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5/14/2018 Estudio de la estructura antig nica de Contracaecum multipapillatum (sensu lat...

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6

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80

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81

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82

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nk ~k djgjmnknf|hbj bn rnlfbjq v qn pjanbfñ h ankrfe~mh h 5???pg b~hkrn

1? gfk~rjq) h ~kh rngpnhr~h bn 2¿A+ Qn bnrngfkñ ih ajkankrhafñk pjrnfah

bni ntrharj a~bj pj ni gærjbj bn @hbejb $86=5& v qn highankñ nk hiça~jrhq

bn 0??ιi x~n qn ajkqnuhjk nk ajkmnihafñk h '0?¿ A dhqrh q~ ~qj+

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ajk ni ntrharj a~bj j`rnkfbj) nk ~k uji~gnk bn 0 gi bn hkrçmnkj nk hbv~uhkrn

ajgpinrj bn En~kb ajk ~kh ajkankrhafñk efkhi bn 8?? ιm bn hkrçmnkj pj

http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/cv/overstreet.robin/cv.overstreet.robin.php

http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/cv/overstreet.robin/cv.overstreet.robin.php




84

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10 qn qhkmhjk h ijq ajknljq phh j`rnkn ni q~nj dfpnfkg~kn v ni q~nj

ajkrji+ H ijq 1= bçhq ijq ajknljq qn qhafefahjk v qn j`r~ufnjk ijq q~njq x~n

qn ajkmnihjk dhqrh q~ ~qj nk ih p~n`h bn fkg~kjnajkjafgfnkrj+

Qn bnrngfkñ ih ajkankrhafñk bn hkrfa~npjq fkb~afbjq nk ajknljq) pj ih

fkg~kf|hafñk ajk ijq hkrçmnkjq bn Ajkrhahna~g qp+ pj ih ræakfah bn NIFQH

$Nk|vgn Ifkcnb Fgg~kj'Qj`nkr Hqqhv& qnmük Vhkm nr hi + $8668&+ Nk ~kh

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ihuhbjq ajk _@Q'R}nnk ?+?>.) qn `ijx~nñ ajk Hi`ügfkh Qæfah @jufkh hi 1.

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v ni ajknlj ajkrji b~hkrn bjq djhq h 1=¼A) nk bfi~afñk qnfhbh v qn ihuhjk

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>+2& v qn fka~`ñ nk jqa~fbhb h 00¼A b~hkrn 1? gfk~rjq+ _j üirfgj) qn bnr~uj ih

nhaafñk ajk D0QJ

28G v qn invñ ih pihah nk ni ajghrñmhej bn pihahq h 260kg+

Hkèifqfq ninarjejærfaj bn ijq hkrçmnkjq bn ihuhq bn Ajkrhahna~g qp+

_nufj h ih nhif|hafñk bni hkèifqfq) qn iinuñ h ah`j ni hpnkbf|hln v ih

pèarfah bn ih ræakfah nk ni Ankrj bn Fkunqrfmhafñk @fjgæbfah bn Jfnkrn

$AF@FJP& bni Fkqrfr~rj Gntfahkj bni Qnm~j Qjafhi) nk Gnrnpna) _~n`ih+




86

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ajgj bnqaf`n Ihnggif $86=?&) phh niij qn ~qñ ~kh aèghh bn ninarjejnqfq

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Qn ~rfif|ñ qji~afñk hgjrfm~hbjh phh ninarjbjq $Rfq 0>gG) mifafkh 860gG)

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ajkrnkfnkbj QBQ 0. mifanji 0?.) 0'gnahprjnrhkji 0. v h|~i bn `jgjenkji

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Ifqj|fgh 82+2




0?

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pèarfah bn ih ræakfah nk ni AF@FJP bni Fkqrfr~rj Gntfahkj bni Qnm~j Qjafhi+

Qn nhif|ñ ~k hkèifqfq bn fkg~kjnajkjafgfnkrj gnbfhkrn ~kh ninarj'

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bn ajknlj kj fkg~kf|hbj $ajkrji&) bfi~fbj nk _@Q 8<5? b~hkrn 0 djhq ajk

hmfrhafñk3 ni nqrj bn ihq g~nqrhq qn fka~`hjk ajk q~nj bn ajknlj hkrf'

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hg`fnkrn+ Rjbhq ihq g~nqrhq qn ihuhjk rnq unanq gèq) ajk qji~afñk bn ihuhbj

v qn fka~`hjk pj 8 djh ajk ~k hkrfa~npj hkrf'FmM bn ajknlj hajpihbj h

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ajk uhfjq ihuhbjq bn hm~h bnqrfihbh $Efm+ >&+




08

Efm~h >+ Bfhmhgh bn ei~lj bn ijq pfkafphinq phqjq bn ih gnrjbjijmçh nhif|hbh+

Ajgph

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M~ie AjhqrPnqnhad Ih`jhrj v

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Pnajinarh bnGhrnfhi @fjiñmfaj

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$Hkrçmnkjq&

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00

PNQÎRHBJQ

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bnqankbnkrn bn h`~kbhkafh< ni dçmhbj) qnjqh bni nqrñghmj'fkrnqrfkj) føñk)

gnqnkrnfj bn ih ahufbhb aniñgfah $G+A+A& v ih g~qa~ihr~h phfnrhi $efinrn&

$Rhìh 0&+

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Kj+ bnIhuhq

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~k na~`fgfnkrj hbfpjqj ntrnkbfbj qj`n ni ffq3 ni kügnj bn nqahghq

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nqpfkhq v 4 hbfjq+




01

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1 $I1& bni mæknj Ajkrhahna~g + Bnkrj bn q~q ahharnçqrfahq gjejiñmfahq qn

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hpækbfan unkrfa~ih bffmfbj dhafh ni ntrngj pjqrnfj v ~k afnmj fkrnqrfkhi) gèq

mhkbn x~n ni hpækbfan unkrfa~ih+ Kj e~n pjqf`in fbnkrfefah h kfuni nqpnafefaj ijq

nqpnaçgnknq j`rnkfbjq) pnj ni hkèifqfq gjina~ih fkbfah x~n pnrnknank hi

ajgpinlj g~irfnqpnaçefaj bn Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g) rhtñk bnkrj bni x~n

qn dhk bnqafrj) dhqrh ni gjgnkrj) a~hrj nqpnafnq+ Ijq nqpnaçgnknq bn nqrn

nqr~bfj bn`nk qn nenfbjq ajgj Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g qnkq~ ihrj +

Hkèifqfq ninarjejærfaj bn ijq hkrçmnkjq bn ihuhq bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+

Ni ntrharj a~bj qjgèrfaj bn ihq ihuhq I1 bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+

pnqnkrñ ~kh ajkankrhafñk bn 4? ιm*ιi½pjr+ Nk ni ntrharj a~bj qn fbnkrfefahjk

>2 pjrnçkhq pj ni gærjbj bn ninarjejnqfq QBQ'_HMN $Efm+ 5&+ Ihq pjrnçkhq

nk ni ntrharj qn nka~nkrhk nk ~k fkrnuhij bn pnqjq gjina~ihnq bn 8+028=h

6?+6218 cBh $Rh`ih 1&+




02

Efm~h 5+ _nefinq pjrnfajq bni ntrharj a~bj bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+i+ nk mninq bn ninarjejnqfq

QBQ'_HMN+ H8 Ghahbjnq bn pnqj gjina~ih nk mni adfaj+ H0 Hkrçmnkjq bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g

q+i+ nk mni adfaj+ @8 Ghahbjnq bn pnqj gjina~ih nk mni mhkbn+ @0 Hkrçmnkjq bn A+

g~irfphpfiihr~g q+i+ nk mni mhkbn+




0>

Rh`ih 1+ _nqjq gjina~ihnq $cBh& bn ijq >2 hkrçmnkjq pnqnkrnq nk ni ntrharj a~bj bn A+

g~irfphpfiihr~g q+i+ H+' hkrçmnkj+ _G+' pnqj gjina~ih+ BN+' bnqufhafñk nqrèkbh

H _G BN H _G BN H _G BN

8 6?+62 ¸?+02 86 =?+>= ¸?+8? 1= 2>+?5 ¸?+8>

0 46+1? ¸?+80 0? 56+>> ¸?+0? 14 21+21 ¸?+81

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2 4=+?8 ¸?+05 00 55+20 ¸?+88 2? 2?+2> ¸?+08

