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D-MAVTDepartment of Mechanical and Process Engineering
Research
Departement Maschinenbau & VerfahrenstechnikDepartment of Mechanical & Process Engineering
DMAV TETH ZurichDepartment of Mechanical and Process EngineeringSonneggstrasse 38092 ZurichSwitzerlandwww.mavt.ethz.ch ET
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ContactETH ZurichDepartment of Mechanical and Process EngineeringSonneggstrasse 38092 ZurichSwitzerlandwww.mavt.ethz.ch
Links to Web-sites of Professors or InstitutesInstitute of Biomechanics www.biomech.ethz.chInstitute for Dynamic Systems and Control www.idsc.ethz.chInstitute of Energy Technology www.iet.ethz.chInstitute of Fluid Dynamics www.ifd.mavt.ethz.chInstitute of Mechanical Systems www.imes.ethz.chInstitute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems www.iris.ethz.chInstitute of Process Engineering www.ipe.ethz.chInstitute of Machine Tools and Manufacturing www.iwf.ethz.ch Institute of Virtual Manufacturing www.ivp.ethz.chProfessorship of Micro- and Nanosystems www.micro.mavt.ethz.chProfessorship of Nanotechnology www.nano.ethz.ch
Concept and OrganizationUlrike Schlachter-Habermann, Margot Fox-Ziekau
Realizationdigitworks
PhotosMaurice Haas, Ruth Erdt, Masha Roskosny and others
PrintingAbächerli Druck AG, Sarnen
© Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering2009, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Contents
Institute for Biomechanics 9• ProfessorRalphMüller 10• ProfessorJessSnedeker 12
Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control 15• ProfessorRaffaelloD‘Andrea 16• ProfessorLinoGuzzella 18
Institute of Energy Technology 21• ProfessorRezaS.Abhari 22• ProfessorKonstantinosBoulouchos 24• ProfessorWolfgangKröger 26• ProfessorChristophMüller 28• ProfessorHyungGyuPark 30• ProfessorDimosPoulikakos 32• ProfessorHorst-MichaelPrasser 34• ProfessorAldoSteinfeld 36
Institute of Fluid Dynamics 39• ProfessorPatrickJenny 40• ProfessorLeonhardKleiser 42• ProfessorThomasRösgen 44
Institute of Mechanical Systems 47• ProfessorJürgDual 48• ProfessorPaoloErmanni 50• ProfessorChristophGlocker 52• ProfessorEdoardoMazza 54
Institute of Process Engineering 57• ProfessorMarcoMazzotti 58• ProfessorSotirisE.Pratsinis 60• ProfessorPhilippRudolfvonRohr 62
Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems 65• ProfessorRogerGassert 66• ProfessorFumiyaIida 68• ProfessorBradleyNelson 70• ProfessorRobertRiener 72• ProfessorRolandSiegwart 74
Individual professorships and single professors 77Institute of Machine Tools and Manufacturing 78• ProfessorKonradWegener
Institute of Virtual Manufacturing 80• ProfessorPavelHora
Professorship of Micro- and Nanosystems 82• ProfessorChristoferHierold
Professorship of Nanotechnology 84• ProfessorAndreasStemmer
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Welcome
The Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering (D-MAVT)D-MAVTisoneofsixteendepartmentsofETHZurichandtracesitshistorybacktotheopeningoftheUniversityin1855.TheDepartmentprovidesundisputedleadershipinmechanicalengineeringresearchandeducationinSwitzer-land,andiscurrentlythelargestengineeringdepartmentatETHinnumbersofstudents,staffandfaculty.D-MAVTalsoplaysanimportantroleinmakingETHaleadingengineer-inguniversityworldwide.TheDepartmentandthecurrentfacultyofthirtyoneprofessorsstrivestomaintainastronginternationalreputationinresearch.
ThisreportpresentscurrentresearchintheDepartment.Eachprofessor’sresearchactivitiesarepresentedindividually,andprofessorshipsthatcombineintolargerinstituteswhicharegroupedundertheirrespectiveinstitute.Institutesthatconsistofsingleprofessorshipsandprofessorsnotassoci-atedwithaninstitutearelistedindividually.Pleasedonothesitatetocontactprofessorsdirectlyifanyquestionsariseorclarificationsaredesired.
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Institute for Biomechanics
TheInstituteforBiomechanicsisamultidisciplinaryresearchunitdedicatedtothebiomechanicalinvestigationofthehumanbody.Undertwoprofessors,theInstitutetotalsap-proximately60members,includingfourfaculty,fiveseniorscientists,sevenpostdoctoralresearchers,andmorethanthirtydoctoralandgraduatestudents,plustechnicalandadministrativestaff(twosecretaries,amechanicalandanelectronicsspecialist,andthreeapprentices).TheInstituteforBiomechanicsinvestigatesthemechanicsandmaterialpropertiesofthemusculoskeletalsystem,aswellashumanmovement,fromamacroscopic(wholebody,organ)scaletoamicroscopic(cell)scale.Manydiseases,likeosteoporosis,arthritisormuscleatrophyleadtoreducedfunctionalityofthissystem.Additionally,thegrowthandagingprocessesdemandadaptationofthesystemasaresponsetofunction,asdotherequirementsofdailylife;i.e.work,leisure,andeven,inpeakperformance,sportsactivi-ties.TheInstitute’sinterestslieincharacterizingthematerialpropertiesofthetissues,thequantificationoftheiradapta-tionfrombirthtodeath,withdisease,andduetomechanicaldemands,aswellascomparingthekineticsandkinematicsofthefunctionalanddysfunctionalsystem.Monitoringriskatanearlystageofpathologicaldevelopment,andquantify-ingoptimaltreatmentandrehabilitationarecrucialforthehealthandwelfareofsociety.Withthisaim,theInstitutedevelops,refinesandusesbiomechanicalengineeringtoolsandconceptstoexploreandunderstandmusculoskeletalorganisation,whilemaintainingaphilosophyofrespectandcompassionforallhumanandanimallife.
TheInstituteforBiomechanicscomprisesfiveresearchdomains;BoneBiomechanics,SoftTissueBiomechanics,JointandImplantBiomechanics,Mechanobiology,andSportsandMovementBiomechanics.
Bone BiomechanicsThisresearchisconcernedwithultrastructuralassessmentofboneinrelationtoitsresponsetoloading,inordertobet-terunderstandthestructure-functionrelationship.Forthisreason3Dapproachesforquantitativebioimagingaswellasexperimentalandcomputationalmechanicsareinves-tigated.Furthermore,bonefractureasassessedbymicro-computedtomographyhasbeencombinedwithdiscretemicro-compressiontestinginordertounderstandfractureata3Dmicroscopicscale,anditsrelationshiptobonematerialcompositionandstructure.
Soft Tissue BiomechanicsSofttissuebiomechanicsincludesmuscles,tendons,liga-mentsandcartilage.Experimentalandcomputationalap-proachesareusedtomeasuretheinternalstructuraldynam-icsofthese,andmodelsaredevelopedtosimulatethis.Novelbioimagingapproachesarebeingdevelopedtostudythestructural,cellularandmolecularmechanismsunderlyingskeletalhomeostasis,pathologyandhealinginthesetissues.Investigationsfocusondiseasessuchasmuscleatrophy,andarthritis,aswellasmuscle,ligamentandtendoninjurymechanisms.
Joint and Implant BiomechanicsImplantlooseningisamajorcauseoffailure,soouraimistoprovideabetterunderstandingofimplantanchorageandstability.Forthatpurpose,peri-implantbonequalityisstud-ied;includingdeformationandfailureunderload,andhowstabilityandfailureareaffectedbybone-implantinterfacecharacteristics.Additionally,thesuccessofpostoperativeimplantationisstudiedwithrespecttoshoulder,kneeandankleprostheses,whereitcanprovidecriticalinformationforimprovedlongevity.
MechanobiologyThemechanicalloadingenvironmentisanimportantfactorregulatingbonemassandshape,aswellascellularresponse.Anunderstandingofthemechanismsgoverningthisadapta-tioncouldultimatelyleadtothedevelopmentofpharmaco-logicalagentswhichmimicthismechano-sensitiveresponse,therebyofferingnovelstrategiesforthemanagementofdisease.Anunderstandingofthecellularresponseaidstissueengineeringefforts.Skeletaltissueengineeringiscarriedout,wheresubstitutetissuesthatrestoreorimprovefunctionaredevelopedandconstructgrowthismonitored.
Sports and Movement BiomechanicsQuantificationofthemovementsofthehumanbodysuchaswalking,stairclimbing,running,orduringsportingactivitiesisthefocusofthisdomain.Specialinterestliesintheloadcondi-tionsonthemusculoskeletalsystem,andthedescriptionofchangesasaresultof(i)pathologyand(ii)shortandlong-termadaptationsduetointerventions(i.e.prostheses/orthoses).Thesystemisdescribedkinematically,usingoptical3Dmeasure-mentandsimultaneousmusclesignals.Kineticinformationisgatheredfromfiveforceplates,whichallowsinversedynamicmodelingforestimationofinternalloadingofthehumanbody.
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RalphMüllerisanAssociateProfessorofBiomechanicsattheDepartmentofMechanicalandProcessEngineeringandtheDirectoroftheInstituteforBiomechanicsatETHZurich.Bornin1964,inSchaffhausenSwitzerland,hestudiedelectricalengineeringatETHZurichwherehealsoreceivedhisPh.D.in1994.Subsequently,heservedasaProjectManagerforthemicro-computedtomographyprojectoftheEuropeanUnionConcertedActionBIOMED1.In1996,hemovedtoBoston,whereheservedasatenure-trackAssistantProfes-sorofOrthopedicSurgeryatHarvardMedicalSchoolandtheAssociateDirectoroftheOrthopedicBiomechanicsLabora-tory.Between2000and2006,hewasanSNFProfessorofBioengineeringattheInstituteforBiomedicalEngineer-ing,UniversityandETHZurich.Heisanauthorofover600refereedpublicationsininternationalscientificjournalsandconferences.Hehasreceivedanumberofawards,includingtheinauguralJohnHaddadYoungInvestigatorAward(1998)fromtheAmericanSocietyforBoneandMineralResearch(ASBMR)andAdvancesinMineralMetabolism(AIMM),aswellasthePromisingYoungScientistAward(1999)fromtheInternationalSocietyofBiomechanics(ISB).In2004,hewasnamedYoungLeaderbytheAmerican-SwissFoundation,andin2007,heandhisteamreceivedthePublicationGroupAwardfromtheGermanAcademyofOsteologicalandRheu-matologicalSciences.
Vision in Research and EducationProfessorMüller’sresearchaimsatprovidingabridgebetweenbiologists,whohavebroughtmolecularandcellularcom-ponentswithintherealmofengineering,andengineers,whohavebroughtthemethodsofmeasurement,analysis,synthesis,andcontrolwithintherealmofmolecularandcellbiology.Morespecifically,newdevelopmentsinbiomechani-calresearchareaimedatthequantificationandmodelingofthemusculoskeletalsystematthemolecular,cellular,andorganlevelincorporatingnovelprinciplesandtechniquesofbiomechanics,biomedicalimaging,biologicalsignalprocessing,andbiomodeling.Asaneducationalgoal,thegroupisinterestedinafastanddirecttranslationofknowledgefrombasicandappliedresearchintotheclassroom,providingstudentswithnoveltheoriesandmethodsofcutting-edgescience,aswellasastronginterestinthefieldofbiomedicalengineeringingeneral,andbiomechanicsspecifically.
Biological Quantification for Structure Function Assessment in BoneMicrocomputedtomographyisusedtoimageandquantifyboneinthreedimensionsprovidingresolutionsrangingfromafewmillimetersdowntoonehundrednanometers.Synchrotronlightcanalsobeusedtoexplorephenomenaonthenanoscopicscale.Thesesystemsallowrelativelyeasy,volumetricandnondestructiveaccesstotheultrastructureofbiologicalmaterialsforquantification.Onalargerscale,invivocomputedtomographycanbeusedtoassessstructure-functionrelationshipsinhumanbone,andcomputationalmodelsdevelopedinthelabcanimprovethepredictionofpatient-specificfracturerisk.Tounderstandhowbonefrac-turesarerelatedtochangesinarchitecture,wehavedevelopedimage-guidedtechniquesthatutilisemicro-bendingor-com-pressionincombinationwithimaging.Thisisabletoprovide3Dvisualisationandquantificationoffractureprogressionatthenanometerscale.
Institute for BiomechanicsProfessor Ralph Müller
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Pictures from left to right:1:TheBoneCrusherdeviceenteringtheinvivoHR-pQCT,forimage-guidedfailureassessmentofhumanbone(80μmresolution);2:Micro-compressiondevicefordynamicimage-guidedfailureassessmentofbonefractureforusewithsynchrotronradiation-basedCT(350nmresolution);3:Remodelingresponseofvertebral
trabecularbonefromtheC5vertebraoftwomice,followingboutsof0N(left)or8N(right)mechanicalstimulation,respectively.Imagedusinginvivomicro-CT,(10μmresolution);4:Implant-boneinteractionforaparticularscrewimplantgeometry;5:Strainenergydensity(SED)calculatedbyanFEanalysisofaslabofthedistalhumanradiusasmeasuredbyin
vivoHR-pQCT;6:Micro-CTimageofasilkscaffold,(6μmresolution).
Implant Fixation in Osteoporotic BoneInclinicalorthopedics,implantstabilityisacriticalissue,particularlyinpatientswithlow-bonequality(e.g.oste-oporosis).ResearchinthegroupofProfessorvanLentheiscarriedoutwithaviewtosheddinglightonthisproblemandproposingstrategiesforimprovement.Forthatpur-pose,experimentaltime-lapsedimagingofbone-implantconstructsisusedtovisualizehowtheseconstructsdeform,wherefailureisinitiated,andhowthisleadstoimplantloosening.Thesedataarefurtheranalyzedwithcomputa-tionalmethodsusinghighlydetailedmodelsoftrabecularbonestructureandimplantgeometrywiththeaimtounderstandandquantifythemechanismsleadingtoimplantfailure.Weexpectthatthiscomputationalapproachwillprovidecriticalinformationtodefinenewsolutionsforimprovedimplantanchorageandlongevity.
A Model of Load-induced Bone Adaptation to Study Skeletal MechanobiologyMechanicalloadingisperhapsthesinglemostimportantphysiological/environmentalfactorregulatingbonemassandshape.Adecreaseinmechanicalusageoftheskeletonwillresultinboneloss,whileoverloadingresultsinboneformationandagaininbonemass.Verylittleisknownaboutthemechanismsinvolved,sotothatendwehaverecentlydevelopedamousemodeltostudythis,aswellasgeneticcontrolofmicrostructuralboneadaptation.Hereweobservedadoseresponseinbothtrabecularandcorticalbonefollowingregularboutsofmechanicalstimulation.Newresearchhasfocusedonsimulatingthisadaptationtounderstandthemechanicalregulationofbonestructurethroughbiologicalpathways.Thisprovidesopportunitiestomimicoraugmenttheresponsetomechanicalstimulationbypharmacologicalagentsandmayleadtonovelstrategiesformanagingbonepathologies,aswellastheassessingtreatmentstrategies.
Functional Outcomes in Tissue EngineeringTheneedforfunctionaltissuesubstitutesisincreasingastheworld’spopulationages.Organtransplantationandmechanicaldeviceshaverevolutionisedmedicalpracticebutstillhavelimitationssuchasavailability,biocompati-bilityandhostacceptance.Methodscurrentlybeingusedincludeconduction(byascaffold)andinduction(bybioactivemolecules)ofcellmigrationtorepairrelativelysmalldefects,andcelltransplantationintothedefectsite(withorwithoutbiomaterial)torepairlargerdefects.Eventhesemethodsareofteninadequatebecauseofthecomplexityofthestructurethatmustbereplaced.Inourgroupwespecialiseinthemeasurementoffunctionaloutcomesintissueengineer-ingandregenerativemedicineaswellasthedevelopmentofoptimisedbioreactorsforbiomechanicalstimulationoftissuecultures.
Measuring and Modeling Single Myofibrils and Whole Muscle SystemsInthisgroup,investigationofthemechanicsofwhole-bodymusclesystemsandsinglemusclefibresiscarriedoutonthecellularandsubcellularlevel.Thegoalistounderstandbasiceventsatthecompositemechanicallevelofan‘active’biologicalmaterial.Onamacroscopicscale,thepoweroutputofthehumanmuscularsystemduringcyclingisdetermined.Theaimistotestexistingtheoreticalmodelswithrespecttomaximumperformancefromamechano-physiologicalpointofview.Onamicroscopicscalesinglemusclemyofibrilexperimentsareperformed,andsophisticatedmicroscopytechniquesareusedtodescribethedynamicsofapopula-tionofhalf-sarcomeres.Theresponseduringactivation,relaxation,stretchandreleaseprovidethemainconceptsinanalysingandmodelingthemechanicsofasinglemyofibrilorabundleofmyofibrils.
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Institute for BiomechanicsProfessor Jess Snedeker
JessSnedekerisaDualProfessorattheETHZurichDepart-mentofMechanicalEngineeringandtheUniversityofZurich,DepartmentofOrthopedics.HisresearchgroupislocatedattheUniversityHospital,Balgrist,incloseproximitytoorthopedicpatientsandtheirsurgeons.ThustheprojectsundertakenandrealizedwithinProfessorSnedeker’sgroupareclinicallymotivatedandseektodevelopimprovedsurgi-calandtherapeuticapproaches.ProfessorSnedekerreceivedhisBSc.inMechanicalEngi-neeringfromLehighUniversityin1995.Afterseveralyearsinindustrialresearchanddevelopment,hereturnedtoacademiatoearnhisMSc.inBioengineeringfromPennStateUniversityin2000,andhisdoctorateinMechanicalEn-gineeringfromtheETHZurichin2004.HewasappointedasAssistantProfessorattheUniversityofZurichinSeptember2006,andtotheETHZurichinAugust2008.TheSnedekergroupfocusesonthedevelopmentofnumericalmodelsofbiologicalsystemsandthemulti-scale(macro-,micro-,nano-scale)experimentsrequiredtovalidatethem.Thegrouphasauthoredover50refereedpublicationsininternationalscientificjournalsandconferenceproceedings,andhasreceivedvariousinternationalawardsfortheirwork.
Clinical Biomechanics: Systematically Improving Today’s Treatments Today’sorthopedicsurgeryofferspainreliefandareturntofunctionfromawiderangeofdegenerativeskeletaldis-orders.However,surgicaltechniquesandtechnologiesareconstantlyevolvingandcertainjoints(liketheshoulder)arebesetbysomepersistentproblemsthathavenoadequatetherapeuticsolution.Weseektofillthesegapsthroughthedevelopmentoffreshclinicalconcepts.Aconsiderablepartofclinicalinnovationissuesfromtheoperatingroomitselfandourgroupactivelycollaborateswithin-housesurgeonstodevisenewtreatments,testtheirpotentialefficacy,anddevelopthemintopracticabletherapeuticapproaches.Weexamineclinicalproblemsandpotentialsolutionsinquantitativeterms,applyinghigh-precisionmeasurementtechniquesandhigh-resolutioncomputationalmodelstoidentifyandexplorethemostim-portantbiological/clinicalfactorsatwork.Forexample,wehaveperformedparametricmodelingstudiesofosteotomydesign,quantifyingthebiomechanicalconsequencesofcutgeometryonthewaythatbonesarelikelytobearloadpost-operativelyandeventuallyheal.Wehavealsoinvestigatedvariouscommerciallyavailablejointprostheses,criticallyevaluatingimplantsystemswithregardtorobustnessofprimaryfixationinbone,mechanismsforlong-termim-plantloosening,andbiomechanicalconsequencesonjointfunction.
