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Enzymes
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Which reaction is more efficient?
C12 H22 O11 +maltase C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 +maltase 20 sec
C12 H22 O11 C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 20 min
What makes the 1st reaction different from the 2nd?
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Catalyst (General Name)
• Inorganic or organic substances that speed up the rate of chemical reactions without entering the reaction itself
• Catalyst are needed so that chemical reactions take place in a timely manner in an organism
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Enzymes (Biological Name)
• Enzymes are biological catalysts!• Organic catalysts that allow chemical reaction in
living organisms to take place quicker than without an enzyme.
• Biological enzymes are protein compounds• Enzymes are used to speed up reactions in the
synthesis or the hydrolysis of biochemical reactions
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Enzyme Vocabulary
• Active Site: the area where the enzymatic reaction takes place
• Substrate: The substance that the enzyme works on
• Products: the substances formed after an enzymatic reaction
• Activation Energy: the initial energy needed for the reaction to begin
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Hydrolysis with an Enzyme
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Characteristics of Enzymes
• Most enzyme names end in –ase (catalase, maltase, lipase, DNAase, protease)
• Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
• Enzymes can be destroyed (DENATURED) if they are not kept in the proper conditions ~ 45o Celcius
• Enzymes begin to lose their conformation (amino acid folding) at high tempresults in losing their function
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So What?
• Enzymes are needed so that organisms can carry out biochemical reactions efficiently and in a timely manner
• Enzymes allow us to break and make molecules when we are in need of them
• Enzymes LOWER the ACTIVATION ENERGY IN A CHEMICAL REACTION that’s why the reaction goes faster.
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Lock and Key Theory
• Just like how every lock has a particular type of key that will open it, each enzyme has a particular substrate that it can act upon based on – Size, shape, and specificity of the substrate
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Induced Fit Model
• The active site on the enzyme changes (wraps around) to fit the shape of the substrate
• Results in enzymatic activity and product formation
• This means that an enzyme can work on more that one substrate if this model is used.
• This model is not as rigid as the lock and key theory. It suggests that the enzyme is more relaxed and can be changed if needed.
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Induced Fit Model
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Enzymes at work!
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Enzymes are not part of the reaction
• Enzymes can be re-used in chemical reactions
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Let’s Review Enzymes
• http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html
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Questions to ponder?
• Most enzymes in your body work at what temp?• If that temperature changes how would this
affect enzyme activity in your body?• Can people die from improper enzyme activity? • What would be the biological effects of this?
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The pondering answers
• Body temp is about 98.6-98.7• Enzyme activity would slow down due to the
enzymes becoming denatured• Absolutely…ever seen people freeze or
dehydrate to death…enzyme activity stops…remember Titanic
• Enzyme activity slows down and biochemical reactions can cease
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3-2-1 Summary
• 3 parts to an enzymatic reaction is…
• 2 ways to recognize an enzyme is…
• 1 way to destroy an enzyme is…
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Facts about enzymes
• As we age, the levels of our body enzymes generally decrease.
• If you are lactose intolerant, you are lacking the enzyme lactase in your body
• Amylase is an enzyme found in our saliva and in the enzyme blend released from the pancrease.