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5 42+== ¸?+82 02 50+=6 ¸?+0> 20 1>+48 ¸?+10

= 40+48 ¸?+82 0> 58+85 ¸?+88 21 11+60 ¸?+02

4 48+5> ¸?+88 05 >4+64 ¸?+14 22 10+15 ¸?+08

6 4?+5? ¸?+85 0= >=+5> ¸?+0? 2> 06+20 ¸?+08

8? =6+=8 ¸?+0? 04 >>+40 ¸?+02 25 04+?8 ¸?+02

88 =4+65 ¸?+8> 06 >1+6= ¸?+0= 2= 01+48 ¸?+04

80 =4+85 ¸?+88 1? >0+0> ¸?+08 24 08+84 ¸?+05

81 ==+18 ¸?+85 18 >8+51 ¸?+?4 26 85+80 ¸?+86

82 =5+56 ¸?+8= 10 >?+== ¸?+80 >? 82+22 ¸?+0>

8> =>+2? ¸?+82 11 26+4> ¸?+82 >8 8?+== ¸?+85

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8= =0+2? ¸?+81 1> 2=+04 ¸?+08 >1 1+21 ¸?+02

84 =8+>2 ¸?+8? 15 25+01 ¸?+82 >2 8+02 ¸?+?6




05

J`rnkafñk bn q~nj dfpnfkg~kn n fkg~kjnajkjafgfnkrj bn ijq hkrçmnkjq

Ni q~nj hkhif|hbj qn j`r~uj bn rnq ajknljq fkg~kf|hbjq ajk ntrharj

a~bj bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+i+) vh x~n ~kj bn niijq ehiinafñ hkrnq bni pfgn

qhkmhbj+ Ih p~n`h bn NIFQH pharfahbh) gjqrñ x~n ni q~nj ntrhçbj bni

qhkmhbj bni bçh 85 bnqp~æq bn ih fkg~kf|hafñk pnqnkrñ kfuninq `hljq $kj

a~hkrfefahìnq& bn fkg~kjmij`~ifkhq M $FmM& hkrf ' Ajkrhahna~g ) gfnkrhq x~n

ijq q~njq j`rnkfbjq bn ijq qhkmhbjq bn ijq bçhq 10 v 1= pnqnkrhjk ?+5ιm*ιi v

?+>=ιm*ιi nqpnarfuhgnkrn+

Nk ni q~nj bni ajknlj ajkrji ntfqrnk hkrfa~npjq rfpj FmM x~n najkjank

82 bn ijq >2 hkrçmnkjq pnqnkrnq nk ni ntrharj a~bj bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+i+

$Rhìh 1) aji~gkh H&+ Ni q~nj bn ijq ajknljq fkg~kf|hbjq pnqnkrñ hkrfa~npjq

ahphanq bn najkjan 11 bn nqjq >2 hkrçmnkjq $Efm+ =& pj ij x~n nqrjq

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nqr~bfj p~nbn pjb~af FmM‖q ahphanq bn najkjan 86 bn ijq hkrçmnkjq ajk

hphnkrn nqpnafefafbhb dhafh A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+i+ $pnqjq gjina~ihnq nkrn

6?+62 v 4+>> cBh& $Rhìh 2) aji~gkh @,&




0=

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bn ajknlj fkg~kf|hbj $11&




04

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gjina~ihnq $cBh& bn ijq hkrçmnkjq najkjafbjq pj q~nj bn ajknlj ajkrji $82&+ @+ _nqjq

gjina~ihnq $cBh& bn ijq hkrçmnkjq najkjafbjq pj q~nj bn ajknljq fkg~kf|hbjq $11&+

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bn ijq ajknljq fkg~kf|hbjq $86&+




06

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bn ihq ahharnçqrfahq bfhmkñqrfahq ~rfif|hbhq nk ih fbnkrfefahafñk gjejiñmfah bn

ihq nqpnafnq ahnank bn uhij fkrnnqpnaçefaj) ni ~qj bn dnhgfnkrhq gjina~ihnq

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bn qninaafñk g~v qfgfihnq) ah~qhkbj ih ajkqnuhafñk bn ihq ahharnçqrfahq

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mnkærfahgnkrn g~v anahkh h ihq nqpnafnq bni ajgpinlj bn Ajkrhahna~g

g~irfphpfiihr~g ) pnj kj e~n pjqf`in fbnkrfefah ni kfuni nqpnaçefaj hi x~n

pnrnknank+ Nq knanqhfj iinuh h ah`j k~nujq hkèifqfq x~n ajkefgnk qf nqrhq

ihuhq pnrnknank h ~kh bn ihq 2 nqpnafnq x~n nqrèk har~hignkrn bnkrj bni

ajgpinlj j qf nq ~kh nqpnafn k~nuh+ _j nqrn gjrfuj ih ghknh fkbfahbh phh

nenfqn h ijq nqpnaçgnknq nkajkrhbjq nk ihq ifqhq bn ih @hdçh bn Ih _h| nq




1?

Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g qnkq~ ihrj ) x~n fkbfah x~n qn rhrh bn ~kh nqpnafn

bnkrj bni rhtñk Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g ) a~vj uji~gnk nq gèq hgpifj x~n

ni bnqafrj nk nqrn rh`hlj nk phrfa~ih+

_hhqfrfqgj pj Ajkrhahna~g

Najiñmfahgnkrn ijq phèqfrjq qjk ~kh phrn nqnkafhi bn ih ajg~kfbhb

ha~èrfah v ih ghvjçh bn ijq fkbfufb~jq bn ihq pj`ihafjknq bn pnanq) qfiunqrnq j

nk a~irfuj) nqrèk fkenarhbjq ajk ~kj j gèq phèqfrjq $Hi'\~`hfbv) 0??6&+

Hi phnan) ijq phèqfrjq hkfqècfbjq qn ha~g~ihk b~hkrn ni rfngpj bn ufbh

bn ijq pnanq3 ih pnuhinkafh n fkrnkqfbhb bn fkenaafñk pj kngèrjbjq h~gnkrh h

ij ihmj bn ih jkrjmnkfh) ajkejgn anan ni pn|+ Bn ha~nbj ajk Gjhuna nr hi +

$866>& phh x~n ~k phèqfrj qn hi`nm~n nk ~k djqpnbnj) æqrn knanqfrh qn

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pnfjbj bn ntpjqfafñk h ihq ehqnq fkenarfuhq bni kngèrjbj3 hi h~gnkrj nk ih

ahkrfbhb bn ajgfbh x~n fkmfnn3 h ih ha~g~ihafñk bn phèqfrjq h ij ihmj bn ih

ahbnkh hifgnkrfafh) nk phrfa~ih nk ni ahqj bn nkbjphèqfrjq v pj`h`ingnkrn

rhg`fæk hi ahg`fj bn bfnrh b~hkrn q~ ufbh $Q|hihf v Bfac) 866?3 Hdj v @~qd)