Tendon Structure and Function: Understanding the Processes of Disease, Injury and Healing Tendondisorderscontinuetobeamongthemostcom-monmedicalconditionsforwhichtreatmentissought,andtheyareassociatedwithhugesocietalandeconomiccosts.Likemanyskeletaltissues,tendonhasalowbloodsupplyandhealspoorlyasweincreaseinage.Injuriesofcertaintendonslikethoseoftherotatorcuffmusclescanseriously
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Pictures from left to right:ResearchonsurgicaltechniquesattheBalgristUniversityHospital;Experimentalmodelsofrotatorcufftear;Healingtendontobone;3Dultrastructuralmodelsoftendon;Cellmechanicsexperimentsandmodels.
compromiseanindividual’sabilitytoperformdailyactivitiesanddrasticallyreducequalityoflife.Unfortunately,manycasesoftendoninjurycannotbeadequatelytreatedbyeventhebesttherapiesavailable.TheSnedekergroupisinterestedindevelopingadvancedtendontherapiesthroughabasicunderstandingofhowatendonderivesitsfunctionalpropertiesfromitsmolecularconstituents.Specifically,weareinterestedinhowtendoncellssenseandinterpretmechanicalforces,andrespondtothoseforcesbythecreationoftheextra-cellularmatrixthatgivestendonitsfunctionalintegrity.Ourworkcentersonthebeliefthatmolecularcross-linkingofcollagenholdsalargetherapeuticpotentialthathasyettobesufficientlyexploited.Toexplorethepotentialfunctionalimpactofcollagencross-linking,wehavedevisedlarge-scalenumericalmodelsoftendonsattheproteinlevel,andarevalidatingthesemodelswithappropriateexperiments.Throughthehelpofsmallanimalmodels,wearealsocharac-terizingthebiologicalsequencesoftendonhealing,hopingtoidentifycriticalcell-sensingmechanismsandcell-signalingpathwaysthatmaybeaugmentedthroughtherapeuticintervention.Thenatureofthisaugmentationcanbethroughmicro-designedbiomaterialsthatprovidespecificmechanicaland/orbiochemicalcuestohealingcellsthatstimulatetissuegrowthandformationofarobustandsustainableextra-cellu-larmatrix.TheSnedekergroupisengagedinactivecollabora-tionswithbiomaterialscientiststoattainthesegoals.
Cell Mechanics in Disease Diagnosis and Regenerative MedicineItisbecomingincreasinglyclearthatstaticanddynamicforcesplaykeyrolesintheextremelycomplexbiochemicalandbiophysicalprocessesthatunderliecellfunction.Cellmechanicscanbeinvolvedinaberrantcellprocesseslyingattherootsofdisease,butalsoofferopportunitiesasfocalpointsfortherapeuticintervention.
TheSnedekergroupiscreatingnovelexperimentalandcomputationalplatformsforquantifyingcellularlevelforces(cell-matrixinteractions)andhowcellsrespondtothoseforces(celldifferentiation,proteinsynthesis,andextra-cellularmatrixproduction).Thisworkisperformedwiththelongertermaimofapplyingcell-mechanicswithinatissue-engineeringframeworktointelligentlyguidecellstoregeneratetissuesofimprovedmechanicalcompetencyandlongtermviability.Wealsofocusontheuseofcellmechanicsasadiagnosticandresearchtoolforcharacterizingdiseaseslikeosteosar-coma(bonecancer).Cancermetastasisdependsonchangesinfunctionalcellbehaviorssuchasadhesionandmigra-tionthatareassociatedwithchangesincellphenotypiccellelasticityandviscoelasticity.Alargepartofthegroupisdedicatedtodevelopinguniquetoolstocharacterizecellpropertiesin2Dand3Dculture,aswellasin vivo.
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Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control
TheInstituteforDynamicSystemsandControl(IDSC;for-merlytheMeasurementandControlLaboratory)isheadedbyProfessorR.D‘AndreaandProfessorL.Guzzella,andofferstencoursesintheundergraduateandgraduateprogram.Visitingscholarsandstudentsfromaroundtheworldcom-plementourteamof40+researchersandstaff.
IDSCgraduateshaveasolidunderstandingoffeedback,dynamicsandcontrol.Theymustalsobeabletoworkwithspecialistsinotherfields.Ourpedagogicalenvironmentencouragesteamworkandmultidisciplinarycollaborationtohelppreparestudentsforbothworkplaceandacademicsuccess.Studentsareengagedinresearchintheearlystagesoftheircurriculumandaregraduallyledtowardmorechallengingproblemsandindependentresearch.Highlymotivatedstudentswhoenjoyworkingwithotherswillfindlike-mindedcolleaguesinourlab.
Main Research Areas
Fromaerialvehiclestocombustionengines,multi-robotsystemsandeventhehumanbody,researchindynamicsandcontroliscrucialtotheefficientmonitoring,controlanddesignofcomplexsystems.Buildingonfirstprinci-plesinmathematicsandphysics,webringamodel-basedapproachtoawiderangeofenvironmental,commercial,social,biomedicalandexperimentaldesignchallenges.
InnovationiscriticaltoourresearchatIDSC.Cutting-edgecontroltheory,state-of-the-artmodelingandnoveldesignareatthecentreofeachprojectweundertake.Ourresearchportfolioincludesprojectsinthefollowingareas:
• Modeling, optimization and control of unmanned aerial vehicles. Despiteadvancesinsensors,actuatorsandembed-dedcomputation,experiencedpilotscanstilleasilyoutper-formautopilotsystems.Weareactiveinthedevelopmentofnewalgorithmstominimizethisgap.Ourobjectiveistodevelopsystemscapableofguidingmultipleagilevehiclesintocomplex,acrobaticflightformations.
• Design and control of autonomous, multi-robot systems.Inapplicationsrangingfromsoccer-playingrobotsto‘intel-ligent’warehouseswithhundredsofautonomousrobots,weusetoolssuchasoptimalcontrol,adaptivecontrol,nonlinear
optimizationanddistributedestimationtocreatecooperativemobilesystemscapableofcopingwithchangingconditionsandimprovingtheirperformanceovertime.
• Modeling, optimization, and control of internal combustion engine systems.Ouraimistoreducepollutantemissionsandfuelconsumptioninenginesystemsbydevelopingnewsen-sorsandactuators,aswellason-lineandoff-line(numerical),optimizationandcontrolsystems.
• Modeling, optimization, and control of novel vehicle propulsion systems.Hybrid-electricandfuelcellsystemscanbecombinedwithnewvehicledesignstodrasticallyreducefuelconsumption.Suchinnovationscanbefurtherenhancedbyinterconnectingthemwithterrestrialandsatellitenaviga-tionandcommunicationsystems,vehicle-to-vehiclelinks,andadvancedcomputationcapabilities.
• Modeling, optimization, and control of energy conver-sion systems. Traditionalenergyconversionsystemssuchasgasturbines,fuelreformersandheatpumpsarestillalongwayfrommeetingtheirefficiencypotential.Ourobjectiveistoequipthesesystemswithnovelsensing,actuating,andcomputationdevicestooptimizefuelefficiencyandreduceemissions.
• Innovating controls research by making public art.Weusestate-of-the-artcontrolalgorithmstobuilddynamicartinstallationsforpublicdisplay.Theseprojectsareourplay-groundforinnovativeresearchandhelpuspushtheboundaryofwhatispossiblewithcontrolalgorithmsinthebroadestsense.Examplesincludesystemswithmanyinterconnectedcomponents,self-organizingsystems,andsystemsthatlearnfromexperienceandimprovetheirperformanceovertime.
Acompletelistofourprojectscanbefoundathttp://www.idsc.ethz.ch.
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Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control Professor Raffaello D‘Andrea
RaffaelloD’AndreahasbeenFullProfessoratETHZurichsince2007.HereceivedtheBSc.degreeinEngineeringSciencefromtheUniversityofTorontoin1991,andtheMSc.andPh.D.degreesintheDivisionofEngineering&AppliedSciencefromtheCali-forniaInstituteofTechnologyin1992and1997.Hewasaprofes-soratCornellUniversityfrom1997to2007.ProfessorD’Andrea’scontributionsrangefromthehighlytheoreticaltotheveryap-plied,andincorporatemathematics,physics,computerscience,technologicalinnovationsandart.HereceivedaUnitedStatesPresidentialEarlyCareerAwardin2002forhis‚«TheoreticalandExperimentalAdvancesintheRobustControlofFeedbackSystems».HeistherecipientoftwobestpaperawardsfromtheAmericanAutomaticControlCouncilandtheIEEE,haswonaNationalScienceFoundationCareerAward,andhasreceivedseveralteachingawardsintheareaofproject-basedlearning.HewasthefacultyadvisorandsystemarchitectoftheCornellRobotSoccerTeam,four-timeworldchampionsattheinter-nationalRoboCupcompetitioninSweden,Australia,Italy,andJapan.HeisalsooneofthefoundersoflogisticsandroboticscompanyKivaSystems.HisworkhasbeenfeaturedonScientificAmericanFrontiersandtheDiscoveryChannel,attheSmithso-nian,theTechMuseumofInnovation,andtheSpoletoFestival.ExhibitionsincludetheVeniceBiennale,theLuminatoFestival,ArsElectronica,ideaCity,andtheNationalGalleryofCanada.
Control of Distributed, Autonomous SystemsWeareonthethresholdofbeingabletoplacesensorsevery-where.Thishasbeenprecipitatedinpartbythecontinuedrapidadvancesinsensortechnology,whichwillallowustoembedsensorsrangingfromthenano-scaletothemacro-scaleonalmostanyphysicaldevice,ataneconomicallyviablecost.Fortunately,computingandcommunicationstechnol-ogyhavebeenkeepingpacewithsensortechnology,andalltheingredientsarethereformajorbreakthroughsinthenearfutureinhowweinterfaceto,andcontrol,ourenvironment.Seriouschallenges,however,mustbeovercome.Oneofthemostsignificantoftheseisthepresentdifficultyinmakingappropriatedecisionsbasedondistributedinfor-mationacrossadistributednetwork.Toputthisincontext,itiswellknownthattwosimpledynamicsystemscanexhibitcomparativelycomplexbehaviorwheninterconnected;thepresentchallengeistoeffectivelydesignandcontrolsystemswithmanyinterconnectedcomponents.
Partofourresearcheffortsareaimedatdevelopingnewtoolsfordesigningandcontrollingsystemssuchasthese.Theemphasisisontoolsforsystemsgovernedbydiffer-entialanddifferenceequations,bothlinearandnonlinear,withalargenumberofcomponents,andinterconnectedthroughnetworksofstructuredconnectivity.Examplesarevariedandincluderegularinterconnectionstructuresforsystemsdefinedonlattices,andsparsestructuresforsystemswithlimitedconnectivitysuchasvehicleplatoons,‘’smart’’materialswithembeddedactuation,aircraftflyinginformations,andpowerdistributionsystems.Semi-definiteprogrammingalgorithmscanbebroughttobearontheseproblems,resultingincomputationallytractablealgorithmsforsystemanalysisandcontroldesign.Othertoolsincludeoptimalcontroltocreatemotionprimitives,adaptivecontrolandmachinelearningtoimprovesystemperformanceovertimeandtocopewithchangingconditions,anddistributed
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estimationtobuildmodelsoftheenvironmentfrommulti-ple,error-pronesources.Theunderlyingarchitectureofthesesystemsiscrucialtotheirsuccess.Tobeeffective,theymustbemodular,easytoadapt,andallowalargenumberofindividualstoconcurrentlydevelopthem.Thisiswhy,fromapedagogicalperspective,wehaveadoptedamulti-disciplinaryteam-basedapproachformanyofourprojects:individualslearnhowtocreatemodularsubsystemsthatcaneasilyinterfacewiththesubsystemscreatedbyothermembersoftheirteam,andintheprocessac-quireasolidunderstandingoffeedback,dynamicsandcontrol.Thiskindof‘buildingblock’approach–whereeachself-con-tainedsubsystemcanbeeasilyputtousebynon-experts–iscrucialtoeffectivesystemsengineering,whereindividualsacrossmanyfieldsmustcollaborate,wheremanufacturabilityandmaintainabilityarekey,andwherepredictioncangreatlysimplifytheinterfacebetweentherobotsandthehigh-levelalgorithmsthatultimatelycontrolthem.
High Performance Autonomous Flying VehiclesHumanbeingslearnfromexperience:whenwetrysome-thingandfail,wetrydoingitadifferentwaythenexttimearound.Andweareincrediblyefficientatthisprocess.Wearesoadept,infact,thatwhenitcomestolearningcomplexactivitiessuchasracingacarorplayingaviolin,wecaneasilyout-performautomatedsystems.Thisiswhyweuseautopilotprogramsfortheroutineaspectsofflyingaplane(suchascruising,take-offandlanding),butwhywestillneedhumanpilotstohandleunexpectedeventsandemergencies.
Wearecurrentlydevelopingalgorithmsthatwillnarrowthelearninggapbetweenhumansandmachines,andenableflightsystemsto‘learn’thewayhumansdo:throughpractice.Ratherthanprogrammingtheseflightsystemswithdetailedinstructions,wecombinecontrolconceptssuchasOptimalEstimationandControl,TrajectoryControl,andIterative
LearningControl,withcomputerscienceconceptssuchasMachineLearningandArtificialIntelligencetoenableoursystemstolearnfromexperience.Concurrently,wearedevel-opingnewdistributedplanningtechniquesbasedonmotionprimitivesthatguaranteecollision-freeflightinthepresenceofdisturbancesandcommunicationnon-idealities.Thenextlogicalstepistonetworkourflightsystems,sothattheycanlearnfromeachother,andeventuallyperformsophisticated,coordinatedflightmaneuvers.
Dynamic InstallationsIntoday’sworld,engineering,science,andmathematicsareessentiallyutilitarian,andresearchintheseareasisexpectedtohavedirectsocietalrelevance.Unfortunately,«utilitarian»oftenmeans‚«forthebenefitofconsumerism»,andnarrowmetricsaretypicallyusedtogaugesocietalrelevance.
Wehaveanincredibleopportunitytopushtheboundaryofwhatispossiblewithcontrolalgorithmsinthebroadestsensewhenweremovethepurpose-drivenobjectivestypi-caltoengineeringfromourresearchagenda.Novelideasareoftendiscoveredinanunrestrainedenvironment,andtoencourage‘out-of-the-boxthinking’,webringcreativ-itytoourresearchbybuildingdynamicartinstallationsforpublicdisplay.Oureffortsaregearedtowardsusingmo-tiondesigntoexploretheinterfacebetweenmathematics,physics,engineering,andart.Oneofourresearchaimsistoaugmentmodel-basedcontroldesignwithlearningandadaptationtoprovideaflexiblemethodologyfordesigninghigh-performance,robustsystems.Intheprocess,studentsareexposedtoSystemsEngineering,withanemphasisonsystemanalysis,design,andintegration.Theylearnskillssuchasrequirements-drivendesign,manufacturability,maintain-ability,modelingandsimulationofdynamicsystems,andacquireanunderstandingoftheinterplaybetweensystemdesign,controldesign,andsimulation.
Pictures from left to right:1)KivaSystems‘„Intelligent“warehouse,wherefleetsofautonomousmobilerobotsusedistributedintelligencetoefficientlymanageinventory;2)TheRoboticChair,achairthatfallsapartandthenautonomouslyreassemblesitself...acollaborationwithartistsMaxDeanandMattDonovan;
3)TheDistributedFlightArray,usedtotestdistributedestimationandcontrolalgorithms;4)Mathematicalabstractionsofregularlyinterconnectedsystems;5)TheBalancingCube,usedtotestdistributedestimationandcontrolalgorithms;6)Aquadrocoptor,usedtodevelopthemodeling,optimizationandcontrolofunmannedaerialvehiclescapable
ofcoordinatedflightmaneuvers.
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Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control Professor Lino Guzzella
LinoGuzzellaisamemberoftheInstituteofDynamicSystemsandControlatETHZurich,wherehehas,since1999,heldtheChairofThermotronics.Afterreceivinghismechanicalengineeringdiplomain1981andhisdoctoraldegreein1986fromETH,heheldseveralpositionsinindus-try(R&DteamleaderatSulzerBrothers,WinterthurandR&DmechatronicsdepartmentheadatHilti,Schaan)andinacademia(electricalandmechanicalengineeringdepart-mentsatETHandHondaVisitingProfessoratOhioStateUniversity).Hisresearchgroupfocusesonnovelapproachesinsystemdynamicsandcontrolofenergyconversionsystems,withcontrol-orientedsystemsmodelinganddynamicoptimi-zationandfeedbackcontroldesignasthemainareasofresearch.Aparticularemphasisisplacedonminimizingfuelconsumptionandpollutantemissioninlandvehiclepropul-sionsystems.ProfessorGuzzellaisaFellowandaMemberoftheboardofIFACandanAssociateEditoroftheJournalControlEngi-neeringPractice.HeisaMemberoftheSwissAcademyofEngineeringandaMemberoftheCTICommitteeonEngineeringSciences.Heisalsoaconsultanttovariousau-tomotivecompaniesandholdsseveralpatentsintheareaofautomotiveresearch.
Model-Based Adaptive and Cylinder Individual Air/Fuel Ratio Control Asitagesoverthecourseofitslifetime,anengine’sair/fuelratiosensorundergoesasubstantialchangeinitsdynamics.Tosomeextent,arobustcontrollercanmitigatethischange.Theresultingincreaseddemandsonthesystem,however,canreduceitsoverallperformance.Thegoalofthisprojectistodesignacontrollercapableofdealingwithchangesoftheair/fuelsensordynamicswithoutsacrificingoverallsystemperformance.Ourcontrolstrategyidentifieschangesinsensordynamicsandadaptsitsparametersaccordingly,ultimatelysupercedingtheneedforglobalrobustnessandcircumventingthesystemperformanceproblem.
Emission-Controlled Diesel EngineDieselenginesaremorefuelefficientthanotherengines,buttheirpollutantemissionsmustbesubstantiallyreducedtomeetfutureenvironmentalstandards.Toachievethisaim,robustandaccuratecontroloftheengineiscritical.Enginevariabilityandageingmustalsobedealtwith,andinformationaboutexhaustgasmustbeintegratedintotheemissioncontrolloop.Thisprojectfocusesonthedevelop-mentofcontrol-orientedenginemodelsandflexiblecontrolstructuresthatuseintegratedsensorinformationtomini-mizeemissions.
Optimized Control of Standard and Plug-In HEVsHybridelectricvehicles(HEVs)promiseexcellentfuel-effi-ciencywithoutsacrificingvehicleperformanceorpassengercomfort.Becausetheyhavemorethanonepowersource,however,thesevehiclesarecomplexand,fromacontrolsperspective,posesignificantadesignchallenge.Thisprojectfocusesonthedevelopmentofcontrolstrategiescapableofmanagingcomplexsystemssuchasthese.Ourstrategyalsomakesuseofdynamicprogrammingtohandleissuessuchascomponentsizing.
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Pictures from left to right:Glowingthree-waycatalyticconverterduringcontrollertestConfigurationofthedynamicdieselenginetestbench;Particletrackingvelocimetry,measurementsoftheCSF-Phantom;
PAC-CarIIontheracetrackduringtheShellECO-marathoninNogaro/F
Pneumatic Hybrid Engine for Fuel Consumption ReductionHereatIDSCwehavebuilttheworld’sfirstfully-functionalhybridpneumaticengine.Usingcompressedairasanenergybuffer,ourengineissubstantiallysmallerthanaconventionalinternalcombustionenginewiththesamepower.Theresult:a30%improvementinfuelefficiencyoverconventionalengines,andexcellentdriveability.Becausetheyrequirenobatteriesorelectricmotors,hybridpneu-maticvehiclesofferanaffordablealternativetothehybridelectricvehicle.
Monte Rosa HutTheMonteRosaHutisacollaborativeprojectdesignedwithsustainabilityinmind.Usingphotovoltaicsystemswithlargebatterycapacity,solarpanelswithhot-waterreser-voirs,andacogenerationpowerplant,theMontaRosaHutcanhostupto125guestswithminimalenvironmentalim-pact.Withsomanyinteractingenergyandstoragesystems,however,theMontaRosahutposesasignificantcontrolchallenge.AtIMRTwearedevelopingwaystooptimizetheinteractionsofthevariousenergysystems,storagesystems,andthepeoplethatusethem.
Optimal Control of CablesBecauseoftheirlowdampingandlonglength,cablesonlargespancable-stayedbridgesarepronetopotentiallydamagingvibrations.Fortunately,promisingnewfeedback-controlledmagnetorheologicaldampingsystemsareunderdevelopmenttopreventprematurematerialfailurewithincableanchorsystems.Thebehaviourofbothdamperandcablearecomplex,however,andanintelligentdampingsys-temisneeded.Thegoalofthisprojectistocreatearobustandaccuratenon-linearmodelofsuchasystem.
Smart-Shunt ProjectThistransdisciplinaryprojectaimsatconductingthebasicresearchnecessaryforthesubsequentdevelopmentofasmartcerebrospinalfluid(CSF)shuntfornormalpressurehydrocephalus(NPH).NPHismostcommonlytreatedbythesurgicalplacementofaventriculoperitonealshuntthatdrainsCSFfromthepatient’sventricularspacetotheperito-nealarea.TheIDSCcontributestotheprojectwiththedesignofaSmartShuntfunctionalmodel,andthedevelopmentofacontrolalgorithmthatregulatesCSFdrainage.
