennae)b) Mouthparts
2. Thorax: Locomotion
3. Abdomen: Reproductive and
Digestive
Arthropods (Phylum Arthropoda: also include trilobites, horseshoe
crabs, spiders, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes)Insects are all in the HEXAPODA (class)
Body with three distinct regions: head, thorax, and abdomen
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
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• Prolegs
• Thoracic legs
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Prolegs
Thoracic legs
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Insect Relatives Spiders, mites, ticks, centipedes,
millipedes, sowbugs, snails, slugs Bugs vs. “bugs”
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Insect Growth and Development Metamorphosis Shed exoskeleton (molting) Stages
Egg Larva/nymph Pupa Adult
Instars
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Metamorphosis: Simple
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Wing pads
• Wings
Squash bug
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Metamorphosis: Complete
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Metamorphosis
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Insect Growth and Development Gradual:
Egg-nymph-adult Nymph similar to adult Ex. Aphids, scales, grasshoppers
Complete: Egg-larva-pupa-adult Larva does damage Stages occur in different habitats Ex. Beetles, butterflies, flies
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Insect Feeding/Mouthparts Chewing
Hard mandibles Holes, tunnels, partial eaten leaves
Sucking Straw (stylet), probosis Curling, stunting, mottling, galls Phytotoxic necrosis
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4 Types of Mouth Parts
Piercing/sucking
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Straw
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Mouth Parts
Chewing
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Piercing/sopping
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Insect Classification
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Insect Classification
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Insect Classification
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Taxonomic Classification Common level: Order and Family Basis for classification
Mouthparts Type of wings Type of metamorphosis
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Common Insect Orders Coleoptera: beetles, weevils Dermaptera: earwigs Diptera: flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges Hemiptera: true bugs Homoptera: aphids, scales, leafhoppers,
cicadas, whiteflies, mealy bugs Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, ants, sawflies Isoptera: termites
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Coleoptera: beetles, weevils
Attributes: 400,000 species, hard front wings, beneficial and pest species, adults and larvae may feed on same host
Complete Chewing
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Dermaptera: earwigs
Attributes: front wings thickened, pest or beneficial (aphid predator), nocturnal, hide during the day
Gradual Chewing
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Diptera: flies, mosquitoes
Attributes: larvae legless, adults soft bodied, compound eye, one pair of wings, haltere, disease vectors, pest and beneficial
Complete Larvae: chewing/hooksAdult: sponging, piercing
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Hemiptera: true bugs
Attributes: nymphs resemble adults, many plant feeding pests, triangle on back, some predators, some disease vectors (Chagas disease)
Gradual Piercing, sucking
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Homoptera: aphids, leaf hoppers, white flies, scales
Attributes: small soft bodied insects, unwinged forms, attack many vegetables, multiple generations, parthenogenesis, some disease vectors (CTV), greenhouse pests
Gradual Sucking
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Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, ants, sawflies
Attributes: legless larvae, adult stinger, two pair of membranous wings, ants with narrow waist, many species, pollinators, parasites, predators, sawflies are important defoliators, many species social
Complete Chewing
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Isoptera: termites
Attributes: soft bodied insects, winged or wingless, colonies occur in ground or in wood, drywood and subterranean termites, caste system, social
Gradual Chewing
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Lepidoptera: moths, butterflies
Attributes: caterpillars, adults have two pairs of scaled wings, many defoliators, adults feed on nectar, adults pollinate, basis for ecotourism
Complete Larvae: chewing Adults: sucking
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Neuroptera: lacewings, antlions
Attributes: adults have 2 pairs of membranous wings, wings held rooflike, many species are predators
Complete Chewing
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Orthoptera: grasshoppers, crickets, mantids, cockroaches
Attributes: hard bodied adult, two pair of wings, front wings are hard, adults and nymphs cause damage, moderate pests
Gradual Chewing
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Siphonaptera: fleas
Attributes: wingless insects, live as ectoparasites on birds and mammals, body is laterally flattened, often jumping, important disease vectors, include plague and typhus
Complete Sucking
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Thysanoptera: thrips
Attributes: adults are minute soft bodied, two pairs of long wings, many feed on plants and especially flowers, cause cosmetic damage to fruit, some disease transmission
Gradual Sucking
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Common Insect Orders Continued Lepidoptera: moths, butterflies Neuroptera: lacewings, antlions Odonata: dragonflies, damselflies Orthoptera: grasshoppers, crickets,
mantids, cockroaches Siphonaptera: fleas Thysanoptera: thrips Thysanura: siverfish, firebrats
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Movement and Spread Adults have wings & legs Adults can migrate Larvae have legs Larvae can walk Larvae can move with wind
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Population Dynamics Insects have high reproductive potential Can migrate; move with plants Population limited by:
Environmental resistance Host plant resistance
“if you build it, they will come” Exotic (non-native) insects
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Concept of a Pest Interfere with objectives Insects play vital ecological roles 1% of insects are pests Learn to live with damage- economic
threshold
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Diagnosing Insect Pest Problems Recognize limitations Most “sick” plants are abiotic Identify the plant Note the symptoms Look for broad patterns
Within plant (leaf vs. fruit) Across plant (spot vs. all plants)
Collect specimens
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Diagnosing Insect Pest Problems Continued Take notes Formulate hypothesis Important? Seek professional advice
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Pest Managment Integrated Pest Management Legislative Control Physical/Mechanical Control Cultural Control Biological Control Chemical Control
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IPM Integrate all approaches to manage pest Pest ID Detection, monitoring models Know insect biology Ecologically sound
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Legislative Control Quarantine State regulation- noxious weeds Public education critical
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Physical Control Insect removal/habitat destruction Sanitation/salvage Firewood in direct sun Physical barriers- cutworms Mass trapping Trap trees
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Cultural Control Crop rotation Green manure fallow Genetic resistance
Conventional resistant varieties GMO’s
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Biological Control Ecologically best strategy Life history knowledge critical Classical vs. Bio. insect pest suppression Bio control agents
Vertebrate predators Invertebrate predators Invertebrate parasites Pathogenic microorganisms
Ex. Virus, bacteria (Bt), fungi, nematodes
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Chemical Control Limitations: ecological, cost, hazard Follow label-legal document Pay attention to pre-harvest interval Federal regulation of residual tolerance Pesticide applicator certification
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Summary Insects are part of natural system Provide lots of useful functions Apply the least effort to reduce
economic threshold Share the planet!