86613 @nmghkk v Gjrrh) 0??23 Hi'\~`hfbv) 0??6&+ Nk ni ahqj bn G+ anpdhi~q

Uhiinq'Pçjq nr hi + $0???& dhk najkjafbj ~kh ajnihafñk pjqfrfuh nkrn ni rhghøj

bni pn| v ih fkrnkqfbhb bn fkenaafñk bn Ajkrhahna~g qpp+ v jrjq phèqfrjq+

^kh bn ihq ah~qhq bn ihq fkenaafjknq nk pnanq qjk ijq ahg`fjq bn

eharjnq `fñrfajq j h`fñrfajq nk ni hg`fnkrn+ Uhfhq ajkbfafjknq phrjiñmfahq ajgj

ihq hinmfhq v nhaafjknq hkhefièarfahq ja~nk nk pnqjkhq x~n qn hifgnkrhk bn

pnanq x~n dh`frhk nk a~npjq bn hm~h ajkrhgfkhbjq) nk ijq x~n h~gnkrh ih




18

ajkankrhafñk bn pihkarjk a~vjq jmhkfqgjq p~nbnk har~h ajgj djqpnbnjq

fkrngnbfhfjq j phhrækfajq bn dnigfkrjq) x~n h q~ un|) pjbçh fkangnkrh ni

kügnj bn fkenaafjknq nk ni qfm~fnkrn kfuni bn ih ahbnkh rñefah $Ghrrf~aaf v

Khqanrrf) 0??43 Hi'\~`hfbv) 0??6&+

Nk ni pnqnkrn nqr~bfj qn j`r~uj ~kh pnuhinkafh phhqfrhfh pj

Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g $qnkq~ ihrj & bn 8??. nk G + anpdhi~q j`rnkfbhq

nk ijq gnqnq bn jar~`n v kjufng`n) qfgfih h ij nkajkrhbj pj Mñgn| bni

_hbj'Pjqhq nr hi + $0??4& nk G+ anpdhi~q phhqfrhbhq pj Ajkrhahna~g qp+ nk

rnq ijahifbhbnq bnkrj bn ih @hdçh bn Ih _h| $Qhk L~hk bn ih Ajqrh) Ni Ajgfrèk

v _~krh _fnrh& b~hkrn ni unhkj bn 866> v Uhiinq Unmh nr hi+ $0?8?& nk G+

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$0???& e~n bn 1?. v nk jrjq nqr~bfjq ajgj ni bn Fhkkhajkn v Hiuhføj $0??6& nk

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pj`h`ingnkrn ih n~rjef|hafñk) nk ih @hdçh bn ih _h|) ajkb~an h ih fkenaafñk bn

~k hirj pjankrhln bn ihq ifqhq nk ni ènh+

_j g~adjq højq ih Nkqnkhbh bn Ih _h| naf`fñ ih bnqahmh bfnarh bn

hm~hq nqfb~hinq bn ih af~bhb v uhfjq h~rjnq nmfqrhjk hirjq kfuninq bn

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qn ufnrn nk ih Nkqnkhbh bn Ih _h|) pj ij x~n mhkbnq ahkrfbhbnq bn ghrnfh

jmèkfah v `harnfhq qjk bnqahmhbhq nk ih nkqnkhbh $Ahghadj) 86653 Ghrçkn|

Bçh| v Dnkèkbn| Pfuhq) 0?8?&+




10

Jifunj nr hi + $0??5& nkajkrhjk bfennkafhq bhgèrfahq nk ihq phhqfrjqfq

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nmfqrhkbj ghvjnq pnuhinkafh n fkrnkqfbhb bn phhqfrfqgj nk ijq pnanq x~n

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ihbj) Hi \~`hfbv $0??6& gnkafjkh x~n) ajgj ih bfunqfbhb bn pnanq bfqgfk~vn nk

hg`fnkrnq ha~èrfajq ajkrhgfkhbjq) ni pj`ingh bn ihq fkenaafjknq pj dnigfkrjq

nk d~ghkjq) hbx~ffbhq pj ni ajkq~gj bn pnqahbj) qn hanafnkrh) vh x~n

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ijq nenarjq khr~hinq ajgj ni h~gnkrj nk ih pnafpfrhafñk pi~ufhi v ih fkq~efafnkafh

bn ijq qfqrnghq bn najinaafñk bn hm~h bni hiahkrhfiihbj nk ni G~kfafpfj bn Ih

_h|) x~n pjujahk ~k h~gnkrj nk ih ajkrhgfkhafñk nk him~khq rngpjhbhq bni

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ajkrhgfkhafñk pj hm~hq nqfb~hinq) qfk ng`hmj) bn`fbj hi qfqrngh bn

afa~ihafñk bn ajfnkrnq bn ih Nkqnkhbh bn Ih _h|) ihq hm~hq nqfb~hinq x~n qn

iinmhk h unrn nk æqrh) rngfkhk efkhignkrn nk ih `hdçh+ Hbngèq bn ih har~hi

rnkbnkafh hi h~gnkrj nk ih fkehnqr~ar~h r~çqrfah pjvnarhbh nk rjbj ni ghmnk

bn ih nkqnkhbh v ih phrn q~ bn ih @hdçh bn Ih _h|) x~n fkai~vn ih fkqrhihafñk bn

|jkhq dh`frhafjkhinq) r~çqrfahq v nanhrfuhq nk ènhq khr~hinq $Ghrçkn| Bçh| v

Dnkèkbn| Pfuhq) 0?8?&+

_j ij rhkrj) qnçhk bn ~rfifbhb nqr~bfjq x~n nqaihn|ahk qf ntfqrn ~kh

nihafñk nkrn ijq kfuninq bn ajkrhgfkhafñk `fjiñmfah nk ih Nkqnkhbh v ih @hdçh




11

bn Ih _h| v ih pnqnkafh bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+ v jrjq dnigfkrjq phèqfrjq nk

ni najqfqrngh+ Nq pjqfìn x~n ni afaij bn ufbh bn ijq kngèrjbjq hkfqècfbjq nqræ

nihafjkhbj ajk ih bngjmheçh bn q~q djqpnbnjq nk ~k ènh phrfa~ih) bn`fbj h

x~n ih a~igfkhafñk bn q~q afaijq bn ufbh rhk ajgpinljq nx~fnn nqrh`fifbhb nk ih

nb rñefah) vh x~n fkrnufnkn nk bfqrfkrjq kfuninq bn æqrh+ Uhfjq nqr~bfjq fkbfahk

x~n ntfqrnk nenarjq n fkrnhaafjknq qfmkfefahrfuhq nkrn ijq kfuninq bn phhqfrfqgj v

ih pnqnkafh v ajkankrhafjk bn ajkrhgfkhkrnq v jrjq eharjnq bn nqrnq nk ni

nk ni hg`fnkrn x~n p~nbnk ah~qh ih bfqgfk~afñk bn ihq pjìhafjknq djqpnbnjq

pj pnr~`hafjknq nk ni hg`fnkrn ajgj ih qj`npnqah) ahpr~h fkafbnkrhi) nra+)

x~n qn ghkfefnqrhk rhg`fæk nk ih bfqgfk~afñk bn ihq pjìhafjknq bn hkfqècfbjq

nkbjphèqfrjq $Ufbhi ' Ghrçkn| nr hi+) 8662 v 0??63 Ajqafh v Jnqrn) 86643

Ghrrf~aaf nr hi +) 0??43 Ghrrf~aaf v Khqanrrf) 0??43 Hi'\~`hfbv) 0??63 Ghrçkn| Bçh|

v Dnkèkbn| Pfuhq) 0?8?&+

Hi pnifmj pjrnkafhi x~n npnqnkrh ih hirh pnuhinkafh bn Ajkrhahna~g

g~irfphpfiihr~g q+i+ v jrhq pjqfìnq nqpnafnq bni mæknj nk bfqrfkrjq pnanq bn ih

@hdçh bn Ih _h|) qn q~gh ni dnadj bn x~n ih rngpnhr~h bni hm~h nk x~n qn

bnqhjiihk ijq phèqfrjq p~nbn fkei~f nk q~ ahphafbhb bn fkenarh ghgçenjq v

pj ij rhkrj hi d~ghkj $Ufbhi'Ghrçkn| nr hi+) 8662&+

Cj) $86=5) 86==& bngjqrñ x~n ~kh ghvj ahkrfbhb bn fkenaafjknq bn

bfqrfkrjq ghgçenjq ajk ni kngèrjbj Nadfkjanpdhi~q qfknkqfq j`rnkfbj bn jqrfñk)