Modeling and Control of Three-Way CatalystsThree-waycatalystshavebeenthemostsuccessfulex-haustgasaftertreatmentsystemsformanyyearsalready.Conversionratesofover98%arereachediftheexhaustgasesremainveryclosetostoichiometry.Basedonrecentlydevelopednonlinearcatalystmodels,novelfeedforwardandfeedbackalgorithmsarebeingdevelopedthatallowcompen-satingformostofthedetrimentaleffectsoccurringduringfuelcut-offandheavyaccelerations.
Formula HybridFormulaHybridisaninternationalcompetitionchallengingstudentstodesign,buildandracehigh-performance,plug-inhybridvehicles.Minimizingenergyconsumptionisakeypartofthedesignobjective.Projectmanagement,fundraisingandsafetyassessmentalsocomeintoplay.In2008,hyb-a,thefirstFormulaHybridvehiclefromETHZ,wontheFormulaHybridcompetitioninItaly.
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Institute of Energy Technology
Main Research AreasThecontinualdriveforefficientuseofournaturalresourcesnecessitatesimprovementsintheefficiencyofcurrentandfuturepowergenerationandairtransportationsystems.TheLaboratoryforEnergyConversion(LEC)hasformanydecadesbeenoneoftheleadersinresearchandteachingrelatedtoturbomachinery.ThecurrentturbomachineryactivitiesofLECspanabroadrangeofmultidisciplinaryfields,includingman-agementandcontrolofflows,thermalmanagement,aero-elasticity,instrumentation,aswellasmodel-basednumeri-caldesigntools.Thedevelopmentofwindenergythroughexperiments,computationandeconometricmodelingisalsoundertakenatLEC.Leveragingourexperienceinthermalandflowmanagement,LECisalsoengagedintheresearchanddevelopmentofalaser-produced-plasmaextremeultravioletsourceforthemanufactureofnextgenerationsemiconductors.
TheAerothermochemistryandCombustionSystemsLabora-toryisengagedinresearchinchemicallyreactiveflowswithemphasisonunsteadyturbulentcombustion.Thelong-termvisionaimsattherealizationofzero-emissioncombustionsys-temsfortransportationandpowergeneration,wherebiogenic/syntheticfuelsalsoplayarole.Tothisendbothmodelingandsimulationofreactiveflows(fromDNSoverLEStoRANS)andnon-intrusivediagnosticsinopticaltestrigsandrealenginesarecarriedout.Inthisway,keythermochemicalflowparam-etersareobtainedwithhighspatialandtemporalresolution.
TheLaboratoryofSafetyAnalysisprovidesadvancedtech-niquesandtoolstomodel,analyze(simulate)andevalu-atelarge-scaletechnicalsystemswhichhavewitnessedamuchgreaterandtighterintegrationandinterdependenceamongthem.Thescopeofanalysishasbeenextendedfromreliabilityandrisktovulnerabilityissuesandtoanincreas-ingsetofthreats.Themethodsareappliedtoenergysupplysystemsandothercomplexcriticalinfrastructures,alsotoincreasetheirrobustnessandtosupportthedevelopmentofprotectivestrategies.
ResearchintheLaboratoryofEnergyScienceandEngineeringisaimedatapplyingafundamentalunderstandinggainedfromlaboratory-scaleexperiments,togetherwithappropri-atemathematicalmodeling,totheindustrialchallengesofgeneratingelectricityinefficientandsustainableways.ThethreemainresearchareasoftheLaboratoryofEnergyScienceandEngineeringare:(i)sustainableenergygeneration,(ii)heterogeneousreactionengineeringand(iii)fundamentalsofmulti-phasegranularsystems.
TheprogramofNanoscienceforEnergyTechnologyandSustainabilitywillfocusonfundamentalsciencesofnano-materialsandtheirapplicationstoenergytechnologyandsustainability,throughdevelopmentofhierarchicalnanoman-ufacturingtechniquesthatcanbridgenano-,micro-andmes-oscales.Carbonnanotubenanofluidicsforenergytechnologywillbethemainthrustoftheprogram.
TheresearchfocusattheLaboratoryofThermodynamicsinEmergingTechnologiesisoninterfacialandtransportphenom-enainemergingenergyconversionandtransporttechnologies,includingbiomedicaltechnologies.Weoftenaimatbridgingthegapbetweenthemolecularlevelandthemacroscopicdo-main.Examplesofrelevanttechnologiesare:Micro-andnano-scaleenergyconversionandtransportintransportablefuelcellandsolarcellbasedpersonalpowersystems,manufacturingandliquid-coolingofmicro-,nano-,andhigh-densityelectron-icsinthenewgenerationofsupercomputersforzeroCO2emissiondatacenters,biomedicaltechnologiesandmodelingforthehumanbody,andnanoelectromechanicalsystems.
TheresearchoftheLaboratoryofNuclearEnergySystemsaimstosupportasafe,reliableandeconomicutilizationofnuclearpower.Theemphasisisputonthermalfluiddynamicmodeling.Tothisend,thelaboratorydevelopsflowmeasuringinstrumentation,performsexperimentsforthemodeldevelop-ment,andcontributestotheimprovementofcomputercodes.Itpromotestheapplicationofmodernmethods,suchas3Dsimulationsandnovelexperimentaltechniquesforsafetyas-sessmentsandimprovementsaswellasforthedevelopmentoffuturenuclearenergysystems.
TheresearchprogramoftheProfessorshipofRenewableEnergyCarriersisaimedattheadvancementofthethermal,thermochemical,andelectrochemicalengineeringsciencesappliedinthedevelopmentofrenewableenergytechnolo-gies.Currentresearchapplicationsincludetheproductionofsolarfuels(e.g.hydrogen),thethermaldecarbonizationoffossilfuels(e.g.reforming,cracking,gasification),thethermalprocessingandrecyclingofenergy-intensivematerials,andCO2capture/mitigationtechnologies.Onthemorefundamen-talaspectsofenergyconversion,theresearchemphasisisontheanalysisofradiationheatexchangeinmulti-phasereactingflows,appliedintheengineeringdesignandoptimizationofhigh-temperaturereactors.
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Institute of Energy TechnologyLaboratory for Energy ConversionProfessor Reza S. Abhari
RezaS.AbharihasbeenaFullProfessorofAerothermo-dynam-icsatETHZurichsinceOctober1999.HereceivedhisBAdegreeinEngineeringSciencefromOxfordUniversityin1984andhisPh.D.fromtheAeronauticalandAstronauticalDepartmentofMITin1991.FollowinghisPh.D.,heheldvariousresearchanddevelopmentpositionsinindustry,andin1995hejoinedthefacultyoftheOhioStateUniversity.
TheLaboratoryforEnergyConversion(LEC)hasmaintainedanactiveresearchgroupofabout30to40scientificstafffromaroundtheglobe,withcollaborationswithacademiaandindustryinEurope,USandJapan.TheresearchactivitiesofProfessorAbhari’sgroupfocusondevelopingnoveltechnolo-giesthatsubstantiallylowerfuelconsumptionandpollutantemissions,whileincreasingthereliabilityofdifferenttypesofenergyconversiondevices.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludetheexperimentalandcomputationalstudyoffluiddynamics,heattransfer,structuresandvibration,advanceddiagnosticsensortechnologiesandactiveandpassiveflowcontrol.Hehasbeentheauthorofover130peerreviewedtechnicalpapersinvariousscientificareas.HeisaMemberoftheSwissAcademyofEngineeringSciences(SATW),FellowoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME),andisaMemberofmanyscientificboards.
Research DirectionThecontinualdriveforefficientuseofournaturalresourcesnecessitatesimprovementintheefficiencyofcurrentandfuturepowergenerationandairtransportationsystems.Thecurrentactivitiesofthelaboratoryinabroadrangeofmulti-disciplinaryfieldsrelatedtothefieldofenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergy,continuetofocusontheunsteadynatureoftheflowinsuchdevices.Researchintoaero-elasticity,aero-dynamiclossandheattransferprocesses,aswellasmodel-basednumericaldesigntoolsformthethrustareasintheseactivities.Theinstrumentationworkcontinuestoevolvefromadevelopmentphaseintoapplicationtools.Inaddi-tion,someofourcurrentmeasurementtechnologiesandsignalprocessingtechniquesarebeingexploredinemerg-ingfieldssuchassemiconductormanufacturingprocesses.
Turbomachinery ResearchSecondary Flow Control Through Endwall ContouringTheaerodynamicperformanceofaxialturbinesisbeingsig-nificantlyimprovedthrough3Dcontouringoftheendwalls,allowingthecontrolofthesecondaryflowgenerationanditssubsequentevolution.
High Work, Low Solidity Axial Turbine Aerodynamics Researchtogainafundamentalunderstandingoffluiddynamiclossesinanunsteadymulti-stageturbineatlowsoliditiesandwithclockingisbeingperformedwithap-plicationstoimprovesteamturbinesefficienciesforpowergenerationapplications.
3D Blade Tip-cavity ContouringThrough3Dcontouringofthetipofturbineblades,thegen-erationandevolutionoftherecesscavityvortexstructureshavebeencontrolled,resultinginperformancegainwhilereducingthetipheatload.
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Pictures from left to right:Watertowingtankfacility;Appliedlaserplasmasciencefacility;In-housecomputationaltools(Aheterogeneouscomputingclustersystemwithatotalof2,200processorcoresin756computenodes);RunningtheAxialTurbineTestFacility‘LISA’;ParticleImageVelocimetryusingan
Nd-YAGLasertoinvestigateFilmCoolingFlowStructure;RadialCompressorTestFacilityforFlowandForcedResponseMeasurements
Tip Clearance Passive ControlSignificantpotentialforlossreductionthroughpassiveinjectionoftheshroudcoolingflowwithinhighpressureaxialturbinesisbeingdeveloped,allowinganactualsystemoptimizationofthecoolingandtheaerodynamicperform-anceforhightemperaturegasturbineapplications.
Aero-elastic Vibration of Centrifugal CompressorsInletdistortionandexitdiffuserpotentialfieldscouldimposeasubstantialexcitationforceontheimpellerbladesofacentrifugalcompressor.Aprojectintobettermodelingofaerodynamicforcingfunctionaswellasdampingforapplica-tionincentrifugalcompressorsisbeingpursued.
Wind EnergyExperimentsonfull-scalewindturbinesinthefieldandsub-scalewindturbinesinLEC’swindturbinefacilityarebeingconducted.Performancemeasurements,complementedbydetailedflowfieldmeasurementsofvelocityandturbulence,arebeingusedinthedevelopmentofmacromodelsforsimulationtools.
Anumericalsitecalibrationtool,applicableforwindfarmsthatarelocatedincomplexterrain,isbeingdeveloped.Thistoolwillreducetheuncertaintyinthepredictionofwindpowerproductionandalsoreducethedevelopmenttimeofwindfarmprojects.Inordertolowertherisksofwindenergydevelopmentaneconometricswindfarmmodelisbeingdeveloped.
Plasma ScienceTheengineeringofaEUVlithographysourcecollectormoduleanditsoperationforspace-&time-resolvedparametricoptimizationisthefocusofexperimentsthatareconductedinLEC’splasmafacility.Thecurrentfocusisfirstunderstandingtheevolutionandcharacteristicsofthedebrisfromthe
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sourcethatdegradethecollectionoptics,andthendesigningeffectiveandpracticaldebrismitigationstrategies.
Amulti-scalephysicsin-housepackagecomplementstheexperimentsthatareconductedintheLECplasmasciencefacility.Thispackagecoversalltherelevanttimeandlengthscalesoflaser-producedplasma,andincludesaradiation-hydrodynamiccodethatiscoupledwithaPICmethodandDSMCcode.
Instrumentation and Signal ProcessingMiniature Entropy Probe Entropyincreasewithinafluidrepresentstheactualrateoflossgenerations.Measuringtheflowentropyriseathighfrequen-ciesinturbomachinesandinotherfieldsisagoalcurrentlybeingpursued.
High Temperature FRAPIn-housedevelopedpiezoresistivepressuretransducersareembeddedinLEC’sFastResponseAerodynamicProbes(FRAP)inordertomeasuretimedependentflows.Anovelhightemp(260°C)FRAPisbeingdevelopedinordertofollowthetrendsofhigherturbineoperatingtemperatures.
Applied Fluid DynamicsFeature-based Computational Embedded Modeling Anovelmodelisbeingdevelopedthatallowspracticalcomputationofmulti-scalefluiddynamicsproblemsin3Dunsteadyflowwithsubstantialcomputationalacceleration.Thisapproachisbeingappliedforpredictionoffilmcoolinginhightemperatureturbineapplications.
Experimental Study of Pulsating Jet in Cross Flow Anexperimentalstudyofarowofpulsatingjetsatdifferingreducedfrequenciesisbeingperformedinordertobetterunderstandtheinfluenceofthepulsationandtheincomingvorticalfieldonthemixingrates.
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Institute of Energy TechnologyLaboratory of Aerothermochemistry and Combustion SystemsProfessor Konstantinos Boulouchos
Bornin1955inGreece,KonstantinosBoulouchosreceivedhisdiplomainMechanicalEngineeringfromtheNationalTechnicalUniversityofAthensin1978andhisPh.D.fromETHZurichin1984.Hespent1.5yearsasapost-doctoralresearcheratETH,andin1987hejoinedtheMAEDept.ofPrincetonUniversitywhereheworkedonprojectsinsimulationanddiagnosticsofcombustionprocesses.In1988hereturnedtotheI.C.EngineandCombustionTechnologyLaboratoryofETHwherehebuiltuptheturbulentcombustionresearchactivities.In1995,hewasappointedheadoftheJointCom-bustionResearchProgramwithPSI,andin1998hebecameTitularProfessorofETHZurich.HedirectedtheCombustionResearchLaboratoryofPSIuntil2002whenhewaselectedFullProfessorforAerothermochemistryandCombustionSystemsatETHZurich.K.Boulouchoshaswon,amongothers,theSensorInnovationAward2007andtheDistinguishedPaperAwardonNewTechnologiesConcepts2006bytheCombustionInstitute.HeisalsoChairmanoftheBoardoftheEnergyScienceCenteratETHZurich.Heisco-authorofover120publicationsinrefereedjournalsandpeer-reviewedconferences.
The Aerothermochemistry and Combustion Systems Laboratory is Active in Research (and Teaching) in the Following Areas:- DNSoflaminar,transitionalandturbulentreactiveflows usingafullyparallelspectralelementcodewithdetailed chemistryandtransportin3-D;- EntropicLatticeBoltzmannsimulationofmicroflowsinclu- dingeffectsofvariabledensity/temperature/composition;- RANSsimulationofmulti-phasereactiveflowsininternal combustionenginesbasedonadvancedturbulentcombus- tionmodels.Extensionofthiscapabilitytoincludehetero- geneouschemistryinexhaustafter-treatmentdevices;- Opticaldiagnosticsoftwo-phaseflows,ignitionandcombus- tionprocesses,sootformation,andoxidationinopticallyaccessibletestrigs,likesprayandcombustionbombs,single-shotcompressionmachines,laminarandturbulentburners;-On-line,insitudetectionoftemperature,sootandrelevantradicalsconcentration,flamepropagation,andlocalwallheatfluxthroughminiaturizedsensors,includingion-probesandfastsamplingvalvesforapplicationincombustionchambersandintheexhaustsystemofresearchandpro- ductionenginesinsteadyandtransientoperation;- 3-DCRFDsimulationforunderstandingandoptimizationofadvancedcombustionsystemsincludingcombustionofbiogenic/syntheticandhydrogen-enrichedfuels,aswellashighlyturbulent,highlydilutedmixtures.
Main Research Projects and Results:-Afullyparallel3-DversionoftheDNScodeforreactiveflows hasbeendevelopedincollaborationwithArgonneNational Labandappliedtoproblemsofcellularinstabilitiesindiffusion flamesandtransitionsbetweenedgeanddiffusionflames inopposedjetconfigurations.Thelatterresultshavebeen validatedthroughdetailedOH-LIFandRomanmeasurements incollaborationwithPSI;- Acorrectformulationformulticomponent,non-isothermal
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Pictures from left to right:Thehightemperaturehighpressureconstantvolumecombustionchamberenables4opticalaccessesprovidingstudiesoffuelsprayandcombustion;Anopticalaccessible,state-of-the-arttestrig,aswellasadvancedmeasurementtechniquesprovideauniquebasisforcombustionanalysis;Dynamics
ofpremixedhydrogen/airflamesinmesoscalechannels;Simulationofturbulentliquidfuelspraysbymeansofthreedimensionalcomputationalreactivefluiddynamicswithadvancedcombustionmodels
flowshasbeendevelopedforthefirsttimeintheframeof the(Entropic)LatticeBoltzmannmethodologyandiscur- rentlyappliedin3-Dproblemsinmicroflows;-TheConditionalMomentClosureapproachhasbeenfurther appliedformulti-phaseRANScomputationsindiffusionflames incollaborationwithCambridgeUniversity;applicationsinre- searchdieselengineshavedemonstratedanexcellentcapabili- tyoftheconcepttoaccuratelypredictignitiontimesandheat- releaseratesforawiderangeofoperatingparametersboth forconventionalmixing-controlledandforhomogeneous- charge-compression-ignitioncombustionmodes;-Chemiluminescenceandlaser-inducedfluorescencesignals oftheOH-radical,togetherwithtransientpressuremeasure- ments,havebeenappliedtoinvestigateoriginsandmodes ofthermoacousticinstabilitiesinlean,gas-turbine-relevant, premixedmethane-airflameswithvortex-breakdownsta- bilization.Fastactingvalvescoupledwiththesediagnostics andanefficientcontrolalgorithmhavesuccessfullybeen appliedtosignificantlysuppressthelevelofoscillationswith- outadverseeffectsontheformationofnitrogenoxides;-Mie-scattering,shadowgraphy,Schlieren-imaging,OH/CH- chemiluminescenceandPDA-measurementshavebeen appliedforcharacterizationoftransientdieselsprayswith differentgeometries,injectioncharacteristics,fuelcomposition andambientconditionstounderstandtheevaporation, mixing,andself-ignitionprocessesunderhigh-pressure, diesel-engine-relevantconditions.Thissetofdatafrom constant-volumebombsandthesingle-shotcompression machinehasbeenusedtovalidateindetailsimulation modelsdevelopedinparallelformulticomponentevaporation, ignition,andcombustionofspraysindieselengines,including HCCIcombustionmodels;-Understandingofsootformationandreduction:Theinfluence offuelcomposition,ambientconditions,andfuelinjection featureshasbeenwellunderstoodonthebasisofplanar andline-of-sightmethodslikeLaser-Induced-Incandescence
(incollaborationwithPSI),Back-Diffused-Laser-Light-Extinction, andinparticularmulti-wavelengthPyrometry.Theseinvesti- gationshavebeencarriedoutintheconstant-volumecom- bustionbomb.Animportantspin-offhasbeenthedevelop- mentofanaccurate,robust,andself-cleaningpyrometer sensorinminiaturizedformfortheon-linedetectionofsoot concentrationandtemperatureindieselengines.Thisproduct isinacommercializationphase,togetherwithaleadingsen- sorsupplierfortheautomotiveindustry;- Asetofphenomenological,veryfastmodelsfortheefficient predictionofheatreleaserate,NOx-formation,andsootemis- sionsinI.C.engineshasbeendevelopedandvalidatedforen- ginesofseveralsizes.Aninnovationinthiscontextwasthe stochasticoptimizationofthemodelparameters,basedonthe methodofevolutionaryalgorithms,whichisprovedtobe byfarsuperiorto,forexample,neuralnetworksformulti- parameterproblemswithcomplexunderlyingphysics;- Ahighlyinnovativecombustionsystemfornaturalgasfuelled cogenerationengineshasbeendeveloped,basedonturbo- charged,stoichiometriccombustionwithhighexhaust-gas recirculationrates.Thenewconcepthasbeencommercialized incollaborationwithSwissindustry,sothatca.100powerplants withaninstalledpowerofmorethan25MWeland~ 300’000hrsofoperationhavebeensoldworldwide.The newengineachievedworldrecordsbothforelectricand totalefficiencyinitsclass;- Incollaborationwiththeautomotiveindustry,thepotential useofreformatesfromon-boardgenerationtopositively influencecombustioninOttoengineshasbeeninvestigated indetail.Wehavedemonstratedthathydrogen-richfuels haveatremendouspotentialforloweringengine-out nitrogen-oxideemissionsbyalmost3ordersofmagnitude, whileinparallelallowingsignificantlyloweredpart-load fuelconsumption,duetoextensivedethrottling.Thiswork hasbeencarriedoutinclosecooperationwiththeEuro- peanautomativeindustry.
