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EOC Test Preparation: International Expansion and Conflict
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Reasons for Expansion • Economics
– Imperialism • Set up colonies abroad
– Capitalism • More markets and resources
abroad would make the US wealthy
• Defense – National defense
• Alfred T. Mahan and The Influence of Sea Power Upon History – The US military developed a
navy that was one of the most powerful in the world
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Reasons for Expansion
• Nationalism
– National pride
– Manifest Destiny
– Social Darwinism
• Racism and The White Man’s Burden – Rudyard Kipling
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Reasons for Expansion
• Isolationism
– Not in the best interest of the US to gain control on foreign territories
– Still see this debate today
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Expansion
• Seward’s Folly
– Sec. of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia in 1867
– People thought it was foolish
– Seward recognized this as a move to push Russia farther away from the US coast
– Seward was concerned about British control of Canada
– Seward was also sure that Alaska had valuable natural resources
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Expansion
• Hawaii (1898)
– Pearl Harbor
• Important naval base
– Sugar plantations
– Other natural resources
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Foreign Policy
• All eyes on China
– Open Door Policy
• Left China open for US trade and commerce
– Boxer Rebellion
• Chinese nationalists against foreign interference
• Killed 300 foreigners and Christians
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Foreign Policy • Japan
– Theodore Roosevelt concerned with Japanese attacks in the Pacific
– Sends American navy out to flaunt power in an attempt to keep Japan from attacking American territories
– Later Roosevelt will win a Nobel Peace Prize for ending the Russo-Japanese War
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The Panama Canal • Roosevelt believes a canal
across Panama would be crucial to US military and economic interests – Philippians, Hawaii, Guam
• Colombia controlled Panama and would not sell/lease the land
• 1903-Panamanians revolted and Roosevelt sent navy to help
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Roosevelt Corollary • Big Stick Diplomacy
– Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.
• Corollary built on the Monroe Doctrine – Europe wouldn’t
colonize in the Western hemisphere
– Roosevelt furthered this by saying the US would intervene if a nation was struggling to pay off debt
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Other Diplomacy Strategies
• William Taft – Dollar Diplomacy
– Focused on US investment, not military strength
• Woodrow Wilson – Moral/Missionary
Diplomacy
– Foreign policy based on the role of the US to promote democracy and progress
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Long Term Causes of WWI
• “MAIN”
– Militarism
– Alliances
– Imperialism
– Nationalism
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Short Term Cause of WWI
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
– Archduke of Austria-Hungary
– Visiting Bosnia
– Radicals (“Black Hand”) of Bosnia believed the land belonged to Serbia, not Austria-Hungary
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US Neutrality in WWI
• Wilson declared that the US would remain neutral
• Isolationism
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US Enters WWI
• Central Powers – Germany and its allies
• Triple Entente – Great Britain and its allies
• US was supplying both sides, but mostly the Triple Entente
• The Lusitania – U-boats sunk the ship in 1915
– Americans support war, very anti-German
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US Enters WWI
• The Zimmerman Telegram
– Intercepted by England
– Stated that Germany and Mexico should form an alliance
– Criticized Wilson; weak leader
– America officially enters war in April 1917
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US Involvement in the War
• Trench Warfare
– Diseases
– Morale
• Selective Service Act
• New weapons made war horrific
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Turning Points in WWI
• Russia leaves the war
– Low morale
– 2 million dead
– Famine at home
– March 1917: Russian Revolution
• New republic created but…
• Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin took over country and established communist rule
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Turning Points in WWI • US Troops and Paris
– B/c Russia was no longer a threat to Germany, they focused on France • Made it within 50 miles of
Paris
– Marines were able to fight off the Germans and saved Paris
– Allies used a new weapon, the tank, to push through German lines.
• Germans signed an armistice in late 1918
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Events Following the War
• Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” – Reduction in weapons
– Right to govern oneself for ethnic groups
– League of Nations • US did not join
– “Peace w/o victory” • This was ignored…did it
lead to WWII?
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Events Following the War
• Treaty of Versailles
– June 1919
– Germany took full responsibility for war
• Reparations
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Actions within the US
• War Industries Board – Wilson established this
– Kept peace within the nation’s economy and businesses during the war
• Committee on Public Information – Encouraged public support for US war effort
• Espionage and Sedition Acts – Fines and jail time for those that were seen as hurting
the US war effort • Constitutional??
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1920 Election
• Warren G. Harding and a “return to normalcy”