qn pnqnkrhjk ajk nqpnaçgnknq najinarhbjq nk afnrjq gnqnq ajk ghvjnq

rngpnhr~hq v ajk nqpnaçgnknq haifghrhbjq h 04 v 11 ¼A) rngpnhr~hq




12

ajg~knq nk ihq ijahifbhbnq bjkbn Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g nq h`~kbhkrn)

gfnkrhq x~n pjahq j kfkm~kh fkenaafñk qn pnqnkrhjk ajk ijq kngèrjbjq

haifghrhbjq h >) 8> v 0? ' 02 ¼A+ _j nqrn gjrfuj rhg`fæk nq~irhk bn fkrnæq

nqr~bfjq x~n ntpijnk ihq uhfhafjknq nk ih ahphafbhb fkenarfuh bn ijq phèqfrjq

x~n p~nbnk hgnkh|h ih qhi~b pü`ifah nk ih ijahifbhb nk bfqrfkrhq rngpjhbhq bni

høj) vh x~n nk ih @hdçh bn ih _h| ntfqrnk uhfhafjknq qfmkfefahrfuhq nk ihq

rngpnhr~hq q~pnefafhinq bni hm~h) ihq gèq hirhq qn nmfqrhk bn l~ifj h jar~`n

$1? ' 10 ¼A& v ihq gèq `hlhq bn nknj h gh|j $0? ' 00 ¼A& $Ufbhi'Ghrçkn| nr hi+)

86623 Iñpn| nr hi +) 0??8&+

G~adjq phèqfrjq p~nbnk hirnh ni e~kafjkhgfnkrj bn ijq ñmhkjq ufrhinq

bn ijq pnanq bn bfunqhq ghknhq< p~nbnk henarh ih harfufbhb bni ajh|ñk) nk ni

fkrnqrfkj p~nbnk fkdf`f ih harfufbhb bfmnqrfuh v ni gnrh`jifqgj bn ufrhgfkhq v

h|üah) pj ij rhkrj) bn ghknh fkbfnarh henarhk ni anafgfnkrj3 nk ni dçmhbj

henarhk ni gnrh`jifqgj bni mi~añmnkj) nk mñkhbhq v ahufbhb aniñgfah pjujahk

ih nb~aafñk bni kügnj bn d~nujq j ih ahqrhafñk $Pdjbn) 8661&+

Nk ni ahqj bn ihq ifqhq ahpr~hbhq nk ih @hdçh bn Ih _h|) q~ hqpnarj

ntrnkj kj g~nqrh qfmkjq bn nkengnbhb) h pnqh bn ih hirh fkrnkqfbhb bn ih

phhqfrjqfq nk ñmhkjq ufqanhinq pj ihuhq bni rnan nqrhbfj bn A+

g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+ Ni ükfaj ñmhkj x~n) nk jahqfjknq) pnqnkrh inqfjknq

nufbnkrnq h qfgpin ufqrh) hi h`f ih ahufbhb ufqanhi bn ijq pnanq) nq ni dçmhbj)

pj ij x~n q~ uhij v ajgnafhif|hafñk kj bfqgfk~vn+ _j nqrh h|ñk) h~gnkrhk

ijq fnqmjq bn fkenaafñk ajk nqrn phèqfrj j bn pnqnkrh ~kh nhaafñk hiæmfah

dhafh ijq hkrçmnkjq bni m~qhkj j ijq pnqnkrnq nk ih ahkn bni pnqahbj x~n

nqr~uj nk ajkrharj ajk ni phèqfrj $Hi'\~`hfbv) 0??6&+




1>

Khafqj nr hi+ $0?8?& nkajkrhjk nk G+ anpdhi~q h ih unkrh bnkrj bni ènh

gnrjpjifrhkh bn Gjkrnnv) K~nuj Inñk) Gætfaj) x~n ijq qfrfjq ajk ghvj

kügnj bn ihuhq bn Ajkrhahna~g qp+ qjk ni dçmhbj) qnm~fbj pj ni güqa~ij

$efinrn&) pnj kj nkajkrñ kfkmük kngèrjbj nk ni fkrnqrfkj) ij x~n dhan q~pjkn

x~n hi qn gèq ihmj ni pnfjbj x~n phqh ni pnqahbj qfk qn nufqanhbj hi

rhkqpjrhqn h |jkhq bni phçq inlhkhq h ih ajqrh) qn pjg~nun ih gfmhafñk bn

ihq ihuhq hijlhbhq nk fkrnqrfkj v jrjq ñmhkjq dhafh ih g~qa~ihr~h) ajgj

q~anbn ajk uhfjq hkfqècfbjq+

Bn ihq 2? ifqhq najinarhbhq nk ni pnqnkrn rh`hlj) qjihgnkrn nk bjq qn

nkajkrhjk ihuhq phhqfrhkbj ni güqa~ij) pj niij) qn najgfnkbh nufqanh ni

pnqahbj fkgnbfhrhgnkrn bnqp~æq bn q~ ahpr~h) ajk ni efk bn nb~af ih fkenaafñk

nk güqa~ij v kj ajkq~gf pnqahbj x~n iinun gèq bn ~k bçh qfk dh`n qfbj

nufqanhbj+

H~k hqç) pj`h`ingnkrn kj ntfqrn ~kh pnphhafñk hi gjgnkrj bn ajafkh

x~n nifgfkn pj ajgpinrj ni fnqmj h ih qhi~b d~ghkh a~hkbj qn ajkq~gn

pnqahbj x~n e~n phhqfrhbj) nk phrn) pjx~n kfkmük gærjbj mhhkrf|h hi

ajkq~gfbj) pjrnaafñk ajkrh ~kh pjqf`in nhaafñk hiæmfah ah~qhbh pj ih

fkmnqrfñk bn hkrçmnkjq bni phèqfrj3 nk nqpnafhi a~hkbj him~kjq hiæmnkjq bn

ihuhq nk rnan nqrhbfj $Hkfqhcfq qfgpint & dhk gjqrhbj nqfqrnkafh h

rngpnhr~hq ninuhbhq nk p~n`hq fk ufrj $@~nkbçh N+) 0???3 Qcfkfqqjk) 0??5&+




15

Nqr~ar~h hkrfmækfah n fkg~kjmnkfafbhb bn

Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+

Ni najkjafgfnkrj bn hkrçmnkjq bn kngèrjbjq h~gnkrh k~nqrh ahphafbhb

bn nkrnkbfgfnkrj bn ijq gnahkfqgjq bn bnenkqh bnqnkahbnkhbjq pj ni

djqpnbnj b~hkrn ih fkenaafñk) vh x~n ih nqp~nqrh fkg~kn nq ih nqpjkqh`in bn

g~adjq bn ijq ahg`fjq phrjiñmfajq x~n qn pnqnkrhk+ Nqrj dh bhbj i~mh hi

bnqhjiij bn gærjbjq fkg~kjbfhmkñqrfajq nqpnaçefajq) bn gnbfahgnkrjq v

uha~khq $_nna v Jc~in}fa|) 0??53 GhaBjkhib nr hi + 0??0&+

Nk ih ifrnhr~h qn gnkafjkh x~n ih pfgnh nqp~nqrh bni qfqrngh fkg~kn

dhafh hkrçmnkjq) ’nqp~nqrh pfghfh‗) ja~n bnqp~æq bn ~kh pfgnh fkja~ihafñk

ajk pnqnkafh bn fkg~kjmij`~ifkhq FmG pfkafphignkrn v æqrhq bn`nk hiahk|h q~

ajkankrhafñk ñprfgh nkrn ijq bçhq 8? v 8> bnqp~æq bn ih fkja~ihafñk+ Bnqp~æq

bn nqrn pnfjbj) ~kh qnm~kbh fkja~ihafñk mnknh ih ’nqp~nqrh qna~kbhfh‗ nk ih

x~n) pjajq bçhq bnqp~æq) ijq ifkejafrjq @ pjb~ank ihq fkg~kjmij`~ifkhq FmM+

Nk ni pnqnkrn rh`hlj) ni q~nj bn ijq ajknljq fkg~kf|hbjq ajk pjrnçkhq

qjgèrfahq bn ihq ihuhq I1 j`rnkfbj bni qhkmhbj bni bçh 10) nq bnaf) a~hrj bçhq

bnqp~æq bn ih qnm~kbh fkg~kf|hafñk) e~n ni x~n pnqnkrñ ~kh ghvj

ajkankrhafñk bn FmM Hkrf ' A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+) qfk x~n ntfqrfnhk bfennkafhq