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Institute of Energy TechnologyLaboratory of Safety AnalysisProfessor Wolfgang Kröger
WolfgangKrögerhasbeenOrdinariusofSafetyTechnologyandDirectoroftheLaboratoryforSafetyAnalysissince1990.HealsoisFoundingRectoroftheInternationalRiskGovernanceCouncil(www.irgc.org),establishedbyaSwissinitiativein2003.BeforethisheheadedresearchinnuclearenergyandsafetyatthePaulScherrerInstitut(PSI)andservedontheboardofdirectors.BornintheRuhrdistrictinGermany,ProfessorKrögerstudiedmechanicalengineeringattheRWTHAachen,completedhisdoctoratein1974andhishabilitationthesisin1986.ProfessorKrögerischieflyinvolvedinmethodicaldevelop-mentspertainingtomodeling,analysis/simulation,andoptimizationofhighlyintegratedengineeredsystems.Heisengagedinputtingtheassessmentandmanagementoftech-nologicalrisksandvulnerabilitiesintoabroadercontext,andinprovidingtoolsformulti-criteriadecision-makingprocesses.HiscurrentactivitiesrelatedtotheIRGCaimatearlydetectionofemergingtransboundaryrisksandprovisionofgoodgovern-ancestrategiestobeappliedatgloballevel.HeisChairmanofthe“SafetyReviewGroup”oftheEBRD,MemberoftheEuropeanAcademy,MemberoftheSwissAcademyofEngineeringSciences,andHonoraryMemberoftheSwissNuclearSociety.HewasscientificchairmanoftheForumEngelbergin1999.Hehaspublishednumerousarticlesandcontributedtovariousbooksfocusingonriskissuesandoncomprehensiveassessementofenergysystems.
Balancing Safety and Availability for the LHC Machine Protection System (MPS)ThedesignandoperationoftheMPSoftheLHCatCERNentailsatrade-offbetweenmachinesafetyandbeamavail-ability.TheMPSdetectsthefailuresintheLHCandstopstheoperationtopreventcomponentsfrombeingdamaged.Asimulation-basedmethodologyhasbeendevelopedtoyieldtheprobabilityoftherelevantscenarios,i.e.missedemergencybeamdumpandfalsebeamdump.Ananalyticaldescriptionoftheunderlyingmodelprovidesanaccurateverificationofthesimulationresultssuggestingitselfforanalternativetosimulations.Therefore,inviewoftheap-parentadvantagesofboththesimulationandanalyticalapproach,themergingofthetwoapproachesrepresentsastartingpointforfurtherdevelopment.Analgorithmfortheautomaticset-upoftheanalyticalequationsbasedonthegraphicalmodelrepresentationunderlyingthesimulationswouldprovideanaccurateandtimesavingcalculation.Itwillbefurtherinvestigatedwhetherthemethodologycanbeappliedtomoreadvancedmodels.ThePh.D.projectissupportedbyCERN.
Scientific Support of the IRGCTheIRGCisdedicatedtoimprovinghowre-emergingsystemicrisksarehandled.Itsupportskeydecisionmakersbyprovidingauthoritativeinformationanddesigninginnovativegovern-ancestrategies.Therisksandvulnerabilitiesofcriticalinfra-structures(CI)havebeenapriorityforIRGC,withfocusbothonindividualinfrastructuresandtheincreasinginterdependencebetweenthem–asintheuseofICTforindustrialcontrol.Astudyhasbeenundertakenaimedatidentifyingweaknesseswithina“system-of-systems”offiveselectedCIincludingthepowersystemandproposingpotentialsolutionstovulner-abilitieswhichmaycauseend-userdisruptions.TheworkwaspublishedasaWhitePaperandPolicyBrief.AcurrentstudyfocusesonmaritimeglobalCIwiththeStraitofMalaccaandlinkedhubsaswellasmajorhazardsastheexample.
(LHC)
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Pictures from left to right:LHCperformanceestimates,assessmentmatrixforselectedinfrastructures,Ph.D.Studentrunningasimulation,modelforthegrid
operatorandinterplaywithtransmissionlines
Using Binary Decision Diagrams (BDD)MostPRA-toolsquantifylogicaltreemodelsbyapplyingsimplifyingassessmenttechniques(e.g.,minimalcutsets,rareeventapproximation).Furtherproblemsarisewhenhandlingrelativelyhighprobabilityevents(e.g.,seismiccontributionstoreactorcoredamagefrequency)asneededfornuclearlicens-ingpurposes.ThesemethodologicalrestrictionsareovercomebytheuseofBDD.EffortsareneededtoconvertafaulttreestructuretoBDD,whilethemodelingcomplexityhastobereduced,e.g.byoptimizingthebasiceventordering.ThePh.D.projectwassponsoredbyKernkraftwerkLeibstadt.
Modeling of Failure Propagation in Complex Engineering Systems Marketliberalizationandtechnologicaltrends(includingintegrationofintermittentgenerators)haveleadtotheunprecedentedcomplexityoftheEuropeanpowersystemandtoitsoperationatdesignlimits.Thishasonlybeenpossiblethroughthepervasiveuseofdigitalcontrolsystems,whichinturnintroducesnewvulnerabilities.Reliabilitypoliciesandassessmentmethodologiesdidnotkeeppacewiththesedevelopments.Theprimaryobjectiveofthisprojectsponsoredbyswisselectricresearchistodevelopanovelprobabilisticmodelingandsimulationtechniquefocusingonmorecom-plexfailuresequencesspreadingoverseveralcontrolareas.Ahybridobject-orientedmodelingapproachwaschosentosimulatethesystembehaviorasawholeexplicitlyintimeandtoincludehighlynon-linearresponsesandnon-technicalfac-tors,e.g.controlroomoperators.Thisallowsthecalculationofexpectedfrequenciesofpoweroutagesversussize,represent-ingthereliabilityofthesysteminahighlydifferentiatedway.VarioussimulationstudiesperformedonbothavirtualtestsystemandonamodeloftheSwisstransmissiongridconfirmthesuitabilityandfeasibilityofthedevelopedapproach.Withrespecttopotentialindustrialapplications,theresultspermitelaborationonanovelcomplementaryprobabilisticsecuritycriterionandonadequateoperatorresponsetimes.
Coping with Vulnerabilities of Interconnected CICIarelarge-scale,technicalsystemsessentialforthemini-mumoperationofoureconomyandsociety.Theyareex-posedtoasetofmultiplethreatsandmayevenbemisusedtocausesignificantharmtothepublicortriggerpanic.ThedebiliationofasingleCIcansnowballintoothersystemsdependingonthedegreeofinterconnectedness.Civildefenseauthoritiesconfrontedwithsuchsituationshavetobroadentheirknowledgebaseandimplementtoolsallow-ingthemtoreliablyassessandmanagethevulnerabilityofCI.TheprojectintroducedhereassiststheSwissFederalOfficeforCivilProtection(FOCP)indevelopinganationalstrategyfortheprotectionofCIbyimprovingthescientificbasis.Thisincludestheevaluationanddevelopmentofmodelsandtoolsforvulnerability/riskanalysisofinterconnectedCIaswellastheirapplication.Basedonacriticalityparameterevaluation,severalinfra-structureshavebeenidentifiedtobeanalyzedaccordingtoatailoredframework.Inascreeninganalysistostartwith,anadequatesystemunderstandinghastobesetupandconventionaltechniquesincludingnetworkanalysishavetobeappliedtoidentify“obvious”vulnerabilities.Basedonmoredetailedinformation,anin-depthanalysismaybenecessary,makinguseofmoresophisticatedmodelingandsimulationmethods(suchasobject-orientedmodeling/Monte-Carlosimulation)followinga“system-of-systems”approach.ThecurrentfocusisonSwisssystemsforelectric-itysupply,informationandcommunication,urbandrinkingwaterandtransportationbyrailincludingtheirinterde-pendencies,whichmayeitherbephysical,functionalorgivenbyahosttechnology.SpecialemphasiswillbeplacedoneventslikeearthquakesandstormspotentiallyaffectingtheCIinaregion.Thepresentworkispartofalong-termcooperationwithFOCP,makinguseofworkdoneunderotherauspices,e.g.swisselectricresearchandFOE.
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Institute of Energy TechnologyEnergy Science and EngineeringProfessor Christoph Müller
ChristophMüllerwilljoinETHZurichon1stJanuary,2010toheadtheLaboratoryofEnergyScienceandEngineering.Born1978inNuremberg(Germany)hereceivedhisunder-graduatedegree(Dipl.-Ing.)attheTUMünchen,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering.HereceivedhisPh.D.in2008attheDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversityofCambridge.Hisdoctoralthesiswasentitled“FundamentalStudiesofFluidisedBedReactors”.Onthebasisofthatwork,hewasawardedaJuniorResearchFellowshipatQueens’College,UniversityofCambridge.
ResearchResearchintheLaboratoryofEnergyScienceandEngineer-ingisaimedatapplyingafundamentalunderstandinggainedfromlaboratory-scaleexperiments,togetherwithappropriatemathematicalmodeling,totheindustrialchal-lengeofgeneratingelectricityinefficientandsustainableways.ThethreemainresearchareasoftheLaboratoryofEnergyScienceandEngineeringare:(i)sustainableenergygeneration,(ii)heterogeneousreactionengineeringand(iii)fundamentalsofmulti-phasegranularsystems.Thesetopicsarenowdescribedinmoredetailusingsometypicalprojectsasexamples.
Sustainable Energy GenerationResearchonsustainableenergygenerationconcentrateson:(i)chemical-loopingcombustion,particularlyappliedtosolidfuels,andthesustainablegenerationofhydrogenand(ii)post-combustioncaptureofCO2,usingnaturalandsyntheticsorbents.
Chemical looping combustion Chemicalloopingcombustion(CLC)isanovelchemicalcycleinwhichafuelisoxidisedbyoxygenderivedfromametaloxide,ratherthandirectlyfromtheair.TheproductsofsuchcombustionareCO2andH2O,withthelattereasilyremovedbycondensation.InconventionalCLC,agaseousfuel,e.g.ahydrocarbonlikenaturalgas,isoxidizedinthefuelreactor:(2n+m)MeO+CnH2m (2n+m)Me+mH2O+nCO2,whereMeisametallikecopper.SubsequentcondensationofthesteamyieldsastreamofpureCO2.Themetal,Me,iscon-veyedtoanoxidationreactor,whereitisregeneratedinair:Me+
1 2O2 MeOIneffect,thefuelhasbeencombustedinair,buttheCO2isproducedinapureform,i.e.separatedfromtheN2intheair,thusavoidingthemajorcostofseparatingCO2fromN2inthefluegasesafterconventionalcombustioninair.Sofar,researchhaspredominantlyfocusedontheCLCofgaseousfuels,e.g.methane.InourgroupwearefocusingonextendingCLCtosolidfuels,suchascoalandbiomass,whichwillplayanimportantroleintothefutureasafuel.
Post-combustion capture of CO2 using natural and synthetic solid sorbentsIfCO2hastobesequesteredfromanexistingpowerstation,apost-combustiontechnologyforcapturingithastobeem-ployed.Oneattractivepossibilityistheuseofcalcium-basedsorbents.ThecarbonationreactionofsolidCaOwithCO2,viz.CaO+CO2 CaCO3canbeusedtoremoveCO2fromprocessstreams(thisexothermiccarbonationreactionoccursat~65o°C,atemperatureatwhichitisadvantageoustorecover
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Pictures from left to right:SEMpictureofanironoxygencarrierusedfortheproductionofhydrogen;MagneticResonanceimageshowingtheformationofjetsatasingle-andmulti-orificedistributorinafluidisedbed;PIVmeasurementsoftheparticlevelocityaroundarisingbubble;TwophaseDiscreteelementModelsimulationofagas
fluidisedbed;Single-phaseDiscreteElementModelsimulationshowingthesegregationofparticlesofdifferentparticlesizesinarotatingkiln.
heat).Thecarbonatedsorbentcanthenbetransferredtoasecondreactor,whereitisheatedto~900°CtodriveofftheCO2(calcination).Thecalcinedsorbentcanthenberecycled.Here,themainchallengeliesindevelopingsyntheticsorb-entswithahighuptakeofCO2overalargenumberofcycles.
Heterogeneous Reaction Engineering for Novel Energy CyclesForthenovelchemicalcycles,describedabove,tobeap-plicableattheindustrialscale,animprovedfundamentalunderstandingofthekineticsoftheunderlyingheteroge-neousreactions,includingthemorphologicalchanges,isoffundamentalimportance.Becausemostofthesenovelcyclesinvolvesyntheticparticles,notonlythereactivity,butalsothecyclicstabilityisparamount.However,thedevelop-mentofoxygen-carriersandCO2sorbentsofhighcyclicstabilityandreactivityiscurrentlyablackart,asthereisasignificantlackofdetailedunderstandingof:(i)theprocess-esinvolvedinthemanufacturingoftheseparticles,mainlyco-precipitationandwet-impregnationtechniques,(ii)theeffectofmorphologicalchangesduringrepeatedcyclesonperformancestabilityandreactivityand(iii)catalysisinthepresenceofagas-solidnon-catalyticreaction.Researchwillbeperformedinallthreeareas.Therefore,theultimategoalwillbethetailoreddesignofparticleswithhighcyclicreac-tivityandstability,basedonafundamentalunderstandingoftheunderlyingmanufacturingprocessandmorphologicalchangesduringheterogeneousreactions.
Fundamentals of Multi-Phase Granular SystemsThemajorityofthesenovelenergycycleswilltakeplaceinoneormorebubblingorcirculatingfluidisedbedsinad-ditiontomovingandpackedbedreactors.Thisisbecausefluidisedbedsofferhugeadvantagesoverothertypesofreactorsforthisapplicationintermsof:(i)tolerancetochangesinfuelmixandtype,(ii)thecatalysisofreactionsorcaptureofpollutantsbythebedmaterial(e.g.tarcracking
andsulphurremovalbycalcareousmaterials,NOxreductionbyiron),(iii)highratesofheattransferand(iv)economicoperationatrelativelysmallscales.Therefore,beforetheseschemescanbeappliedefficiently,majorchallengeshavetobeovercome.Thesearemainlyduetoalackofunder-standingofsingle-andtwo-phasegranularflowsonaveryfundamentallevel.Thislackofunderstandingoriginatesinthefactthatgranularsystemsareusuallyopaque,makingexperimentalmeasurementsintrinsicallydifficult.Conse-quently,asignificantpartofourresearchconcentratesontheexperimentalandnumericalinvestigationoftwo-phasegranularsystems.Thisincludes:(a)FurtherdevelopmentofexperimentalmeasurementsusingamongothersMag-neticResonanceImaging(MRI),ParticleImageVelocimetry(PIV)andPlanarLaserInducedFluorescence(PLIF)and(b)modelingofgranularsystems,includingthedevelopmentofamulti-scalemodelingstrategy,rangingfromfully-resolveddirectsimulation,throughDiscreteElementsimulationstotwo-fluidsimulations.Anemphasiswillbeonpolydisperseandreactingsystems.Thus,toadvancethefieldofsustainableenergyscience,expertiseandknowledgeacrossanumberofcognatedisciplinesrangingfromclassicalchemicalandmechanicalengineeringthroughcatalysisandwetchemistrytocompu-tationalphysicsandimagingtechniquesisessential.Suchamulti-disciplinaryapproachisakeyfacetoftheLaboratoryofEnergyScienceandEngineering.
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Institute of Energy TechnologyNanoscience for Energy Technology & Sustainability Professor Hyung Gyu Park
HyungGyuParkjoinedETHZurichinApril,2009,asanAssistantProfessorofEnergyTechnologyinD-MAVT.Hewasbornin1973inSeoul,Korea.Afteranearlierprepa-rationofscienceinSeoulScienceHighSchool,heenteredSeoulNationalUniversity(SNU)in1992andreceivedBSc.andMSc.inMechanicalEngineeringin1998and2000,respectively.HisM.S.thesiswasaboutthenumericaltreatmentofaxisymmetricflowsinaCartesiancoordinatesystem,motivatedbythehemodynamicsimulationofanartery.AfteroneyearinSNUresearchcenter,hewenttotheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,andcarriedoutresearchtopicsincluding(1)microfluidicfuelprocessorforamicrofuelcellsystemand(2)masstransportincarbonnanotubes,supportedbyLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory(LLNL).HisresearchonmasstransportincarbonnanotubesreceivedanacademicspotlightintheformofacoverarticleinScienceinMay2006.Sincethen,thearticlehasbeenoneofthemostfrequentlycitedchemistryarticlesinthejournal.UponreceivinghisPh.D.in2007,hejoinedLLNLasapostdoctoralresearchstaffmemberandconductedmanyprojectsinthefieldsofCNTnanofluidicsandsurfaceenhancedRamanspectroscopy,etc.
Research DirectionPark’sProfessorshipofEnergyTechnologywillfocusonfundamentalnanoscienceforenergytechnologyandsus-tainabilityapplications.Theinitialstageoftheprogramwillutilizeavarietyofcarbonnanotubenanofluidicplatformsinstudyingbasicpropertiesoftransportunderextremeconfinementthatiscommensurablewiththeownsizesoftransportingentities(i.e.molecules).Bycontrollingshapeandconfigurationofcarbonnanotubesatthesynthesisstageandthroughformationofdifferentnanocompositesatthepost-synthesisstage,theprogramenvisionsprovi-sionofmembrane-andnanofluidic-typeplatformswithdiversepropertiesandfunctionalities.Theseplatformswillenableexperimentalstudiestobecarriedoutrangingfromfundamentalnanoscaletransportphenomenatoenergy-efficientfiltrationtonovelenergygenerationschemes.Asitgrows,theprogramwillexploreothernanomaterialsthatarefunctional,eitherasisorintheformofnanocomposites,inenergytechnologiesandchem-biosensing.Theprogressofprojectsinthisprogramwillalsobuildknowledgeaboutmicro-andnanomanufacturingtechniques.Therefore,studentsandresearcherstrainedintheprogrammayendupacquiringvariousexperiencesinfundamentalnanoscaletransportphenomena,applicationsinenergytechnol-ogyandsustainability,andmultipletechniquesofmicro/nanomanufacturing,whichwillbecomeusefulinbothacademiaandindustry.
Carbon Nanotube Nanofluidics for Energy Technology and SustainabilityThisprogramwillfocusonunderstandingoffundamentalsofmasstransportthroughcarbonnanotubesandtheappli-cationofthisacquiredbasicnanosciencetoenergytech-nologiesforaddressingourfuturesustainability.PreviousexperimentalstudyofthemoleculartransportthroughtheinternalspaceofCNTdemonstratedenhancedflowsofwater
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Pictures from left to right:Multiscaleimagesofcarbonnanotubemembranezoomingfromcentimeter-intonanometer-scales;Figure-of-meritdiagramofcarbonnanotubemembranescomparedwithacommercialpolycarbonatemembrane.Bothgasandwatercanflowmuchfasterwhenconfinedinsidecarbonnanotubes(FromJ.K.Holt,
H.G.Parketal.,Science312:1034(2006).ReprintedwithpermissionfromAAAS);artist’simaginationofwatermoleculesflowingintocarbonnanotubes,leavingionsbehind;schematicexplanationofaproposedionexclusionmechanism.
underextreme(sub-2-nm)one-dimensionalconfinementbyatomic-scalesmooth,hydrophobicsurfaces.Throughahierarchicalmicro/nanomanufacturingtechnique,thestudyalsodevelopedaprototypemembranewithCNTsservingaspores.Thosefindings,togetherwitharecentdemonstra-tionofionexclusionbytheCNT-membrane,aresheddinglightonthecapabilityofenergy-efficientfiltrationbyCNT-membranes.
Much more to learn:thecurrentstateofunderstandingofthebasicsoftransportinCNTsstillliesinitsadolescencestage.Thereismuchmoresciencetouncoverthatcouldpotentiallynurturenewfieldsofapplications.Thefundamen-talsciencedomainofthisprogramwill,therefore,centeronbroadeningthebasicknowledgeofCNTnanofluidicsandexpandittowardnoncontinuumfluiddynamicsandmasstransferatnanoscale.