nk a~hkrj h ih ahkrfbhb v pnqj gjina~ih bn ijq hkrçmnkjq x~n qjk ahphanq bn

najkjan) nqpnarj h ijq q~njq j`rnkfbjq ni bçh 1=+ Ih gnrjbjijmçh ngpinhbh

nq qfgfih h ih nmfqrhbh pj Nqahihkrn nr hi + $0??>& v Iñpn|'Hniihkj nr hi +

$0??>&) x~n nqr~bfhjk ih fkg~kjmnkfafbhb bn ijq hkrçmnkjq bn kngèrjbjq

Hqahfq q~~g $phèqfrj bn jnbjnq v d~ghkjq& v Dhngjkad~q ajkrjr~q

$phèqfrj bn ~gfhkrnq&) ~rfif|hkbj ajknljq ajk ~k pjrjajij bn fkg~kf|hafñk ajk




1=

fkrnuhijq bn = j 8> bçhq) fkja~ihkbj pjrnçkhq qjgèrfahq l~krj ajk hbv~uhkrn

ajgpinrj bn En~kb) ijq q~njq dfpnfkg~knq x~n ~rfif|hjk) qn j`r~ufnjk h

phrf bn ih ’nqp~nqrh qna~kbhfh‗ bni qfqrngh fkg~kn bn ijq ajknljq+ Bnqp~æq

bn ih nfkg~kf|hafñk ) ih ’nqp~nqrh qna~kbhfh‗ hiahk|h kfuninq ghvjnq bn

hkrfa~npjq FmM) x~n bnqafnkbnk inkrhgnkrn nk ijq qfm~fnkrnq bjq j rnq gnqnq

$Ahibnñk'Rfkjaj) 86423 Rf|hb) 0??03&+

Qfk ng`hmj) ih qnkqf`fifbhb v ntharfr~b bn ihq p~n`hq fkg~kjiñmfahq nk

gjbnijq hkfghinq qn unk henarhbhq a~hkbj ntfqrnk eharjnq x~n gjbfefx~nk ih

nqp~nqrh fkg~kn bni q~lnrj $_nna v Jc~in}fa|) 0??5&+ Bn ijq qnfq ajknljq

hbx~ffbjq x~n qn qjgnrfnjk hi rhrhgfnkrj bn bnqphhqfrhafñk v ijq pnfjbjq bn

a~hnkrnkh v haifghrhafñk nk ni `fjrnfj bni AF@KJP) qj`nufufnjk afkaj) bn ijq

a~hinq ~kj q~efñ ~kh ehar~h ntp~nqrh nk ni x~fkrj bçh bnqp~æq bn ih pfgnh

fkja~ihafñk v ehiinafñ nk ni qæprfgj bçh qfk x~n qn bnrngfkhh ih ah~qh nqpnafefah

bn ih g~nrn+ Qn nhif|ñ ~kh ntrhaafñk bn qhkmn bn nqrn ajknlj phh j`rnkn

q~nj) ajk ni x~n qn nhif|ñ ih p~n`h bn NIFQH phh ajkjan ih ajkankrhafñk bn

FmM‖q Hkrç ' A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+i+ rhq ijq qfnrn bçhq bn fkja~ihafñk+ Bn`fbj h x~n)

pj`h`ingnkrn) nk nqrn ajknlj qn pjb~lj ~k nenarj fkg~kjq~pnqj rhq ih

ehar~h v pæbfbh bn qhkmn v ehiinafñ qjij qfnrn bçhq bnqp~æq bn ih pfgnh

fkja~ihafñk) ihq ajkankrhafjknq bn FmM‖q Hkrç ' A+g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+ pnqnkrnq

nk q~ q~nj kj e~njk fbnkrfefahbhq pj ni gærjbj bn NIFQH+

Ni najkjafgfnkrj bn hkrçmnkjq bn dnigfkrjq phèqfrjq pj phrn bni

qfqrngh fkg~kn) p~nbn unqn henarhbj ajgj ajkqna~nkafh h x~n æqrjq qn dhk

hbhprhbj h q~pfgf) ajkrhnqrh j nufrh ni qfqrngh fkg~kfrhfj bn q~q

djqpnbnjq+ H rhuæq bn ih qnanafñk bn djgjkhq v nk|fghq p~nbnk nufrh ih




14

pjb~aafñk j ehujnan ih bnmhbhafñk bn fkg~kjmij`~ifkhq) hbngèq) p~nbnk

nuhbf ih haafñk pjrnjiçrfah bn ihq aæi~ihq bnenkqfuhq ajk fkdf`fbjnq bn

pjrnhqhq j hkrfjtfbhkrnq $Rf|hb) 0??0&+

Ihq ihuhq bni kngèrjbj Rjtjahh ahkfq ) hi qn ntp~nqrhq fk ufrj h

njqfkñefijq bni djqpnbnj) qfgpingnkrn qn bnqpnkbnk bn ih a~`fnrh ihuhfh

l~krj ajk ihq aæi~ihq hbdnfbhq) nufrhkbj q~ hrhx~n+ Qfk ng`hmj) nk ih nqp~nqrh

fkg~kn bn ijq djqpnbnjq khr~hinq bn him~kjq phèqfrjq) qn dh j`qnuhbj x~n h

pnqh bn x~n kj qfngpn najkjank ijq hkrçmnkjq bn ihq q~pnefafnq ajpjhinq

bn ijq dnigfkrjq) qf qjk ahphanq bn najkjan ijq hkrçmnkjq x~n kj nqrèk

ajgükgnkrn nk ajkrharj bfnarj ajk niijq ajgj ijq pjb~arjq bn qnanafñk j

pjrnçkhq bni rharj bfmnqrfuj $Rf|hb) 0??0&+

_j niij) nq fgpjrhkrn ajkjan ni rjrhi bn ijq hkrçmnkjq qjgèrfajq bn ~k

phèqfrj) ahphanq bn mnknh ~kh nqp~nqrh fkg~kn nk ghgçenjq) phh ni

bnqhjiij bn gærjbjq bn bfhmkñqrfaj) eèghajq v*j uha~khq nefafnkrnq+

Nk ni ntrharj a~bj qjgèrfaj rjrhi bn ihuhq I1 bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+

qn fbnkrfefahjk >2 pjrnçkhq bn ihq a~hinq 82 e~njk najkjafbhq pj ihq FmM nk

ni q~nj bni ajknlj ajkrji ajk pnqjq gjina~ihnq nkrn ijq 01+48 v =4+65 cBh)

gfnkrhq x~n ni q~nj bn ijq ajknljq fkg~kf|hbjq najkjafñ 11 pjrnçkhq+ Nqrj

x~fnn bnaf x~n) ijq ajknljq fkg~kf|hbjq pjb~lnjk FmM‖q pj ih pnqnkafh bn

ijq hkrçmnkjq A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+ phh 86 hkrçmnkjq+ Nq bnaf) pjb~lj 86

FmM‖q hkrf ' A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+ qfk x~n nqrj x~fnh bnaf x~n qjk nqpnaçefahq

phh ijq hkrçmnkjq bn nqrh nqpnafn) vh x~n dhan ehirh nhif|h p~n`hq x~n

bnqahrnk pjqf`inq nhaafjknq a~|hbhq ajk hkrçmnkjq bn jrjq kngèrjbjq ~

jrjq dnigfkrjq+




16

Nk ajkrhqrn) _nna v Jc~in}fa| $0??5& j`r~ufnjk 2= pjrnçkhq qjgèrfahq

bni kngèrjbj Qvpdhafh jùnihrh ) 88 bn æqrhq ajk pnqjq gjina~ihnq ghvjnq h

ihq pjrnçkhq qjgèrfahq bn A+ g~irfphpfiir~g q+ i+ Bn`fbj h x~n ~kj bn ijq eharjnq

x~n bnrngfkh ih fkg~kjmnkfafbhb bn ijq hkrçmnkjq nq q~ ajgpinlfbhb v pnqj

gjina~ih) nq bn q~pjknqn x~n ihq pjrnçkhq qjgèrfahq bn Q+ jùnihrh rfnknk ih

ahphafbhb bn nqrfg~ih nk ghvj gnbfbh ih pjb~aafñk bn hkrfa~npjq+ Bni rjrhi

bn pjrnçkhq bn Q+ jùnihrh =0 . $12& e~njk najkjafbhq pj FmM‖q bn hrjknq bn

ih`jhrjfj bn ih anph @HI@*a) nk ajkrhqrn) ihq FmM‖q bn ijq ajknljq fkg~kf|hbjq

bn nqrn nqr~bfj qñij najkjank ~k 58. $11&+

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bn _nna v Jc~in}fa| $0??5& kj pnqnkrhk ~kh ajgphhafñk nkrn ih ahkrfbhb bn

hkrçmnkjq najkjafbjq pj FmM‖q bn hrjknq fkenarhbjq v ijq najkjafbjq pj

FmM‖q bn hrjknq kj fke narhbjq) kj kjq pngfrn dhan ~kh ajgphhafñk aihh bn

a~èkrjq bn ijq hkrçmnkjq bn ahbh kngèrjbj qjk najkjafbhq pj hkrfa~npjq

pjb~afbjq nqpnaçefahgnkrn pj ih ntpjqfafñk hi phèqfrj $j q~ ntrharj a~bj& v

a~èinq nqrèk pnqnkrnq bn ghknh khr~hi) hkrnq bn x~n qnh nqrfg~ihbj ni

qfqrngh fkg~kn bn ijq q~lnrjq bn nqr~bfj+

Ajqafh v Jnqrn $8664& j`qnuhjk qjihgnkrn 82 `hkbhq

ajnqpjkbfnkrnq h ihq pjrnçkhq bn Ajkrhahna~g jqa~ihr~g ajk pnqjq

gjina~ihnq nkrn ijq 08 v 0?? cBh+ Nk p~n`hq bn fkg~kjnajkjafgfnkrj

nkajkrhjk x~n ni pn| rninñqrnj Adfjkjbhaj dhghr~q pnqnkrñ

fkg~kjmij`~ifkhq x~n najkjank 08. $1& bn nqrhq pjrnçkhq ajk pnqjq

gjina~ihnq bn 2=) 51 v 68 cBh+ Ajgj qn gnkafjkñ hkrnfjgnkrn ijq




2?

djqpnbnjq khr~hinq bn him~kjq dnigfkrjq kj qjk ahphanq bn najkjan uhfjq

bn q~q hkrçmnkjq) nk ajkqna~nkafh h ih hbhprhafñk bn æqrjq hi gnbfj x~n

pnqnkrh ni djqpnbnj v q~ qfqrngh fkg~kn+ Nqrj pjbçh ntpifah ni `hlj

pjankrhln bn pjrnçkhq najkjafbhq pj ijq pnanq) djqpnbnjq fkrngnbfhfjq

khr~hinq bn ihq ihuhq bn Ajkrhahna~g qpp+ ajgphhbj ajk ni pjankrhln bn

pjrnçkhq najkjafbhq pj ni qfqrngh fkg~kn bn ijq ajknljq bni pnqnkrn rh`hlj)

x~n kj qjk djqpnbnjq khr~hinq bn ihq nqpnafnq bn nqrn mæknj+

Ajgj phrn bni pnqnkrn nqr~bfj qn rnkçh ajkrngpihbj ih nhif|hafñk bn

p~n`hq bn fkg~kjnajkjafgfnkrj bn ijq hkrçmnkjq bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+ nk

ni q~nj bn q~q djqpnbnjq fkrngnbfhfjq khr~hinq) G+ anpdhi~q) qfk ng`hmj)

bn`fbj h x~n ni pjanqhgfnkrj bn ihq g~nqrhq bni q~nj bn ijq pnanq kj qn

nhif|ñ bn ghknh hbna~hbh) kj e~n pjqf`in ~rfif|hihq+ Nqrjq hkèifqfq kjq p~nbnk

bh gèq fkejghafñk v qn ~k p~krj bn nennkafh hanah bn x~æ pjrnçkhq bn ihq

bfqrfkrhq nqpnafnq bni mæknj Ajkrhahna~g pnqnkrhk ghvj fkg~kjmnkfafbhb+

Kj j`qrhkrn) phh dhan ~kh ajgphhafñk hpjpfhbh ajk nqr~bfjq ajgj ni

bn Ajqafh v Jnqrn $8664&) nq knanqhfh ih djgjmnkf|hafñk bn pjrjajijq x~n

pngfrhk ~kh ghvj nefahafh phh ih j`rnkafñk bn hkrçmnkjq+ H pnqh bn x~n

hkhif|hjk pjrnçkhq bn ~k kngèrjbj bni gfqgj mæknj hi nqr~bfhbj nk ni

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gèq qfgfihnq h ijq bnqafrjq pj _nna v Jc~in}fa| $0??5& nk Qvpdhafh j`unihrh)

gfng`j bn ~kh ehgfifh bfqrfkrh+




28

E~r~j bn ih içknh bn fkunqrfmhafñk

Nk pñtfgjq rh`hljq qn `~qahè nqaihnan qf ijq kngèrjbjq nkajkrhbjq

nk G+ anpdhi~q ajnqpjkbnk h him~kh bn ihq nqpnafnq vh bnqafrhq bnkrj bni

ajgpinlj bn Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g) j qf qn rhrh bn ~kh k~nuh nqpnafn)

phh niij qnè knanqhfj ajkjan ihq ahharnçqrfahq gjejiñmfahq bn ijq hb~irjq v

x~æ hunq harühk ajgj djqpnbnjq bnefkfrfujq bn nqrh nqpnafn+ Nqrj pjunnè ~k

gnlj ajkjafgfnkrj bn q~ afaij bn ufbh) x~n ajgj vh qn gnkafjkñ) rhg`fæk

p~nbn hv~bh h nkrnkbn ijq kfuninq bn fkenaafñk bn ih nqpnafn nk ni ènh+

Hbngèq) nk ijq nqr~bfjq x~n bnfunk bn ijq nq~irhbjq pnqnkrhbjq nk ni

pnqnkrn rh`hlj qnè knanqhfj nhif|h ntpnfgnkrjq nk `üqx~nbh bn

hkrfa~npjq ajk ghvj hefkfbhb n fkg~kjmnkfafbhb) nk gjbnijq hkfghinq

ghgçenjq v q~q djqpnbnjq pnanq v hunq+ Qnè knanqhfj iinuh h ah`j ~k

nqr~bfj pjqpnarfuj phh bnrngfkh qf ntfqrnk v ajk x~æ ena~nkafh qn pnqnkrhk

ihq fkenaafjknq j nhaafjknq hiæmfahq pjujahbhq pj ihq ihuhq bn

A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+) nk phafnkrnq ajk him~kj j uhfjq bn ijq qçkrjghq

nihafjkhbjq ajk ih hkfqhcfhqfq bnqp~æq bn dh`n ajkq~gfbj pnqahbj bn ih

@hdçh bn Ih _h|+ _hh niij rhg`fæk nq najgnkbh`in hkhif|h ihq pjqf`inq

nhaafjknq a~|hbhq bn ijq hkrçmnkjq hx~ç gjqrhbjq) ajk hkrçmnkjq bn jrjq

phèqfrjq pnqnkrnq nk ijq pnanq bn ajkq~gj nk ih ijahifbhb) phh bnrngfkh

a~èinq p~nbnk qn ~rfif|hbjq nk p~n`hq bfhmkñqrfahq gèq ntharhq+




20

AJKAI^QFJKNQ

† Ihq ihuhq I1 nkajkrhbhq nk G~mfi anpdhi~q bn ih @hdçh bn Ih _h| qn

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x~n fkai~vn h A+ mf`qjkf) A+ junqrnnrf) A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g qp+ ’A‗ v A+