Energy technology for sustainability:itispredictedthatthe21stcenturysocietalandeconomicdevelopmentswillplaceenormousdemandsoncleanwaterandenergysupplies.CNT-membraneshavemanypotentialadvantagestoaddressthesedemands.First,aspreviousresearchhasdemonstrated,chemicallyfunctionalizedCNT-membranescanexcludeionsinanaqueoussolutionthroughreverseosmosis.Second,waterflowsinCNTscanexperience1000timeslessviscousdragthanotherreverseosmosismembranes.Thirdly,ifionicsolutionsaredrivenbyelectrokineticpotential,veryinter-estingphenomenamayoccurrelatedtotheequilibriumconformationofionsunderextremeconfinement.Fourthly,itispossibletofunctionalizethesurfaceoftheCNT-membraneinavarietyofwaysforotherpurposes,suchassolarenergyharvestinganddrugdeliveryforon-demandtreatments.Thispotentialfacilitatesawiderangeofapplicationsinenergytechnologyfromseawaterdesalinationandwaterdecontaminationtonextgenerationfuelcellstosolarenergy
harvesting.Park’sresearchprogramrequiresaseriesofinter-related,coordinatedandsynergisticresearchtopicsoutlinedasfollows:
•CNTsynthesiscontrol;characterization;interactionwith othermaterialsandfunctionalgroups•Hierarchicalmicro/nanomanufacturingofmembrane platformsandcharacterization•Studyoffluidandsolutionflowsunderextremeconfine mentofCNTsusingthoseplatforms•Watertechnologyapplications:energy-efficientfiltration•Energytechnologyapplications:fuelcellcomponentsand membranereactors,etc.
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Institute of Energy TechnologyLaboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging TechnologiesProfessor Dimos Poulikakos
ProfessorPoulikakosholdstheChairofThermodynamicsandfoundedtheLaboratoryofThermodynamicsinEmerg-ingTechnologiesin1996.Hiscurrentresearchisintheareaofinterfacialtransportphenomena,heattransferandther-modynamicsinnoveltechnologies,focusingontransportphenomenaandenergyconversionincludingthephysicsatmicro-andnano-scales,surfacedrivenenergyconversion,andonmedicalapplicationswithspecialemphasisonthehumanbody.AmongthehonorshehasreceivedaretheNSFPresidentialYoungInvestigatorAwardin1985,thePiTauSigmaGoldMedalin1986,andthe2000JamesHarryPotterGoldMedaloftheASME.HewasaRussellS.SpringerProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyin2003,andtheHawkinsMemo-rialLectureratPurdueUniversityin2004.HereceivedtheHeatTransferMemorialAwardforSciencefromtheASMEin2003.HereceivedtheDr.honoriscausaoftheNationalTechnicalUniversityofAthensin2006.Heisthe2009recipientoftheNusselt-Reynoldsprize.Heistheeditororontheeditorialboardofseveralprestigiousinternationaljournalsinhisfield.ProfessorPoulikakosisaMemberoftheSwissNationalAcademyofEngineering.
TheresearchinterestsoftheLaboratoryofThermodynamicsinEmergingTechnologies(LTNT)canbesubdividedintotwomainareas:A) Transport Phenomena, Energy Conversion and Energy ConservationThisgroupfocusesontransportphenomenaandinterfacialaspects.Typicalapplicationsareultra-highheatfluxliquidcoolingofelectronics,energyreuseinzeroemissiondatacenters,highlyefficientenergyconversionsystemssuchasfuelcell-basedmicropowerplants,manufacturingofmicro-andhigh-densityelectronics,surfacecoatingtechnologies,andnanoelectro-mechanicalsystemsbasedonnanoparticle,carbonnanotubeandgrapheneassemblies.B) Biothermofluidics and Species Transport in Biomedical Technologies and DevicesThecentraltopicoftheresearchofthisgroupisthevirtualmedicalsubject.Thisareaofactivityinvolvesthedevelopmentofefficientmethodologiesandcomputationaltoolsforthesimulationofhumanbodyfunctionsandsystems.Althoughtheresearchfocusesonthemacroscopictransportprocesses,weintegratenecessaryinformationfrommicroscopicbiophysi-calphenomena(cellular/biological/biochemical)aswell.Westrivetoimprovetheunderstandingofcomplexphenomenainsystemsofbiological/medicalrelevance,andtointroducead-vancedcomputationalsimulationtechniquestotheeverydayclinicalenvironment.
Thermofluidic Phenomena in Multiphase Flows Carrying Nanoparticles. Novelmethodsoffabricatingsmall-scalestructuresgainedsignificantimportanceinscienceandmicroelectronicindustries.ResearchatLTNTdemonstratedthatnanoink-basedmanufac-turingisapromisingtechnique,asitallowsthewritingofsmallscalestructuresondifferentflexibleorrigidsurfaceswithoutrequiringcleanroomenvironmentsorsiliconsubstrates.Ourresearchaimsatfurtherdevelopingnanoparticlebasedmanu-facturingfornano-andmicrotechnologyapplications.
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Pictures from left to right:Microchannelsofadirectmethanolfuelcell(DMFC)containingliquidmethanolandhydrogengas;NURBSfittedsegmentedgeometryofthehumansubarachnoidspace(l).CFDsimulationofcerebrospinalfluidmotionintheintracranialcavities(r);Towardscontactlessmicrofluidics:awaterdropletisultrasonicallylevitated
betweenaresonatorAandreflectorB;Asingle-walledcarbonnanotubeispositionedbetweenembeddedgoldelectrodesbydielectrophoresis;Hydrogenproductiontestfacilityformicroscalefuelcellsystems.Activephaseinthecatalyticreactionconsistsofnanoparticlesmadebyflamespraypyrolysis.
Toachieveconsistentpatterningatthenanoscale,betterunderstandingoftheunderlyingphysicalphenomenahastobegained.Wecombineexperimentswiththeoreticalmodelingandnumericalsimulation,addressingthenumer-ousthermophysicalaspectsinvolved,suchastheinfluenceofwettability,localchangesinthesurfacetensionduetotemperature,andconcentrationgradientsandparticlecoagulation/coalescenceinaphase-changingcarriermedium.
Thermophysical Properties of Individual Carbon NanotubesResearchonCNTsatLTNTmainlyaddressesthefollowingaspects:ThechallengeofaprecisehandlingofCNTshastobemadecommerciallyviable.Ourgoal,therefore,istoinvestigatepossibilitiestoreliablyassembleCNT-integratedelectricalon-chipcircuitsandnovelnanodevices,suchasnewsolutionsforpressuresensortransducersbasedonCNTs.Onceassembled,theCNT-integratedchipscanalsobeusedtomeasurethethermophysicalpropertiesoftheCNTs,asthepropertydataavailableisstillincomplete.
Contactless MicrofluidicsInmicrofluidicchipsfordrugdiscoveryandmedicaldiag-nostics,thesensitivityislimitedbyunspecificadhesionofDNAandproteinmoleculestothechannelwalls.Wehavesucceededinpreventingwallcontactbyultrasonicallylevitatingtheliquid.Dropletsof1nLto1μLwerelevitatedinline-shapedacousticpressurenodes,alongwhichtheycanbetransported.Thegoalistoproduceacontactlessmicrofluidicsplatforminwhichhighlysensitivebiochemicalanalysescanbeperformed.Fuel Processing in a Micro Fuel Cell SystemTheONEBATmultipartnerprojectwithLTNTparticipationfocusesonthedevelopmentofamicroSolidOxideFuelCellsystem.Thisnovelpowersourcehasahighpotentialto
replacethebatteryofstandardportableelectronicequip-ment.Sinceliquidbutaneisusedasanenergycarrier,largegeographicindependenceisgained.Additionally,theoperationaltimeisincreasedduetothehigherenergydensitycomparedtoLi-ionbatteries.Todevelopaprototype,novelmicro-fabricationtechniquesanddetailednumericalsimulationsareemployed.
Smart Treatment of Normal Pressure Hydro-cephalusNormalpressurehydrocephalusisaconditionofthecer-ebrospinalfluid(CSF)systemthatleadstothemechanicaldestructionofbraintissue.Thecurrenttreatmentreliesontheimplantationofdifferential-pressurevalves(shunts)inthepatient’shead,fromwheretheCSFisdrainedintotheperitonealarea.Inthisresearch,weaimatdevelopinganintelligentshuntthatwillautomaticallyadapttochangesinthepatient’sphysiology.Tothisend,wearecombiningin-vivodatafrommagneticresonanceimagingwithcom-putationalandexperimentalmodelsofhydrocephalusinamultidisciplinaryteamofsurgeons,radiologists,infectiolo-gists,physicistsandengineers.
Pathogenesis of Spontaneous Dissection of the Cervical Carotid ArterySpontaneousdissectionofthecervicalinternalcarotidartery(sICAD)isamajorcauseofstrokeinyoungadults.Inthisproject,thewallstressinthecervicalICAduringstaticanddynamicpositionsoftheheadinpatientswithsICADandhealthyvolunteersarecomparedbyacquiringtheICAgeometryandpositionwithmagneticresonanceimaging,andcalculatingthewallstressinducedbybloodflowandheadmotion.ThegoalistoverifyiftheworkinghypothesisthatsICADisduetoanincreasedwallstressinthecervicalICAiscorrect.
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Institute of Energy TechnologyLaboratory of Nuclear Energy SystemsProfessor Horst-Michael Prasser
Horst-MichaelPrasserwasborninGörlitz,Germany.AftergraduatingfromtheMoscowInstituteofPowerEngineering,heobtainedaPh.D.attheInstituteofEngineeringinZittauin1984,specializinginreactorfluiddynamics.In1987hejoinedtheCentralInstituteofNuclearResearchRossendorf.DuringGermanreunification,hetookpartinthereorganizationoftheinstituteandthefoundationoftheForschungszentrumDresdenRossendorf(FZD)inthepositionofaPersonalAssist-anttotheScientificDirector.Since1994,ProfessorPrasserhasbeentheheadofthedepartmentsof“AccidentAnalyses”and“ExperimentalThermalFluidDynamics”attheInstituteofSafetyResearchwithinFZD.ProfessorPrasser’sworkfocusesonthermalfluiddynamicsappliedtonuclearpowerplants.Hisresultsonborondilutiontransientsdirectlycontributetonuclearsafety.Novelmeasur-ingmethodsforgas-liquidtwo-phaseflows,suchaswire-meshsensors,time-resolvinggammaandX-raytomographyareusedtostudythedynamicsofthegas-liquidinterface.ProfessorPrasserdevelopednovelexperimentalmethod-ologiestostudyfundamentalandcomplexphenomenainenvironmentstypicalforindustrialapplications,usedinlargeexperiments,liketheTOPFLOWandROCOMtestfacilitiesbuildundertheleadofProfessorPrasseratFZD.Experimentalresultsareusedtodevelopandvalidatecomputercodesforfluid-dynamicsimulationsoftwo-phaseflows.Theresearch
inthenewpositionatETHiscarriedoutincooperationwiththePaulScherrerInstitute,whereheistheheadoftheLabo-ratoryofThermalHydraulicsintheDepartmentofNuclearEnergyandSafety.Since2008,ProfessorPrasserisaMemberoftheboardoftheFederalNuclearSafetyInspectorate,ENSI.
TheLaboratoryofNuclearEnergySystemsofProfessorPrassercarriesoutfundamentalandappliedresearchwiththeaimofsupportingthesafe,reliable,andeconomicutilizationofnuclearpower.Themainfocusisonthermalfluid-dynamicmodeling,andselectedissuesofreactordynamic,controlandinstrumentation,uraniumsupplyandwastedisposalareincludedaswell.Tothisendthelaboratorydevelopsmeasur-inginstrumentationforsingleandtwo-phaseflows,performsexperimentstoobtainthedatabaseformodeldevelopmentandcontributestotheapplicationofimprovedmodelsincomputercodes.Itcontributestothevalidationandintroduc-tionofmodernmethods,like3Dsimulationsandnovelexperi-mentaltechniquesfortheneedsofexistingnuclearpowerplantsaswellasforthedevelopmentoffuturenuclearenergysystems.ResearchisstronglylinkedtoteachingthroughtheinvolvementofstudentsofthenewmasterprograminNuclearEngineeringlaunchedin2008.
Efficiency and Safety Related Fluid-dynamic StudiesFluiddynamicsplayamajorroleinmanyenergyconversionprocesses,especiallyinsafetytechnologyofnuclearpowerplants,whereresearchcontributestotheenhancementofefficiency.Thephenomenainvestigatedincludeinparticular:-containmentthermalhydraulics,-two-phaseflowinnuclearfuelassemblies,-optimizationoftheenergyconversionchainand-plantlifetimerelevantfluid-dynamicphenomena.Containmentstudiesareconductedatthelarge-scalethermal-hydraulictestfacilityPANDAatthePaulScherrerInstitute(PSI).Fortheseexperiments,newinstrumentationforthecontain-mentatmosphereduringaccidentsimulationsisbeing
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Pictures from left to right:StudentsintheGrimselundergroundlaboratoryofNAGRA;Turbulentmixingpatternrecordedbyawire-meshsensor;Measurementofwavestructuresintheliquidfilmonafuelrodsimulator;Transitionfrombubblytoslugflowvisualizedbyawire-meshsensor;Novelwaystoperformfluid-dynamicstudiesathighpressure-thepres-suretankofForschungszentrumRossendorfforthePTSexperiments;PANDAfacilityofPSI-uniquelarge-scalecontainmenttestsforthereactorsafety;Injectionpipe,reactorvessel
model,PANDAduringconstruction;Inspectionofacoolingtower-appliedfluid-dynamicstoenhanceefficiencyofnuclearpowerplants.
developed,suchasin-situsensorsofthelocalgascompo-sitionusingultrasound.TheworkatPANDAaimsattheimprovementofsafetyofexistingnuclearpowerplants,atthetestofpassivesafetysystemsfornovelreactortypesandatCFDcodevalidationrelatedtocontainmentbehavior.TheenhancementoffuelefficiencybyafluiddynamicoptimizationofnuclearfuelassembliesreliesmoreandmoreondetailedCFDmodeling.Theirdevelopmentandvalidationrequireshigh-resolutionmeasurementdata.Atestfacil-itytostudyliquidfilmflowsincoolingchannelsofboilingwaterreactorshasbeenbuildforthispurpose;asecondtestrigaddressingthetwo-phaseflowsinfuelassembliesofpressurizedwaterreactorsisunderconstruction.Amajoradvantageistheavailabilityofhigh-resolutionlocalgasfrac-tionmeasurementsdevelopedbyProfessorPrasser.Thisworkiscomplementedbytheoreticalstudiesonflowboilingheattransfer,whichaiminthelongtermatthemodelingofboil-ingcrisisonthebasisoffundamentalprinciples.Plantlifetimeis,amongotherthings,limitedbyloadcyclesresultingfromtransienttemperaturechanges,whichareoftentheresultofturbulentmixingprocessesincomplexgeometries.Aprominentexampleistheso-calledpressurizedthermalshock(PTS)thatisexpectedwhentheemergencycorecoolingsystemdeliverscoldwaterintothehotreactorsystem.Steeptemperaturetransientsinthereactorpressurevesselwallmaypotentiallyoccur,whichmaycausethermalfatigue,whichisstillahypothesislackingexperimentalproof.Thelab-oratorytakespartinanexperimentalprogramconductedintheForschungszentrumDresdenRossendorf,wherePTStestsareunderpreparationwithanovelexperimentalmethodol-ogydevelopedbyProfessorPrasser.FurthermainpartnersofthisresearchareEdF,CEA,Framatome,andIRSN.Anotherissueofmechanicalintegritythatisofgreatindustrialinterestisthermalfatigueinpipetee-junctions,wheremixingofcoolantstreamswithdifferenttemperaturesoccurs.ThelaboratoriesofProfessorPrasserstudythethermalfluid-dynamicpartofthephenomenaleadingtothethermalloadstothestructures.
Fundamental Studies on Gas-liquid Two-phase FlowsFundamentalstudiesdealwithmulti-bubblesizemodelingofapoly-dispersegas-liquidflow,fundamentalmodelingofboilingusingLargeEddySimulationtechniquescoupledwithsurfacetrackingaswellasturbulentmixinginstrati-fiedsingle-phaseflowswithstrongdensitygradients.Theseareanimportantbasisfortheapplicationofthesecodestomodelsafetyandefficiencyrelevantprocessesinnuclearenergysystems.Theworkcombinesexperimentswithhigh-resolutioninstrumentation,likewire-meshsensors,PIV,LDA,andnovelsensorsfordynamicliquidfilmthicknessmeasure-ments,withtheoreticalactivitiesinthefieldofcomputa-tionalfluiddynamics.
Development of Experimental Instrumentation for Fluid-dynamic StudiesOnthebasisofthewire-meshsensortechnology,whichisnowadaysusedbyanumberofresearchgroupsworldwide,anovelsensorfordynamicliquidfilmshasbeendeveloped.Itrecordsthetwo-dimensionalfilmthicknessdistributiononawettedsurfacewithasamplingrateupto10kHz.Itisusedintheexperimentsdedicatedtoboilingwaterreactorfuelassembliesmentionedabove.Thesensorcanbeappliedtothecurvedsurfaceofanindividualfuelrodmodelandhasmanypotentialapplicationsalsooutsidenucleartechnology.Thedatareportswavystructuresandtheeffectofdropletdepositioneventsingreatdetail.Itisidealforthevalidationofsurfacetrackingtechniques.Furthermore,along-termgoalisthedevelopmentofnovelnon-intrusivemethods.Complementarytotheearlierdevelopedphase-lockedgammatomographytechniquesforperiodicallychanginggas-fractionfieldsandthefastX-raytomographybasedondeflectedelectronbeams,afeasibilitystudyonimagingwithfastneutronsisunderway.
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Institute of Energy TechnologyRenewable Energy CarriersProfessor Aldo Steinfeld
AldoSteinfeldhasbeenFullProfessorofRenewableEnergyCarriersatETHZurichsince2007.HefurtherleadstheSolarTechnologyLaboratoryatthePaulScherrerInstitute.Hewasborn1960inMontevideo,Uruguay.HereceivedhisB.Sc.inAeronauticalEngineeringfromtheTechnionin1983andhisPh.D.inMechanicalEngineeringfromtheUniversityofMinnesotain1989.PriortojoiningPSIandETH,hewasResearchFellowattheWeizmannInstituteofScience.Hisresearchprogramisaimedattheadvancementofthethermal,thermochemical,andelectrochemicalengineeringsciencesappliedtorenewableenergytechnologies,withfocuson:•radiationheattransferinmulti-phasereactingflows;•appliedthermodynamicsofnovelenergyconversionprocesses;•high-temperaturechemicalreactorengineering;•renewablefuels(e.g.solarhydrogenproduction);•decarbonizationandCO2 mitigationtechnologies.ProfessorSteinfeldistheEditoroftheASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering.Hehasauthoredover150researcharticlesinrefereedscientificjournalsandhascontributedchapterstotheEncyclopedia of Physical Science & Technol-ogy and Encyclopedia of Energy.
Hiscontributionstoscienceandeducationhavebeenrecog-nizedwiththeASMECalvinRiceAward(2006),theUOP/Hon-eywellLecturer(2006),theElectrosuisseFachliteraturpreis(2006),theUniversityofMinnesotaFoundersLecturer(2007),andtheASMEYellottAward(2008).
Research Thethermodynamicfundamentalsofenergyconversionareappliedinthedevelopmentofnovel,efficient,andcleanenergytechnologies.ThecurrentresearchfocusisinSolarChemistry:aninterdisciplinaryemergingfieldthatdealswiththeutilizationofconcentratedsolarpowerfortheproduc-tionofchemicalenergycarriers(e.g.solarhydrogen,syngas,metals).FurtherareasofR&Darethedecarbonizationoffossilfuels,thethermalprocessingandrecyclingofenergy-intensivematerials,andCO2 capture/mitigationtechnologies.Onthemorefundamentalaspectsofenergyconversion,theresearchemphasisisontheanalysisofradiationheatexchangeinmulti-phasereactingflows,appliedintheengineeringdesignandoptimizationofhigh-temperaturethermochemicalreactors.Threeselectedprojectsarebrieflydescribed.