g~irfphpfiihr~g qp+ ’B‗+ _nj nq knanqhfj bnrngfkh qf ajnqpjkbnk h him~kh

bn nqrhq a~hrj nqpnafnq j qn rhrh bn ~kh nqpnafn kj bnqafrh hük+

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qfnkbj ghvj ih fkenqrhafñk bn dçmhbj n fkrnqrfkj v gnkjq ajgük nk ih

g~qa~ihr~h phfnrhi bn pnanq nafæk ahpr~hbjq+

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fkrnkqfbhb nk G+ anpdhi~q kj henarh ih ajgnafhif|hafñk bn nqrn pn|) pj ij rhkrj)

ni pnifmj pjrnkafhi bn fkenaafñk j bn pnqnkrh ~kh nhaafñk hiæmfah) nqrè

pnqnkrn nk ihq pnqjkhq x~n ij ajkq~gnk+

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pjrnçkhq ajk pnqjq gjina~ihnq nkrn 8+02 v 6?+62 cBh pj gnbfj bn

ninarjejnqfq QBQ nk mni bn pjifhafihgfbh+

† Bn ihq pjrnçkhq bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+) 58. $11& qjk ahphanq bn

fkb~af ih pjb~aafñk bn FmM‖q nk ajknljq+ Bn nqrjq 11 hkrçmnkjq) 86 mnknhk ih

pjb~aafñk bn FmM‖q hkrf ' A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+




21

PNAJGNKBHAFJKNQ

Hi nqr~bfh ijq nenarjq bn ~kh bnrngfkhbh nqpnafn phèqfrh nk ni

najqfqrngh j nk ih qhi~b püìfah nq bn mhk ~rfifbhb haanbn hi rngh bn ghknh

fkrnbfqafpifkhfh+ Nk pfgnh fkqrhkafh qn bn`n fbnkrfefah rhtjkñgfahgnkrn bn

ghknh ajkai~vnkrn h ih j ihq nqpnafnq x~n qjk ni j`lnrj bn nqr~bfj) phh niij) ni

~qj bn dnhgfnkrhq bn `fjijmçh gjina~ih dhk pj`hbj qn bn mhk ~rfifbhb hi

nqr~bfh dnigfkrjq+

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bn q~q djqpnbnjq v nk ni najqfqrngh) ni nqr~bfj bn ihq nqrhrnmfhq x~n

bnqhjiihk hg`jq jmhkfqgjq phh ajntfqrf) fkai~vnkbj ih nqp~nqrh fkg~kn bni

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ahphafbhb bn ijq dnigfkrjq bn fkuhbf k~nujq rnlfbjq j k~nujq djqpnbnjq3 ih

dh`fifbhb bni djqpnbnj phh nufrh fkenqrhafjknq ghqfuhq hi nqrh ntp~nqrj

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najijmçh v npfbngfjijmçh bn ijq dnigfkrjq v q~q djqpnbnjq) fkai~fbj ni d~ghkj+

Rhg`fæk qn bn`n hkhif|h ih pjqf`fifbhb bn ~rfif|h ni nqr~bfj bn ih najijmçh

v uhfh`fifbhb mnkærfah bn ihq pjìhafjknq bn A+ g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+ v jrjqphèqfrjq nk ni ènh) ajgj phègnrjq bni nqrhbj bn qhi~b bni hg`fnkrn) bn`fbj

h ih nqrnadh nihafñk x~n ntfqrn nkrn ni afaij bn ufbh bn him~kjq phèqfrjq ajk

jmhkfqgjq nk bfunqjq kfadjq bn ~k najqfqrngh+ _j`hìngnkrn Ajkrhahna~g

g~irfphpfiihr~g q+ i+ p~nbn qn ~rfif|hbj ajgj fkbfahbj bn ih qhi~b bn ihq

pjìhafjknq bn pnanq v bnkrj bn ih @hdçh bn Ih _h|) vh x~n ntfqrnk bhrjq x~n




22

fkbfahk x~n ih hirh pnuhinkafh bn fkenaafñk) p~nbn nqrh fkei~nkafhbh pj ih

n~rjef|hafñk nk ih Nkqnkhbh v @hdçh bn Ih _h|) bn`fbh h ihq bnqahmhq bn

ghrnfh jmèkfah pjunkfnkrnq bni bnkhln bn ih af~bhb j pjujahbhq pj nunkrjq

khr~hinq ajgj d~hahknq+

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nufqanhbj bn ghknh jpjr~kh bnqp~æq bn q~ ahpr~h+ _nj qn bn`nè ntdjrh

rhg`fæk h ijq ajgnafhkrnq fkfafhinq) ijq pnqahbjnq) v h ijq fkrngnbfhfjq) h

hbjprh gnbfbhq bn pnunkafñk) nufqanhkbj ni pnqahbj x~n ajgnafhif|hk) ij

gèq pjkrj x~n inq qnh pjqfìn+

_j jrh phrn qn bn`n pjgjun nk ijq mhkbnq nqrhìnafgfnkrjq v

ngpnqhq ajk ghvjnq na~qjq najkñgfajq) ih fgpingnkrhafñk bn gnbfbhq

ajgj ajkmnih h ~kh rngpnhr~h bn '0?¿A b~hkrn gèq bn 02 djhq rjbj ni

pnqahbj x~n bn`n ajgnafhif|hqn a~bj) har~hignkrn jìfmhrjfj nk ih

Ajg~kfbhb Najkñgfah N~jpnh+

Qn najgfnkbh hinrh h ihq h~rjfbhbnq qhkfrhfhq bn ihq afa~kqrhkafhq nk

ihq x~n qn nka~nkrhk ihq ifqhq bn unkrh nk ni ènh) v ni pjqfìn pnifmj hi x~n qn

ntpjknk q~q ajkq~gfbjnq) phh x~n rjgnk gnbfbhq pnah~rjfhq v phrfafpnk nk

ihq fkunqrfmhafjknq x~n bnrngfknk ih ghmkfr~b bni fnqmj x~n npnqnkrh ih

nqpnafn j`lnrj bn nqrn rh`hlj v jrhq nqpnafnq bni gfqgj mæknj pjqfìngnkrn

pnqnkrnq nk ijq jmhkfqgjq bn ijq x~n qn j`rfnknk pjb~arjq bn ajkq~gj

d~ghkj+




2>

RPH@HLJQ E^R^PJQ

Har~hignkrn qn rh`hlh nk ih qna~nkafhafñk bni FRQ'8) FRQ'0 $p HBK& v ni

AJt0 $gr HBK& bn ihq ihuhq bn Ajkrhahna~g pjunkfnkrnq bn G~mfi anpdhi~q v

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nk hg`hq) pnrnknank hi ajgpinlj bn Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g+ Qn `~qah

bnrngfkh qf qn rhrhk bn ~kh k~nuh nqpnafn bnkrj bn nqrn ajgpinlj j qf

pnrnknank h ~kh bn ihq a~hrj nqpnafnq vh bnqafrhq+ Rhg`fæk nqrè nk pjanqj

ni hkèifqfq bn ihq gfqghq qna~nkafhq nk hb~irjq j`rnkfbjq bn _ninahkk~q

jaafbnkrhifq +

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x~n qn bnqhjiihk q~q ihuhq) ajgj q~anbn nk ni kngèrjbj Nadfkjanpdhi~q

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rngpnhr~hq bn 04 v 11 ¼A+

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ajkq~gn pnqahbj bn ih ijahifbhb+

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ih pnqnkafh bn kngèrjbjq phèqfrjq) p~nbn pjujah) nk ni djqpnbnj) ih

pjb~aafñk bn hkrfa~npjq) x~n najkjank hkrçmnkjq bn jrjq phèqfrjq+

Bn`fbj h x~n him~kjq bn ijq djqpnbnjq khr~hinq bn phèqfrjq)

najkjank ~kh gnkj ahkrfbhb bn hkrçmnkjq x~n ijq x~n qjk ahphanq bn




25

najkjan djqpnbnjq haafbnkrhinq j ntpnfgnkrhinq) nq pjqf`in bnrngfkh ih

pjb~aafñk bn hkrfa~npjq ajkrh ni phèqfrj nk q~q djqpnbnjq fkrngnbfhfjq

khr~hinq pnanq) nhif|hkbj p~n`hq bn fkg~kjnajkjafgfnkrj) phh nkrnkbn

gnlj ijq pjanqjq bn fkenaafñk bn ih nqpnafn v ih nqp~nqrh bn q~q djqpnbnjq+

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nqpnafnq bn hkfqècfbjq $Hkfqhcfq qfgpint &+

IFRNPHR^PH AFRHBH

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enqd}hrn efqdnq ejg Kjrd Hgnfah+ Fk Pfacineq) P+ N+ hkb Qadi~rn) B+

$nb+& Qpnafnq bfunqfrv fk najijmfahi ajgg~kfrfnq< dfqrjfahi hkb

mnjmhpdfahi pnqpnarfunq+ ^kfunqfrv je Adfahmj _nqq+ 84> ' 86? pp+

Hi'\~`hfbv) H+ @+ 0??6+ _nuhinkan hkb Bnkqfrfnq je Ajkrhahna~g qp+ Ihuhn fk

If|h h`~ $Dnacni) 8421& ejg Bfeennkr Fhxf ]hrn @jbfnq+ Ghfkn Qafnkan+

0?< 1 '8=+

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rhkqgfqqfjk+ 0kb Nbfrfjk+ AH@F+ ^C+ 5>? pp+

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2=

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fk ajb efqd+ Ajgphhrfun Fgg~kjijmv) Gfaj`fjijmv hkb Fkenarfj~q

Bfqnhqnq+ 84 $0&< => ' 42+

@hbejb) G+ 86=5+ H Phpfb hkb Qnkqfrfun Gnrdjb ej rdn X~hkrfrhrfjk je

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@fkbfkm" Hkhivrfahi @fjadngngfqrv+ =0< 024 ' 0>2+

@~qd) H+ J+) C+ B+ Iheenrv) L+ G+ Ijr| v H+ ]+ Qdjqrhc+ 866=+ _hhqfrjijmv gnnrq

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41< >=> ' >41+

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bn ih Nkqnkhbh bn Ih _h|+ Rnqfq bn Ifankafhr~h+ @fjijmçh Ghfkh+

^H@AQ) Ih _h|) @+A+Q+ Gætfaj+ 40 pp+




24

Ahqrfiij Qèkadn|) N+ v A+ _æn| _jkan bn Inñk+ 8664+ Dnigfkrd phhqfrnq je

_hhifadrdvq ahifejkfa~q $Jqrnfadrdvnq< _hhifadrdvbhn& fk Nqrnj bn

_~krh @hkbh) Rjbjq Qhkrjq @hv hkb Qhk X~fkrfk @hv) @hlh Ahifejkfh)

Gætfaj+ Afnkafhq Ghfkhq+ 02 $2&< 221 ' 250+

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Qnanrhfh bn _nqah+ Gætfaj+ 0>1 pp+

Ajqafh) G+ v ^+ Jnqrn+ 0??8+ _nqnkan je hkrf`jbfnq qpnafefa ej pjrnfkq je

Ajkrhahna~g jqa~ihr~g $P~bjipdf) 86?4& fk pihqgh je qnunhi Hkrharfa

rninjqrq+ Efqd % Qdniiefqd Fgg~kjijmv+ 4 $2&< 06> ' 1?0+

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ihuhi ntanrjv'qnanrjv pjb~arq hkb a~bn ntrharq ejg Hkfqhcfq

qfgpint + Qahkbfkhufhk Lj~khi je Fkg~kjijmv+ >1 $>&< 241'244+

Bnhbjee) R+ I+) v P+ G+ Junqrnnr+ 864?+ Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g $7A+

j`~qr~g & ejg efqdnq hkb `fbq fk rdn kjrdnk M~ie je Gntfaj+ Lj~khi je

_hhqfrjijmv+ 55< 4>1 ' 4>5+

Bni _j|j) U+) F+ Hfnrh) R+ R~kjk) F+ Ajrnmhkj) @+ Mjgn|) @+ Ahbh`h) Q+

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Fgg~kjphrdjmnknqfq je d~ghk mhqrjfkrnqrfkhi fkenarfjk `v Hkfqhcfq

qfgpint + Rdn Lj~khi je Hiinmv hkb Aifkfahi Fgg~kjijmv+ 8?2 $1&< 51= ' 21+

Nqahihkrn D+) P+ Iføhk) N+ Bçh|) C+ Bhunijfq v J+ D~hghkadhv+ 0??>+ Hkrçmnkjq

bn ihuhq p~igjkhnq bn Hqahfq q~~g najkjafbjq pj hkrfa~npjq




26

pjb~afbjq pj Jvarjihm~q a~kfa~i~q + _hhqfrjijmçh Ihrfkjhgnfahkh+ 5?<

810 ' 81=+

Nqpfkj|h L+ v D+ Pjbçm~n|+ 864=+ Qnhqjkhi pdnkjijmv hkb nafpjahi

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je Ahifejkfh+ Lj~khi Ntpnfgnkrhi Ghfkn @fjijmv Najijmv+ 88?< 841 ' 86>+

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M~çh phh fbnkrfefahafñk bn nqpnafnq phh ijq efknq bn pnqah+ Jmhkf|hafñk

bn ihq Khafjknq ^kfbhq phh ih Hmfa~ir~h v ih Hifgnkrhafñk+ Pjgh+

5?> pp+

Eijnq) D+ 866>+ _hèqfrjq bn ihq ’Ah`fiihq‗ bni mæknj Gvarnjpnah $Mfii) 8451&

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@fjijmçh Ghfkh) ^H@AQ) Ih _h|) @+A+Q+ 82= pp+

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qfgpint+ Qngnmnk+ 0>< =60 ' =6=+

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>?

D~f|fkmh) D+ ]+ 865=+ Rdn Ifen Avain je Ajkrhahna~g g~irfphpfiihr~g $ujk

Bhqadn) 8440& I~acn) 8628 $Knghrjbh< Dnrnjadnifbhn&+ Rdn Lj~khi je

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1 $8&< 8> ' 04+

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Qfkhijh+ >5 pp+

L~èn|'Hjvj) L+ v M+ Qhimhbj'Ghibjkhbj+ 8646+ Dnigfkrdq je rdn "ifqh" G~mfi

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qnh knh Chgjmh}h Afrv) Adf`h _nenar~n) Lhphk) }dnn d~ghk

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Cfg) I+ Q+) V+ D+ Inn) Q+ Cfg) D+ P+ _hc v Q+ V+ Adj+ 8668+ H ahqn je hkfqhcfq

ah~qfkm fkrnqrfkhi j`qr~arfjk+ Cjnhk Lj~khi je _hhqfrjijmv+ 06 $8&< 61 '

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>8

Cj) P+ A+ 86=5+ Ntpnfgnkrhi fkenarfjk je ghgghiq }frd ihuhi Nadfkjanpdhi~q

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>0

hkrf`jbfnq rj Hkfqhcfq qfgpint hkrfmnkq+ Aifkfahi % Ntpnfgnkrhi Hiinmv+ 1?

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I~ L~kvf) ]~ Lfkvfkm) Vhkm Bh}nf) Adnk \dfqdnkm v \nkm D~h+ 0??8+ Hkhivqfq je

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>1

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>2

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_hhqfrjijmv+ 68 $5&< 8281 ' 8206+

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>>

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>5

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>4

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85 $=0&< 66 ' 88>+

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>6

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8=? ' 8==+

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