Solar Hydrogen by a 2-step H2O-splitting Thermochemical CycleAtwo-stepH2O-splittingthermochemicalcyclebasedontheZnO/Znredoxreactionsisinvestigatedusingconcentratedsolarradiationastheenergysourceofhigh-temperaturepro-cessheat.Inthefirstendothermicsolarstep,ZnOisthermal-lyreducedintoZnandO2 at2000K.Inthesecondexothermicstep,ZnishydrolyzedwithwatertogenerateH2 andZnO;thelatterisbeingrecycledtothesolarreactor.ThenetreactionisH2O=H2+0.5O2, butsinceH2 andO2areformedindifferentsteps,theneedforhigh-temperaturegasseparationistherebyeliminated.Theproject’sgoalsarethedevelopmentofthechemicalreactortechnologyforbothreductionand
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hydrolysissteps,andtheexperimentaldemonstrationoftheclosedmaterialcyclewithhigh-energyconversionefficiency.Thesolarchemicalreactorconceptforthefirststepofthecycle(ZnO-reduction)featuresarotatingcavity-receiverlinedwithZnOparticlesthataredirectlyexposedtohigh-fluxsolarirradiation.Withthisarrangement,ZnOservessimultaneouslythefunctionsofradiantabsorber,thermalinsulator,andchemicalreactant.Thesecondstepofthecycle(Zn-hydrolysis)usesanaerosolflowreactorfortheformationofZnnanoparticlesandtheirin-situhydrolysisforH2 gene-ration.Sincenanoparticleshaveinherentlyhighspecificsur-facearea,thereactionkineticsandheat/masstransferaresignificantlyaugmented.Bothreactionstepsandassociatedreactortechnology,whichhavebeenpatentedbyPSI/ETH,arecurrentlybeingoptimizedusingcomputationalmodelsforheat/masstransport.
Hydrogen Production via the Solar Thermal Decarbonization of Fossil Fuels.Hybridsolar/fossilendothermicprocessesmakeuseoffossilfuelsasthechemicalsourceofhydrogenandconcentratedsolarradiationastheenergysourceofhigh-temperatureprocessheat.Examplesincludethecracking,reforming,andgasificationoffossilfuels.Theadvantagesofthesehybridprocessesarethree-fold:1)thecalorificvalueofthefeedstockissolar-upgraded;2)thegaseousproductsarenotcontaminatedbycombustionby-products;and3)thedischargeofpollutantstotheenvironmentisavoided.ASecond-Lawanalysisforgen-eratingelectricityusingthesolarreactionproductsindicatesthepotentialofdoublingthespecificelectricaloutputand,consequently,halvingthespecificCO2 emissions,vis-à-viscon-ventionalfossilfuel-firedpowerplants.Theseprocesseshavebeenexperimentallydemonstratedinsolarchemicalreactorsatapowerlevelrangingfrom5to500kW.Hybridsolar/fossilprocessesofferaviablerouteforfossilfueldecarbonizationandcreateatransitionpathtowardssolarhydrogen.
Radiation Heat Transfer in Chemical Reacting Multi-Phase FlowsThisresearchthemehasfundamentalsignificancetoseveralenergy-relatedfieldssuchascombustion,advancedmateri-alsprocessing,atmosphericsciences,andsolarchemistry.Thermalradiativetransportcoupledtothereactionkineticsisanalyzedforheterogeneouschemicalsystemsinwhichtheiropticalproperties,speciescomposition,andphasesvaryasthechemicalreactionprogresses.Ofspecialinter-estisthetransientradiativeexchangewithinparticle/gassuspensions,appliedinthermochemicalfuelprocessingsuchascracking,gasification,reforming,decomposition,andreductionprocesses.Theradiativeanalysesareincorporatedincomputationalfluiddynamicssimulationmodelsofsolarchemicalreactorstosupporttheirdesignandoptimizationformaximumenergyconversionefficiency.ThemethodologiesappliedincludeMonte-Carloraytracingandband-approx-imationradiositytechniquesfortreatingnongraynoniso-thermalabsorbing-emitting-scatteringparticipatingmediaundergoingchemicaltransformations.Forcomplexporousmedia,tomography-basedpore-levelnumericalsimulationsaredevelopedforthedeterminationoftheeffectiveheat/masstransportproperties.Numericalmodelsarevalidatedwithexperimentaldataobtainedfromtestinglab-scalereactorprototypesatETH/PSIsolarconcentratingfacilities.
Research FacilitiesTheETH/PSIsolarconcentratingfacilitiesincludethesolarfurnaceandthehigh-fluxsolarsimulators,capableofdeliveringover50kWofradiativethermalpowerwithpeakfluxconcen-trationratiosover10000suns.Thesestate-of-the-artresearchfacilitiesserveasuniqueexperimentalplatformsforinvesti-gatingthethermochemicalprocessingofsolarfuelsandfortestingadvancedceramicmaterialsattemperaturesexceeding3000Kandheatingratesexceeding1000K/second.
Pictures from left to right:70kW3000sunsparabolicconcentratorforsolarpowerandfuelproduction;40kW5000sunssolarfurnaceforR&Dofhightemperaturechemicalreactortechnology;Solarhydrogenproductionviaawater-splittingthermochemicalcycle;
50kW10000sunshigh-fluxsolarsimulatorforinvestigatingthefundamentalsofradiativeheattransferinreactingflowsandadvancedceramicmaterials;High-temperaturethermochemicalreactorengineering
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Institute of Fluid Dynamics
TheInstituteofFluidDynamics(IFD)comprisesthethreepro-fessorshipsheldbyP.Jenny,L.KleiserandT.Rösgen.Whiletheresearchactivitiesoftheprofessorsarelargelycomplementary,thereisclosecooperationandresourcesharinginteaching,infrastructureandadministrativematters.
Fluidmechanicsisbothacoredisciplineofmodernengineeringandahighlyactiveareaofongoingresearchanddevelopment.Thefieldislinkedtofundamentalquestionsinmathematics,physics,chemistryandbiology,andatthesametimeformsanintegralpartofmanytechnicaldesigns,productsandproc-esses.Itsestablishedimportanceinfieldssuchasaerody-namics(e.g.cars,trains,ships,aircraft),energytechnology(turbomachinery,combustionengines,windmills)orenvi-ronmentalmodeling(oceanography,meteorology,limnology)isincreasinglybeingaugmentedbyinterdisciplinaryapplica-tions,forexampleinmedicine,biologyormicro-andnanoscaleengineering.
ThejointresearchobjectiveoftheInstituteisthescientificexplorationandtheengineeringapplicationoffluiddynamicprocesses.Byconductingactiveresearchinanumberofspecial-izedareas,IFDfacultyandresearcherscontributetothesolu-tionofchallengingproblemsbothatthefundamentalandap-pliedlevel.Priorityisgiventoareasandtopicswhereresultswillhaveanimpactbeyondtheiroriginalsetting,demonstratingawidelyrecognizableandsustainedexpertiseattheInstitute.
Withinthisframework,researchatIFDisprimarilyaimedatthedevelopmentandapplicationofmoderncomputationalandexperimentaltoolstoprobeabroadspectrumofprob-lemsinfluiddynamics.
Onespecificareaoftechnicalcompetenceisthedevelop-mentofadvancednumericalsimulationtechniques(DNS,LESandPDFmethods)forengineeringflows.
BasicresearchprojectsatIFDinwhichsuchtechniquesareappliedincludethesimulationandmodelingoftransitionalandturbulentboundarylayers,turbulentparticle-ladenflows,computationalaeroacoustics,turbulentcombustion,andflowsinrandommedia.Someoftheassociatedengineeringapplicationsarejetnoisepredictionandreduction,advancedfilmcoolingforturbineblades,abrasivewaterjetcutting,cleancombustion,oilextraction,orundergroundCO2sequestration.
Ontheexperimentalside,theemphasisliesonthedevelop-mentofquantitativeflowimagingdiagnosticsforresearchandindustrialapplications.Amainobjectiveisthedevelopmentoffast,multidimensionalmeasurementtechniques,suchasglobalDopplervelocimetry,multispectralimagethermometryoropticalpressuresensingmethods.Thelinktopracticalappli-cationsisestablishedthroughresearchintunnelfiredynamics,gravitydrivencryogenicflows,hypersonicre-entryflightandaerodynamicoptimization.
Thebroadin-housecompetencefacilitatesalsotheimple-mentationofjointexperimentalandnumericalstudies.
Thisapproachhasproventobeparticularlysuccessfulindiffer-entbiomedicalapplications.Here,theexistingmedicalknowl-edgeofdoctorsiscombinedwithrigorousanalyticalmodelsdescribingtheunderlyingfluiddynamics.Computersimulationsandexperimentsusingcustom-designedengineeringmodelsarethenemployedtofurtherexplaintheobservedphenomenaandtodeveloppossiblediagnosticandtreatmentscenarios.
Examplesforthismulti-tieredapproacharethestudyofalveolarmicro-flowsinthehumanlung;particle-ladenflowsinthesemi-circularcanalsoftheinnerear;fluid-structureinteractioninthecochleaandthedynamicbehaviourofartificialheartvalvesorbloodperfusioninthehumanbrain.
Modernlarge-scalefacilities(in-housecomputersandnationalsupercomputers,windandwatertunnelfacilities,advancedimagingsystems,etc.)areavailableatIFDtoconductthediffer-entresearchprojectsinastate-of-the-artandtechnologicallycompetitiveenvironment.
Fundingfortheactivitiescomesfromdifferentsourcessuchasnationalresearchgrants(ETHinternalandSwissnationalfund-ingagencies),Europeanresearchprograms,andcollaborationswithSwissandforeignindustries.
Withitschosenportfolioofactivities,IFDisrecognizedasacompetencecentreforfluiddynamicsresearchwithinETHandinthewidernational/internationalcontext.Collaborationswithotherinstitutes,organisationsandcompaniesareactivelysoughtandmaintained,bothonthelevelofundergraduatestudentworkandintheformofmulti-yeargraduateresearchprojects.
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Institute of Fluid Dynamics Professor Patrick Jenny
In1997PatrickJennyreceivedhisPh.D.inComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD)underthesupervisionofProfessorBernhardMülleratETHZurich.TheprimaryfocusofhisresearchwasondevelopingnumericalalgorithmstosolvethecompressibleNavier-Stokesequationsforreactiveflowwithapplicationstostudiesofthermoacousticinstabilities.FromJuly1997tillOctober1999PatrickJennywasamemberofProfessorStephenB.Pope’sTurbulenceandCombustionGroupintheMechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringDepartmentofCornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork.Hisresearchdealtwithprobabilitydensityfunction(PDF)modelingofturbulentreac-tiveflow.FromNovember1999tillApril2003PatrickJennywaspartofthereservoirsimulationandoptimizationresearchgroupofChevroninSanRamon,California.Inspring2003PatrickJennyjoinedtheInstituteofFluidDynamicsatETHZurichasanSNFAssistantProfessorforComputationalFluidDynamicsandinAugust2006hebecameanAssociateProfessor.PatrickJenny’smainresearchinterestsincludemodelingofturbulentcombustion,multi-phaseflowinporousmediaandmulti-scalemodelingofcomplexphysi-calphenomena.Hehasdevelopedvariousnewmodelsandnumericalmethodologiestosolvethegoverningequationsefficientlyandaccurately.Besidesconcentratingonfundamen-talresearchtopics,applicationstorelevantproblemsinvariousindustrialsectorsareatthecenterofhisfocus.
Probability Density Function (PDF) Modeling of Turbulent Reacting FlowsWorldwide,morethan80%oftheenergyconsumedisconvertedbyburningfossilfuels.Therefore,improvingemissionratesandefficiencyofcombustiondevicesauto-maticallyhasasignificantimpactonourenvironmentandisofcrucialimportance.Toachievesuchimprovements,however,thecapabilityofaccuratelypredictingthegovern-ingphysicalprocessesisessential.Incontrasttootherap-proaches,jointprobabilitydensityfunction(PDF)methodshavethecrucialadvantagethattheyrequirenomodelforturbulentconvectionnorturbulence-reactioninteraction.
PDF solution algorithm:ComparedwithReynolds-averagedNavier-Stokes(RANS)models,PDFmethodsarecomputa-tionallymoreexpensive.Motivatedbythisdeficiencyanewhybridparticle/finite-volumePDFsolver,whichprovedtobemuchfasterthanprevioussolutionalgorithms(upto370times),wasdeveloped.Recently,thishybridalgorithmwasgeneralizedforproblemswithcomplex3Dgeometriesandinordertomakelarge,complexstudiesfeasible,thecodewasparallelized.
Molecular mixing model: Anaccuratedescriptionofmo-lecularmixingatthesmallestscalesiscrucialforturbulentcombustionsimulationsandposesoneofthegreatestmodelingchallengesinthisfield.Anewmixingmodelformulti-scalarmixingwasdeveloped.Itisbasedonparam-eterizedscalarprofiles(PSP)andprovedtobesignificantlymoreaccuratethanpreviousmodels.
Turbulent combustion modeling:Basedonascalesepara-tionapproach,PDFmethodshavebeendevelopedtomodelnon-premixedturbulentcombustionwithlocalextinctionandre-ignitionandpremixedturbulentcombustion.
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Pictures from left to right:Mixingoftwoscalarsinhomogeneousisotropicturbulence.ShownarethePDFsatdifferenttimescomputedwithvariousmixingmodelsandbyDNS(reference);Transmissionpointspreadfunction(PSF)computedfordifferentincidentbeamanglesandbasedonspecifiedsubstratecharacteristics;Injectedwater(blue)intoanoil
reservoir.Fine-scale(13’020cells)vs.MSFV(33coarsecells)simulation;CO2storageaboveSleipnerreservoiroperatedbyStatoil;Capillarynetworkofaratbrain.
Finite-Volume Schemes for Simulations of Thermoacoustic PhenomenaInrecentyears,thedevelopmentofnumericalmethodsforcombustionproblemshasbeendrivenbyanincreasingindustrialdemandforfastandaccuratecomputationsofreactingflow.Consideringtheinteractionofacousticsandcombustionaddsanotherlevelofcomplexity.However,thecontrolofthermoacousticinstabilitiesisdecisiveforthesafeoperationofrocketmotorsandmoderngasturbines.ContributionsofthegroupinthisareaincludeaRankine-Hugoniot-Riemann(RHR)solver,whichtakesintoaccountsourceterms,viscoustermsandmultidimensionaleffects;aconvergenceaccelerationschemeforcompressiblelowMachnumberflow,andasolverforcompressiblegasmixtures;whichavoidsspuriousoscillations.
Radiation and Light ScatteringScatteringofelectromagneticwavesiscrucialformanyresearchareas,includingenergysciencesandthegraphicsindustry.Basedonthetransporttheory,aPDFmethodtodescribejointphotonstatisticswasdeveloped.Thesolutionscontainahugeamountofrelevantstatisticalinformationandcomparedwithpreviousmethods,fewermodelingas-sumptionsarerequired.Recently,itsvalueforcolorinvestiga-tionsrelatedtohalftoneprintingwasdemonstrated.
Multi-Phase Flow in Porous MediaFlowandtransportinporousmediahasmanyapplicationsinenergyscience,e.g.forcatalyticprocesses,oilandgasrecovery,CO
2 storageingeologicalsub-surfaceformationsandgeothermalenergy.
Multi-scale modeling:Oneofthemajorchallengesinmacro-scopicsimulationsisthecorrecttreatmentofcomplexpermeabilitydistributionswithstrongvariationsandmanylengthscales.Todealwiththisissue,anewmulti-scalefinite-volume(MSFV)algorithmwasdevelopedincollaboration
withChevron.TheMSVFmethodhasseveraladvantageouspropertiescomparedwithpreviousmulti-scaleapproachesanditwasdemonstratedthatlarge,realisticstudiescanbecomputedmuchfasterthanwithconventionalsimulators.Atthesametime,theaccuracyofthesolutionishardlycompro-mised.Recently,theMSFVmethodwasextendedbygravity,capillarypressureandcompressibilityeffects.
Uncertainty assessment: Toassesstheuncertaintyofsimu-lationresultsasafunctionofuncertaininputdata,aPDFmethodfortransportinporousmediawasdeveloped.Concep-tually,ithasanumberofcrucialadvantagescomparedwithestablishedapproachesanditisintendedtogeneralizetheframeworkformulti-phaseflow.
CO2 sequestration:StoringCO
2ingeologicalsub-surface
formationsseemstobeoneofthemostpromisingfeasibletechnologiestostabilizetheCO
2 concentrationintheEarth’satmosphere.TogetherwiththeStanfordPetroleumEngi-neeringDepartmentanappropriatemodelingframeworkisbeingdeveloped.Inordertolearnmoreabouttheconnectionbetweenthephysicsattheporescalesandthemacroscopicbehavior,aPDFmethodhasbeendeveloped.Aproofofcon-ceptstudyiscompletedandcurrentlythemethodisbeingextendedfornon-equilibriumphenomena.
Efficient simulators:Inordertoallowforlargertimestepsandthereforemoreefficientsimulations,anunconditionallystableschemeforsub-surfacetransportwasdevelopedincollaborationwithChevron.Modeling cerebral blood flowIncollaborationwithProfessorsBrunoWeberandAlfredBuckfromtheUniversityofZurich,regulationmechanismsofcerebralbloodflow(CBF)arebeinginvestigated.Bloodflowsthroughacomplexcapillarynetworkanditsflowismodeledwithamulti-scaleapproach.
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Institute of Fluid Dynamics Professor Leonhard Kleiser
LeonhardKleiserhasbeenFullProfessorofFluidMechanicsattheInstituteofFluidDynamicsofETHZurichsince1994.Hewasborn1949inFreiburg(Germany),studiedmath-ematicsandphysicsattheUniversityofFreiburgandbeganhiscarrierasastaffmemberattheForschungszentrumKarlsruhe.In1982hereceivedhisdoctorateinMechanicalEngineeringfromtheUniversityofKarlsruhe(TH)andmovedtotheGermanAerospaceResearchEstablishment(DLR)inGöttingen.Therehetookresponsibilityforthe“TransitionandTurbulence”researchgroupuntil1994.HespentresearchvisitsatUCSantaBarbara,CaltechandtheUniversityofUppsala.
Theresearchinterestsofhisgrouparefocusedonfun-damentalsoffluiddynamicsandonthedevelopmentofadvancedsimulationmethodsforfutureapplications.Transitional,turbulentandparticle-ladenflowsaswellastheoriginandpropagationofaeroacouticnoisearebeinginvestigated.Simultaneously,newaccurateandefficientsimulationmethodsaredevelopedtotackletheseprob-lemswiththeaidofmodernsupercomputers.Considerableprogresshasbeenachievedrecentlyinparticularintheareaof“Large-EddySimulation”(LES)byestablishingnovelconceptsformodelingofthenon-resolvedscales,andbytransferringthesemodelsintoasemi-industrialComputa-tionalFluidDynamics(CFD)code.
Eventhoughturbulenceandlaminar-turbulenttransitionhavebeenmajorresearchsubjectsinfluiddynamicsforthepasthundredyears,theseflowphenomenaarestillfarfrombeingfullyunderstood,andtheirreliablepredictioninpracti-calapplicationsremainsadistantgoal.Significantfutureprogresscanbeexpectedthroughnewnumericalsimulationmethodsandnovelmodelingapproaches.
LES of Turbulent and Transitional FlowsThenumericalsimulationofturbulentflowsandoflaminar-turbulenttransitionisacentralfieldofthegroup’sresearch.Wall-boundedandfreeshearflowsareinvestigatedusingDirectNumericalSimulations(DNS),inwhichallrelevantspaceandtimescalesareresolved,andLarge-EddySimula-tions(LES),whereonlythelargescalesareresolvedwhiletheeffectofthesmallonesisaccountedforbyasubgrid-scalemodel.LESaretypicallyatleasttwoordersofmagnitudelessexpensivethanDNS,butatpresentstilltoocostlyforroutinesimulationsinindustrialsettings.However,thecontinuedexponentialgrowthofaffordablecomputingpowermakesLESoneofthemostpromisingconceptsformasteringturbu-lenceinnumericalsimulations.
TwoLESsubgrid-scalemodelsweredeveloped:thehigh-passfiltered(HPF)eddy-viscositymodelandtheapproximatedeconvolutionmodel(ADM).Theirsuccesswasdemonstratedforanumberofincreasinglycomplexflows,featuringe.g.massiveseparation,swirl,compressibility,shock-turbulenceinteractionorlaminar-turbulenttransition.Suchflowsoccurinnumerousapplicationsandarenotoriouslyhardtopredict.Furthermore,themodelsweresuccessfullyimplementedintotheCFDcodeNSMBthatiscapableofhandlingcomplexindustrialconfigurations.Asanexample,jet-in-crossflowconfigurationsarestudiedwiththiscodewhicharecentraltofilmcoolingofgasturbineblades.TheworkonLESoftransitionalandturbulentflowsbuildsasolidfundamentforthequalityimprovementofindustrialflowsimulationsinthe
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Pictures from left to right:Transitiontoturbulenceinachannelflow;LESofaswirlingjet;vortexstructuresofajetincrossflow;vorticityandnoisepatternofajet;bonylabyrinthoftheinnerear.
future.Computational AeroacousticsNoiseemissionsofaircraftattake-offisaseriousproblemofgrowingimportance.OnecurrentprojectaimsattheanalysisandpredictionofjetnoisewithadirectnoisecomputationapproachbasedonLESandahybridmethodusedforthepropagationofnoisetotheacousticfar-field.Suchsimula-tionsneedtocoverawiderangeoflengthandtimescalesinthenoise-generatingregion,whichrequiresawell-suitedsubgrid-scalemodelfortheLES.AroundsubsonicjetatamoderatelyhighReynoldsnumberissimulatedwithLES.Thiscomputationnotonlyincludesthetransitionalandturbulentstructuresofthejetflow,whicharemainlyresponsibleforthecreationofnoise,butalsocapturesthenear-fieldnoise.TheacousticdatafromtheLESisextrapolatedtotheacousticfar-fieldwithasolverthatisbasedonLighthill’sacousticanalogy.Thishybridmethodwillallowpredictionofthenoiseperceivedbyadistantobserver,e.g.thenoiseofanaircraftattake-offasperceivedbyapersonontheground.
Simulation of Particle-laden FlowsAclassofdisperseparticle-ladentwo-phaseflowsisstud-iedinwhichthesolidparticlesaremuchsmallerthanthesmallestrelevantscalesofthefluidmotion,andthemutualparticleinteractioncanbeneglected.Eitherthefluidequa-tionsaresolvedinanEulerianframeworkwhiletheparticlesaretrackedindividuallyalongtheirtrajectories,orboththeclearandtheparticle-ladenphasearecomputedinapurelyEulerianmanner.Thesenumericalapproachesareappliedtovariousproblems:thesettlingandbreak-upofsuspensiondrops,particlesettlinginhomogeneousturbulence,particle-ladenflowinachannelandoverabackwardfacingstep,particle-drivengravitycurrentsandparticletransport,mixingandsettlingmechanismsinestuaries.Thestudyoftheseba-sicproblemsenhancesourunderstandingoftheflowphysicsandsupportsmodelingofparticle-ladenflowswhichhavevariousimportantapplicationsinindustrial,environmental
andbiologicalcontexts.Biomedical Fluid Dynamics: Fluid Mechanics of the Inner EarThestudyoffluidmotionsintheinnerearisoneofnumer-ousapplicationsoffluiddynamicsinthefieldsofbiologyandmedicine.Inoneproject,specificallythelymphaticflowinthesemicircularcanalsoftheinnerearisstudied.Thiscreepingflowisresponsiblefortheproperfunctioningofourbalanceorgan.Thepresenceofsmallparticlesmayperturbthisflowinawaythatleadstovertigo.Thisdisorderisinvestigatedbyanalyzingtheparticle-ladenflowwithnumericalandanalyticalmethods.Inanotherprojectthefluidflowwithinthecochleawhichholdsthesensoriumofourhearingisin-vestigated.Thetightfluid-structureinteractionissimulatedwithahigh-ordersimulationcodetolearnmoreaboutthephysicalphenomenainvolvedinthehearingprocess.Theseinterdisciplinaryprojectsbringtogetherclinicalmedicalresearch,fundamentalfluiddynamics,appliedmathematicsandmodernnumericalsimulationmethods.TheresultsofthisworkaddtoourunderstandingofhumanphysiologyandcanbeexploitedjointlywiththecollaborationpartnersfromtheZurichUniversityHospital.
Development of High-Fidelity Numerical Discre-tization Methods and Simulation ToolsForallnumericalinvestigations,theavailabilityofhigh-fidelitydiscretizationschemes,robustsimulationmethodsandadvancedpost-processingandvisualizationtoolsisindispensable.CommercialCFDcodesareusuallyfartooinaccurateforthepresentdemandingresearchtasks.There-fore,inadditiontoimplementingwell-establishednumeri-calschemes,newhighlyaccurateandefficientschemessuchashigh-ordercompactupwind-biasedfinite-differenceschemesorspectral-elementmethodsaredevelopedbythegroup.Theyareimplementedinresearchcodesthatrunefficientlyonavarietyofcomputersfromworkstationstomassivelyparallelsupercomputingarchitectures.
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Institute of Fluid DynamicsProfessor Thomas Rösgen
ThomasRösgenisaFullProfessorofFluidMechanicsatETHsince1997.Beforethat,heworkedasaseniorengineerattheresearchcentreoftheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA-ESTEC)inNoordwijk(NL).HealsoheldpositionsasaseniorgroupleaderattheInstituteofSpaceSystems,StuttgartUniversity(D),andasPostdoc/staffengineeratESA.Hehasanengineer-ingdiplomafromtheTechnicalUniversityinBerlin(D)andaPh.D.degreeinAeronauticsfromtheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Pasadena,USA).
BeforehisarrivalatETH,heworkedinanumberofdifferentresearchareas,bothfluids-relatedandnot.Theyincludevor-texmotioninsuperfluidhelium,microgravityfluiddynam-ics,ferrofluidsforlevitation,cryo-electronics,digitalimageprocessingandrestorationofsatelliteimagery,real-timevideomotionanalysis,andinteractiveandremote-controlledsatellitecommunicationsforspaceexperiments.
ThecurrentresearchactivitiesofProfessorRösgenarefocusedonthefieldofmodernelectro-opticaldiagnosticsandquantitativeimageanalysiswithapplicationtofluiddynamics.Otheractivitiesinhisresearchgroupincludeenvi-ronmentalfluiddynamics(firedynamicsandcontrol,gravitydrivencryogenicflows),bio-fluidics(alveolarlungflows)andaerodynamictestingandoptimization.
TheexperimentalresearchworkatIFDisperformedinseveralgeneralpurposefacilities,includingthelarge,lowspeedwindtunnel,aboundarylayertunnelandawatertunnel.Additionaldedicatedfacilities(e.g.acryogenicheavygastunnelorahotgascrossflowtunnel)areavailableformorefundamentalstudies.Theinstrumentationisbeingcontinuouslyupdatedtoprovidecapabilitiesforflowvisualization,forcemeasure-ments,advancedlaserdiagnostics(LDA,PIV,DGV)andvariousformsofelectronicimaging,includinginfrared,lowlightlevelandhighspeedcameras.
ThefollowinglistprovidesasummaryofrecentandongoingPh.D.researchprojects.
Quantitative Flow Visualization in Large Wind TunnelsThisactivityisaimedatimprovingtheproductivityinaero-dynamicwindtunneltesting.Theconventionalapproachofvisualizingtheflowaroundmodels(usingsmokefilaments,heliumbubbles,etc.)isbeingaugmentedbydigitalimageenhancementandanalysistechniques.Usingrecentadvancesinimaginghardwareandsoftware,adigitalrepresentationofthemeasurementisbeingcreatedinrealtime.Thisallowstheoperatornotonlytostoreandre-analyzetheoriginaldata,butalsotoextract“invisible”informationsuchaslocalflowvelocitiesorpressuredistributions.
Imaging Doppler VelocimetryThemeasurementofvelocitydistributionsisrelevantbothforaerodynamictestingandfundamentalresearch.Al-thoughParticleImageVelocimetry(PIV)isestablishedasthedefactostandardforthistask,therearealternativeswhichofferspecificadvantages.Dopplertechniques,forexample,donotrequiretheresolvedimagingofindividualflowtrac-ersandmaybebettersuitedforlargescaleapplications.TheresearchatIFDfollowstwothreads.Usingmoleculariodinefiltersnearanabsorptionline,flowinducedfrequencyshifts
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Pictures from left to right:Propagatingcryogenicgascloud;CFDsimulationofaflowinthehotgasfacility;AerodynamictestingintheIFDwindtunnel;largeETH/IFDwindtunnel;PSP
sensorfoilsonwindtunnelmodel;HybridPIV/DGVmeasurements
canbetranslatedintoamplitudeorphaseinformationandrecordedwithaconventionalcamera.Usinginterfero-metricimagingprinciples,thesensitivityandaccuracyofsuchtechniquesisbeingexpanded.Ontheotherhand,special“activepixel”sensorsarebeingusedasdirectopto-electronicdemodulators.Here,theDopplershiftfrequencyismeasuredusingalock-indetectionschemeappliedtoallsensingpixelsinparallel.
Low Coherence Measurements in Fluid FlowsLaserpointmeasurementsofdisplacementsorvelocitiescanreadilybeperformedfromconsiderabledistances.However,theabsoluteaccuracyandreproducibilitybecomesaproblemforvibratingtestarticlesandclosetosurfaces.Here,“lowcoherence”lasersourcesareadvanta-geous,becausetheyprovideabsolutedepthresolutioninthemicrometerrange.SeveralactivitiesareongoingatIFDtoutilizethiscapabilityforfluidmechanicsmeasurements:PIVimaginginavirtualimageplane,opticaltipclearancemeasurementsinahotgasturbinestage,andimprovedLaserDopplerVelocimetry(LDV)incloseproximitytowallsweresuccessfullydemonstrated.Thelastapplicationalsofeaturesaself-referencingrecordingsetupwhereabsolutewallstandoffdistancesaremaintainedevenformovingsurfaces.
Surface Pressure DistributionsTherecordingofsurfacepressuredistributionsonaerody-namicmodelscontinuestobeanessentialpartofwindtunneltesting.TwoactivitiesatIFDaimatdevelopingimag-ingtechniqueswhichwoulddoawaywiththerequirementforcostlyarraysofwiredpressuretaps.Self-illuminatingpressuresensitivepaints(PSPs)weredeveloped,basedonintegratingthepaintlayerwithathin,flexibleelectrolu-minescentfoil.Sincethepressure-dependentfluorescenceisexcitedlocallyinthissetup,therequirementsregardingilluminationandmodelstabilitycanbesignificantlyrelaxed.
Theothertechnologyunderdevelopmentreliesontheopticalinterrogationofindividualhigh-sensitivityMEMSpressure-sensingmembranes.Theobjectiveistomaintainahighmeasurementaccuracy(notachievablewithPSPs)whilestillprovidingawirelesssensorinterrogation.
Environmental Flows with Gravity InfluenceTwocustom-builtfacilitiesareavailableatIFDtostudyvarioustypesofenvironmentalflows.Inthecryogenicgasfacility,thepropagationandmixingofcold(andheavy)gascloudsisstudiedtodevelopmodelsforthespreadingofsuchfluidsinindustrialaccidents.Thehotgasfacilityisbeingusedtostudyfire-inducedflowsandtheircontrolincross-flowventilationsystems.Thisisafundamentalaccidentscenarioformanyroadandtraintunnels,andmeasurementsareimportanttosupportandvalidatethenumericalpredictionsbeingdeveloped.Furthermore,theempiricalcorrelationsrequiredintheoreticalmodelscanbeprovidedinthisway.
Flow Control in the LungThisactivityisconcernedwithcontrolofflowsdeepinsidethehumanlung.Alveolarflowsareveryslowandlargelyreversible,leadingtoapoordepositionofthesmallaerosoldropletsusedinmedicaltreatment.Differentforcingmeth-odsarebeingstudiedtoenhancethemixingandparticleresidencetimeinthealveoli.Bothnumericalandexperimen-talmodelsareemployedtoidentifyandevaluatetheforcingmechanisms.
Re-entry MeasurementsIFDisinvolvedinahypersonicre-entryflightexperimentoftheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA“Expert”).Ashortwaveinfrared(SWIR)cameraisbeingdevelopedtogetherwithadetachedhigh-temperatureopticalfrontendtoimagethein-flighttemperaturedistributiononthesurfaceofanexternalcontrolflap/compressionrampofthespacecraft.
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Institute of Mechanical Systems
TheInstituteofMechanicalSystemsconsistsoftheCentresofMechanicsandStructureTechnologiesandiscommittedtoalong-termsustainabledevelopmentofoursocietybydeliveringcutting-edgeeducationandresearchinthebroadfieldofmechanics,structuresandmultifunctionalmaterials.Onmanyaxesofactivitiesweconsidersystemsfromthesmall-tothelarge-scale,frombasicresearchtoapplicationsusingtheoretical,computationalandexperimentalapproaches.
Whileteachingthebasicmechanicsandengineeringdesigncoursesweintroduceyoungstudentstothegeneralconceptofmathematicalmodelingofourenvironment.AlignedwiththespiritoftheDepartmentofMechanicalandProcessEngi-neering,wealsoprovidehigh-leveleducationinengineeringsciencestoskilledstudentsinthelaterstageoftheireduca-tion,forgingtomorrow’sengineersandresearchers.
Tofulfilourmissionwestriveforcross-fertilizationbetweenourmainfieldsofactivity,namelyresearch,education,servicesandco-operationwithindustry.TheInstituteseeksco-operationwithnationalandinternationalindustriesandresearchinstitutionswhileintegratingcompetenciesinchallengingandhighlyinterdisciplinaryprojects.Areas of Specialization:ProfessorJürgDual,MechanicsandExperimentalDynamicsProfessorPaoloErmanni,StructureTechnologiesProfessorChristophGlocker,Mechanics,NonsmoothDynamicsProfessorEdoardoMazza,ExperimentalContinuumMechanics
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Institute of Mechanical SystemsCenter of MechanicsProfessor Jürg Dual
JürgDualhasbeenFullProfessorofMechanicsandExperimen-talDynamicsintheCenterofMechanicsoftheInstituteofMechanicalSystemsatETHZurichsince1998.HewasPresidentofthePlanningCommissionofETHZurich2000-2004andhasbeenPresidentoftheHochschulversammlungsince2008.JürgDualwasbornin1957andstudiedmechanicalengineeringatETHZurich.HethenspenttwoyearsonaFulbrightgrantattheUniversityofCaliforniainBerkeley,wherehegraduatedwithanMSc.andanM.Eng.degreeinMechanicalEngineering.HethenreceivedhisDr.sc.techn.degreeatETHZurichundertheguid-anceofProfessorDr.M.SayirattheInstituteofMechanics.ForhisdissertationhewasawardedtheLatsisPrizeofETHZurichin1989.AfteroneyearasVisitingAssistantProfessoratCornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,hereturnedtoETHZurichasAssistantProfessor.HeisaMemberoftheSwissAcademyofTechnicalSciences,FellowoftheASMEandHonoraryMemberoftheGer-manAssociationforMaterialsResearchandTesting.Hisresearchfocusesonwavepropagationandvibrationsinsolidsaswellasmicro-andnanosystemtechnology.Inparticular,heisinter-estedinbothbasicresearchandapplicationsintheareaofsensors(viscometry),nondestructivetesting,mechanicalchar-acterizationofmicrostructures,andgravitationalinteractionofvibratingsystems.Inhisresearch,experimentationiscentral,butmustalwaysbeembeddedincorrespondinganalyticalandcomputationalmodeling.
Theprojectspresentedhereshowthecentralroleofme-chanicsasatimelessdisciplineinawiderangeofmodernandfascinatingchallenges.
Sensors based on Structural VibrationsInresonatingsensors,thevibrationcharacteristics(frequency,damping)areinfluencedbytheenvironment.Asanexample,dynamicviscometersareinvestigated,whereasurroundingfluidincreasesthedampingofaresonatingdevice.Agatedphase-lockedloophasbeeninvestigatedfordrivingsuchsensors.Anumberofnovelviscometerdesignshavebeenbuilt,tested,andappliedinvarioussituations,e.g.forblooddirectlyduringextractionfromthebody,foodintheproduc-tionprocess,etc.Measurementscanbemadewithvolumesof<10microliters.Inanotherproject,smallhigh-frequencymotionissuperimposedonlargedeformationsinaclassi-calrheometer.ProcessviscometersbasedonourdesignaremarketedbyBrookfieldEngineering,USA.
Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE)RecentresultsinguidedwaveQNDEincludethedeterminationoftheelasticconstantsforfilament-woundshellsincludingnon-axisymmetricwaves,faultdetectionincylindricalshellsusingatime-reversescheme,basicinvestigationsontheNDTofwood,whichisextremelydifficultduetotheinhomoge-neitiesandanisotropy,andtheapplicationofadvancedfibercomposites(piezoelectricfibres)inQNDE.
Wave Propagation in Micro Systems: NanosonicsUsinganopticalpumpprobeset-up,highfrequency(~100GHz)wavepropagationexperimentsareperformedwithpicosecond(ps)resolution.Suchwaveshavebeenusedforprobingofinterfacesandburieddiffusionbarriers,andwillbefurtherappliedtowardspsresolutionatomicforcemicroscopy.Thefeasibilityofpropagatinganddetecting100GHzwavesfordistancesupto10micrometershasbeendemonstrated.Alsoatwo-temperaturemodeltodescribetheinteractions
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Pictures:Impressionsfromthelabs
betweenlightandthemechanicalwaveshasbeensuccess-fullyimplementedandshowsgoodagreementwithexperi-ments.ApplicationsareintheareaofNDTofsemiconductordevicesorsub-THzfilters,wherethefrequency-dependentreflectionbehavioratcontinuousinterfacesisused.
Manipulation of Particles by UltrasoundSmallparticles(e.g.withasizeof10microns,biologicalcells,etc.)canbemanipulatedbyultrasound.Theinteractionismodeledandusedtodesigndevices.Recently,microsystemshavebeeninvestigatedandbuiltfor1Dand2Dparticlearrangementsandinteractionwithmicromachinedsilicongrippers(ProfessorB.Nelson’sgroup).Thefeasibilityofma-nipulatinglivingcellshasbeendemonstrated.
Mechanical Properties of MicrostructuresMechanicalpropertiesofmaterialsusedformicrostruc-turesinmanycasescannotbededucedfromcorrespond-ingmacroscopictestingduetothedifferentmanufactur-ingprocesses.Thereforetestrigshavebeenbuiltfortensiletesting,torsionaltesting,andfatiguetestingofstructureswithatypicallengthintherangeofsome100microm-eters.Fortensiletesting,aLeast-SquareTemplateMatching(LSM)algorithmwasdevelopedyieldingadisplacementresolutionof10nminanopticalmicroscope(superresolu-tionuptoafactorof100).Torsionaltestingallowedthemeasurementoftorqueswitharesolutionof50nNmusingadifferentiallaserinterferometer.Fatiguetestingusingaphase-lockedloopsofarhasreachedresolutionsincracklengthmeasurementof10nm.Alsosizeeffectsinthincop-perfoilsandpolymermicrostructures(Baytron)havebeeninvestigated.Mechanical Properties of Snow, Snow Slab Release, and Ski/Snow Interaction Basedonfracturemechanicsandstatisticalmechanics,trig-geringmechanismsforsnowslabreleaseareinvestigated
boththeoreticallyandexperimentally.Forexample,criticalstressintensityfactorshavebeenmeasuredandinterpretedinthecontextoffracturemechanicalsizeeffects.Also,acarvingskiinacurveinteractingwiththesnowcoverhasbeensimulatedandexperimentallyinvestigated.
DNA Analysis System Startingfromasampleofblood,anovelDNAanalysissystemhasbeeninvestigated,whichwillrevolutionizeDNAtestingofvarioussamples.ItallowsthedetectionofaspecificDNAsequencewithinlessthan45minutesstart-ingfromsampleprocessingtotheresult.Itisbasedonacartridgethatdoesthelysisandpreparesthemastermixtobeusedinamicro-machinedPCRChip.
Microsystem DevicesInourcleanroomsanumberofdeviceshavebeenbuilt.D.Bächidevelopedamicrochannelnetworkwithintegratedmicrovalvestobeusedforsortingofcellsandmicroparti-cles.M.HaueisdevelopedanencapsulatedmicromachinedresonantforcesensorwhileS.Blunierworksonaresonant3Dgyroonasinglewafer.Allmakeuseofthegatedphaselocked-loopcontrolsystem.Withthissystem,onlyonetrans-ducerisneeded,andelectromagneticcrosstalkiscompletelyeliminated.N.Quackdevelopsaverticallyactuatedmicro-mirrorforInfraredDetectors,whichimprovestheintrinsicsensitivityofthedetector.
Additionalprojectswithindustryincludedamicropipettingsystem(RocheDiagnostics),resonantmicromotors(Creahol-ic),andresearchintothesquealingnoiseofrailwaysystems(SBB).
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Institute of Mechanical Systems Centre of Structure TechnologiesProfessor Paolo Ermanni
PaoloErmanni,born1959,studiedmechanicalengineeringatETHZurichandreceivedhisDr.sc.techn.degreein1990.Hegainedsignificantprofessionalexperienceinindustry;work-ingforoverfiveyearsatAirbusGermanyGmbHasaseniorengineerinthefutureprojectofficeandlaterasaprojectmanager.In1997hetookonanewchallengeasamanagerintheconsultingfirmA.T.KearneyinMilanbeforebeingappointedAssociateProfessoratETHZurichin1998.PaoloErmannihasbeenFullProfessorofStructureTechnologiesatETHZurichsince2003.Since2007heisalsoDirectoroftheCentroStefanoFranscini(CSF).TheCSFistheinternationalconferencecentreofETHZurich,situatedinthesouthofSwitzerland(CantonTicino)atMonteVerità.ProfessorErmanni’sgrouppromotesscienceandinnovationintheareasoffunctionalmaterials,innovativecompositesolutionsandstructuralmechanicsbyexploringtherelationbetweenmaterials,manufacturinganddesignofcompositebasedstructuralsystemswithbetterperformanceandnovelfunctionalities.
Carbon Nanotubes as Electromechanical ActuatorsInadditiontofeaturinguniquephysicalproperties,carbonnanotubes(CNT)havebeenshowntoactaselectromechanicalactuators,convertingelectricalinputenergyintogeometricdeformationandthususeablemechanicaloutput.Intypical
actuators,amacroscopiccarbonnanotubeassemblyisim-mersedinaliquidelectrolyteandoperatedatlowvoltage.Ourresearcheffortisfocusingongainingabetterunder-standingoftheinterrelationbetweenthepropertiesofCNTassembliesandtheiractuationperformance.Furtherworkisaimedatimprovingperformancebychemicalfunctionalisa-tionandtheuseofnon-volatileelectrolytes,respectively.
Polymeric Foams as Electromechanical Actuators/SensorsPolymericfoamscanbeelectricallypoledbytheapplicationofahighelectricfield,resultinginaremnantchargesepara-tionwithinthegasfilledvoidsasaconsequenceofelectricbreakdown.Poledfoamsshowferroelectricandpiezoelectricbehaviorandcanpotentiallybeusedasactuators/sensors,e.g.inacousticnoisereductionoraslargeareamedicalpres-suresensors.IncollaborationwiththeNonmetallicInorganicMaterialsresearchgroup,anovelfoamingtechnologyisap-pliedtopolymersandtheresultingporousstructuresinvesti-gatedwithrespecttotheirelectromechanicalproperties.
Piezo Shunt Damping in Aeroelastic Applications DREAMstandsforValiDationofRadicalEngineArchitectureSysteMsandinvestigatesnewtechnologiestominimizeenvi-ronmentalimpactofcommercialairtraffic.TogetherwithourprojectpartnersfromEPFLausanne,EMPADübendorf,BuschCompositesandSNECMAweinvestigatenoveldampingmechanismsforlaterapplicationtoopenrotoraircraften-gines.Wefocusonintegrationofpiezoelectricactuators,sen-sorsandelectroniccircuitsintothehoststructure.Anotherresearchaspectistheinvestigationoftheoverallaeroelasticsystembehaviorandpossibleinteractionsbetweenpiezoelec-tricdampingandtheonsetofflutterphenomena.Weplantodevelopnumericaltoolstoaccountforaeroelas-ticinteractionsandvalidatethemwithwindtunnelexperi-mentsondampedandundampedspecimens.
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Pictures from left to right:TestrunoftheCitiusbobsledinSt.Moritz;scanningelectronmicrographofamatofrandomlyorientedsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes;(upperrow)polymerparticlesusedforfoaming;(bottomrow)sinteredpolymerfoams;Streamlinesofanopenrotoraircraftenginesatstationaryflight;contourplotofthe
maximumdisplacement,inauniaxiallystressed[+-30,+-θ1,+-θ2]slaminatepanelasfunctionofθ1andθ2;3-pointsbendingtestforextractingsystemdampingefficiency
Damping of Vehicle StructuresWeareinvestigatingnoveldampingapproachesforcompositeapplicationsincarstructures.Theprojectisdealingwithfloorpanelsthataremountedtotheload-carryingprimarystructureofthevehicle.Theobjectiveistoreachoutstandingdampingperformanceconsideringthestringentweightandcostrequirementoftheautomotiveindustry.Wehavedevelopedandvalidatedanexperimentalset-upforthedeterminationofthedampingpropertiesofstructuralspecimensalsoconsideringinterfacedampingef-fects.Variousdampingtreatmentshavebeeninvestigated.Themostpromisingdampingapproacheswillbeoptimizedandvalidatedinanautomotivecomponenttestcase.
Multi-Functional Composite Airframe Structure Weareworkingincloseco-operationwithDassaultAvia-tionandCNEM.Ourcontributionconcernstheevaluationofinnovativedesignsolutionsformulti-functionalprimarycompositeairframestructuralcomponentswithintegrateddampingtreatment.Theapproachincludesastep-by-stepfeasibilityandcharacterizationprogramleveragingstruc-turemechanicalbehavior(strength,stiffnessandstability),vibrationdampingdeviceintegrationandmanufacturingtechnologies.Theresearchactivitieswilleventuallyleadtothefabricationoffuselage-barreldemonstratorframeswithintegrateddampingsolutionsbyRTMprocess.ThelatterincludethedevelopmentofrobustRTMproductionroutesrelyingonadvancedmonitoringtechniquestodetectoccur-renceofflawsanddryspotregionsduringtheinjection.
Unified Topology and Shape Design Optimization of Composite StructuresTheresearchaddressesanovelwayofhowtorepresentmechanicalstructuresinthecontextofanautomateddesignprocess.Weaimatconstructingarrangementsfromparam-eterizedspline-basedprimitives.Theresultingtopological
entities(faces,edgesandvertices)mayfurthercarryinforma-tiononmechanicalattributeslikevoidormaterialinclassicaltopologicaloptimaldesignproblemsorlaminateattributesinanadvancedlaminateoptimizationenvironmentwithavary-ingnumberoflaminatezones.Thiskindofarrangementshouldestablishabaseforaheterogeneous,graph-basedgenotypeallowingforacombinedoptimizationoftopology,shapeandlaminateofarbitrarymechanicalstructures.
Corrugated Laminate Homogenization ModelCorrugatedsheetsmadefromcompositematerialscanprovidecandidatesolutionsforflexibleskinsneededforanisotropiccompliantshellstructures.Thefindingofdesignsolutionsfortheserequiresautomaticcomputeraidedoptimizationprocesses.Asubstitutematerialmodelcangreatlyreducethenumericalsizeofthefinite-elementmethod(FEM)modelsandwithitthecomputationaleffortofthemanynumericalsimulationswhichmustthenbeperformed.Thecurrentworkinvolvesaunitcellmodeloftheperiodiccorrugationpatternforobtainingthecompleteandexactelasticitysolutionswhoseby-productisthesubstitute-platestiffness.
Composite Hull for a new Swiss BobsledInnovativenewbobsleds(2man&4man)fortheSwissnationalteamaredevelopedintheCitiusproject.IMES-SThastodesignandoptimizethefiberreinforcedplastichullsofthe2-manand4-manCitiusbobsledsandtosupportthemanufac-turingofthehullsatRUAGAerospace.
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Institute of Mechanical Systems Center of MechanicsProfessor Christoph Glocker
ChristophGlockerhasbeenExtraordinariusforMechanicsattheInstituteofMechanicalSystemsatETHZurichsince2001.HewaspromotedtoFullProfessorin2006.ChristophGlockerwasbornin1962inMunich.Hestudiedmechanicalengineer-ingattheTechnicalUniversityofMunich.Afterreceivinghisdiplomain1989,heworkedasaresearchassistantattheIn-stituteBofMechanicsandwrotehisdoctoralthesisundertheguidanceofProfessorF.Pfeiffer.In1996hereceivedaFeodorLynenFellowshipsupportedbytheAlexandervonHumboldtFoundationandspentoneyearattheAristotleUniversityofThessalonikiworkingwithProfessorP.D.Panagiotopoulosonhemivariationalinequalityproblemsindynamics.Afterthisstay,hereturnedin1997totheInstituteBofMechanicsasaseniorengineer.In2001,heobtainedthecertificateofhabilitationinmechanicswithapostdoctoralthesisdevotedtonon-smoothdynamics.Acentralpointinhisresearchisnon-smoothdynamicsofmechanicalsystemswithfinitedegreesoffreedomwhichincludes,forexample,thefrictionandimpactprobleminmultibodysystems,andwhichmustberegardedasageneralizationofclassicalmechanics.Heisinterestedinboththeoreticalandpracticalquestionsconcerningthemechanicalmodeling,themathematicalformulation,andthenumericaltreatmentofsystemswithdiscontinuities,aswellastheirapplicationstoindustrialproblems.
Impact Theory and ExperimentThebest-knownexampleofanimpactinmechanicsisthecollisionoftworigidbodies.Thereisavelocityjumpattheimpactduetothegeometricimpenetrabilitycondition,butalsoanimpulsiveforcecausedbytheassumptionofrigidity.Thesetwoproperties,velocityjumpsandimpulsiveforces,characterizeimpacts.Impacttheory,however,isnotrestrictedtorigidbodies.Moregeneralsituationsturnupincomputationalmechanicswhenconsideringcollisionsofdeformablebodiesafterdiscretization.Moreover,thereareeveneventsprimarilyunrelatedtoanykindofcollisionleadingtovelocityjumpsandthus,toimpacts.Thetransversalcrossingofanedgeintheconfigurationmanifoldisanexampleofsuchbehavior.Impactsrequireimpactlaws.Theycanberegardedastheconstitutiveequationsoftheimpact.Inclassicalmechanics,localformula-tionslikeNewton’simpactlawareused,whichhaverecentlybeenreformulatedasinequalitiesandextendedtomulti-contactconfigurations.Suchapproachesworkwellaslongashighlydissipativecollisionsareinvestigated.Forageneraltheoreticalframework,however,geometricalconceptsareneededtocharacterizeandidentifytheimpactparametersinaninvariantandmeaningfulway.Impactbehavioristhenexpressedintermsofreflectionandorthogonalprojectionlawsonthetangentconeoftheconfigurationmanifold,whichleadstoabetterunderstandingandimplementationofthedynamicsobservedbyexperiments.Evenwavepropa-gationphenomenamaybehandledinthisway.
Numerical SchemesThemathematicalformulationofunilateralconstraintswithCoulombfrictionindynamicsleadstodifferentialinclusions.Theydescribethesystemfornon-contact,sliding,andstickingfriction,andcontaineventheimpactprocessthattakesplacewhenacontactisclosed.Asoneparticularpropertyofnon-smoothmechanics,thenumberofdegreesoffreedomchangesduringmotion,controlledandinfluencedbythesystem’s
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Pictures from left to right:Definitionoftheadmissiblepost-impactvelocitiesforNewton’scradlewiththreeballsunderkinematic,kineticandenergeticrestrictions;Setupforcollisionexperimentswithdistanteffects:Newton’scradlewithfiveballs,releaseunitsandlinearencodersfordisplacementmeasurements;Numericalsimulationofamulti-
contactproblem,performedwithtime-steppingmidpointruleandGauß-Seideliterationontheunderlyingproximalpointproblem;Stabilityplotsofthefrontbogie’sfourwheelsforvaryingfrictionandcreepdirection.Blue:realstatesofoperation.Green:stablearea.Red:squeal;Twolinkmanipulatorwithexchangeableconventionallyandpassivelyactuated
joint.Passiveactuationisperformedbyanelectromagneticbrake.
dynamicsitself.Thenumericaltreatmentofsuchsystemsmayinprinciplebesplitintotwoindependentsubtasks:Integrationofdifferentialequationsandevaluationofinequalitylaws.Standardroutineswitheventdetectionallowfortheintegrationofthedifferentialequations.Theseso-calledeventdrivenschemesworkwellaslongasthenumberofdiscon-tinuitiesismoderatelylow.Theyfail,however,inthecasesofaccumulationpointsandbecomeimpracticalforcontactproblemsofhighdimension.Thelatteraresuccessfullytreatedbytime-steppingalgorithms,whichprovideamoreconsistentevaluationbasedondirectdiscretizationofthemeasuredifferentialinclusions.Forbothmethodsofnumericalintegrationinequalityproblemshavetobesolvedtofindthevalidsystemstate.Mostimportantforapplicationsareine-qualitiesrepresentedbynormalconeinclusions,whichcanberewrittenasproximalpointproblemsanditerativelysolvedbyGauß-Seidelmethods.Theresultingalgorithmshavetobebothrobustandaccurate.Accuracyisgenerallyrequired,butbecomesquintessentialforself-excitedoscillationsinfrictionalvibrationproblems.Numericaldampingandothersourcesofinaccuracymaycausesuchhighlysensitivemechanismstoconsequentlydisappearinthecomputedresults.
Curve Squealing of TrainsSquealingoftrainsisanarrow-bandnoiseofabout4000Hertz,whichoccursincurveswithradiibelow300meters.Insuchcurves,theconicalprofilesofthewheelscannolongercom-pensateforthedifferenceinarclengthbetweentheinnerandtheouterrail,whichcausessomecreepageinthecontactzonebetweenthewheelandtherail.Thedirectionofthecreepageforsteady-statemotionofthetrainisinfluencedbythemisalignmentofthewheelset,whichitselfdependsonthetrain’sspeedandthefrictionconditionsbetweentherailandthewheels.Sometimes,theoverallconstellationissuchthatoneofthewheelsmaystartoscillating.Thisiscalledafriction-inducedvibration,fromwhichthenoiseoriginates.
Measurementsrevealedthattheinnerfrontwheelofabogieisinmostcasesresponsibleforthenoise,butsometimesalsotheouterrearwheel.Thisresulthasbeenconfirmedbyanumericalstabilityanalysis,inwhichthefirst61elasticmodesofthewheelhavebeentakenintoaccounttogetherwithathree-dimensionalCoulombcontactmodel.Suchstabil-ityanalysisactsthenasthebasisforimprovementsontheprofilepairingsbetweenrailandwheelstoreducethenoise.
Non-Smooth ControlOptimalwalkingpatternsofhumanoidsandtheoptimalswitchinginautomatedgearsaretypicalexamplesofnon-smooth-optimalcontrolproblems.Inadditiontotheclassicalconstraints,likeboundeddrivingtorques,contactandfrictionlawshavetobetakenintoaccounttomakethesystemstructurevariantandtoallowforamechanicallyconsistentconstraintactivationanddeactivationprocess.Thetrajectoryoptimizationsofstructure-variantmechanicalsystemsbelongtotheclassofmathematicalprogramswithequilibriumconstraints,whichareoptimizationproblemswiththeessentialconstraintsbeingdefinedbyparametricvariationalinequalitysystems.Directshootingmethods,basedonthetime-steppingscheme,provideanapproximationoftheoptimalpath,includingtheoptimalswitchingpattern.
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Institute of Mechanical SystemsCenter of MechanicsProfessor Edoardo Mazza
EdoardoMazzahasbeenAssociateProfessorofMechanicsattheInstituteofMechanicalSystemsofETHZurichsince2006.Hewasbornin1969inItaly,studiedmechanicalengineeringandreceivedhisDr.sc.techn.degreeatETHZurich.ForhisdissertationhewasawardedtheETHmedal.AfterhisPh.D.heworkedinindustryfrom1997-2001.AtAlstomPowerhewasgroupleaderinthesteamturbineR&Ddepartment.In2001hewasappointedasAssistantProfessorofMechanicsatETHZurich.Since2006hehasleadanewlaboratoryattheSwissFederalLaboratoriesforMaterialsTestingandResearch(EMPA).HisfieldofresearchatETHZandEMPAisexperimentalcon-tinuummechanics.Theactivityofhisgroupisfocusedontheconstruction,analysisandinterpretationofadvancedexperi-mentsforunderstandingthemechanicalbehaviorofnovelengineeringmaterialsandsoftbiologicaltissue.Moderncon-tinuummechanicsrequiressophisticatedexperimentstode-velopmathematicalmodelsandalgorithmsforthesimulationofmaterialsandmaterialsystems.Asopposedtoconventionalmaterialstesting,theseexperimentsinvestigatetheresponseofmaterialstolargeandnon-homogeneousdeformationsrelatedtomulti-axialandtimedependentmechanicalloads.Experimentsaredesignedtoreproduceserviceconditionsofloadingofmechanicaldevicesorphysiologicaldeformationstatesofconnectivetissueandorgansinthehumanbody.
ResearchOurresearchaimsatlinkingcontinuummechanicsandmaterialphysics,andatbridgingthegapbetweenthesescientificdisciplinesandtheirapplicationinengineeringandmedicine.Examplesofanincreasinginvolvementofcontinuumme-chanicswithexperimentalresearchcanbefoundinbiome-chanics(withinvestigationsonthedeformationbehaviorofsinglecells,tissues,andwholeorgans),inenergyresearch(fightingthedesignchallengestowardssustainableenergyproduction),inthedevelopmentofsocalled“adaptivemate-rials”(analyzingcoupledfieldproblemsin“smart”mechani-calsystems).Wehavemadecontributionstofundamentalandappliedresearchinthesefields:
BiomechanicsOurstudiesonthemechanicalbehaviourofhumantissuesandorgansaremotivatedbymedicalapplications:(i)diag-nosis(specifically:detectionofliverpathologies;malfunc-tioning(“incompetent”)uterinecervix;prematureruptureoffetalmembranes),(ii)surgeryplanning(facialtissuemodelsforplasticsurgerysimulations),(iii)tissuereplacement/im-plantdevelopment(intervertebraldisc,supportiveimplantmeshesforherniaorlaxity).Biologicaltissuesareextremelycomplexmaterialsandmodelingtheirmechanicalresponseisobviouslyaverydifficulttask.Wecontributetothesechallengeswithnovelexperimentalobservationsandtheiranalysis.Examplesarethe“aspirationdevice”forquasi-staticmeasurements,the“torsionalresonatordevice”,forin-situhighfrequencysheartesting,the“inflationdevice”forbiaxialexperimentswithbio-membranes,andthe“biaxialmachine”fortension-tensionbiaxialexperimentsonsoftmembranes.Inparticularweprovideinformationontheinvivomechanicalbehaviourofhumanorgans(asopposedtoobservationsfromanimalorgansorspecimenextractedfromthehumanbody).Wehaveperformedalargenumber
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Pictures from left to right:1-3Dnumericalmodelofthefaceforsimulationofcosmeticandreconstructivesurgery;2-Thermomechanicalfatigueexperiments(HighTemperatureLab.,EMPA);3-BiaxialtestingofacrylicelastomerusedforEAPactuators;4-Measurementofthemechanical
behaviorofhumanliverinvivoduringopensurgery;5-Inflationexperimenttoinvestigatedeformationandruptureofhumanfetalmembranes
ofintra-operativeaspirationexperimentsonhumanlivers,thusbuildingauniquesetofquantitativedataontheinvivomechanicalbehaviourofthisorgan.Ourmeasurementsontheuterinecervixofpregnantwomenprovidedthefirstobjectivedataontheevolutionofthemechanicalresponseofthecervixduringgestation.Theexperimentalobserva-tionsareanalysedusingnon-linearvisco-elasticconstitutivemodels.Recenteffortsweretowardsacorrelationbetweenmechanicalparametersandhistologicalobservationsorbio-chemicalindicescharacterizingtissuemicrostructure(e.g.forhumanliverandfetalmembranes).
EnergyThenecessityofreducinggreenhousegasemissionsandthelimitedavailabilityoffossilfuelsrepresentthemaindrivingforcesforenergyresearch.Thedevelopmentofnovelenergyconversiontechnologiesandtheimprovementoftheefficiencyofconventionalpowergenerationleadtonewchallengeswithrespecttothereliabilityofthemechani-calcomponents.Wedetermineconstitutiveequationsforthedesignofpowergenerationsystemswithincreasedefficiencyandhigheroperationalflexibility.Modelswithimprovedpredictivecapabilitiesrequireanunderstandingofthemechanismsofdeformationanddamage,undercondi-tionsofnon-isothermalmulti-axialcyclicloadingandcreep-fatigueinteraction.Ourresultsalsoprovidemethodsforacceleratedthermo-mechanicalagingusedtopredictlongtermpropertiesofnewhighertemperaturematerials,inordertoexploitthemattheearliestopportunity.Ourmodelsofdeformationanddamageareverifiedattwolevels:(i)weperformcomprehensivepost-testinspections(opticalandelectronmicroscopy)inordertoconfirmconsistencybetweenphysicalconditionsandmodelpredictions;(ii)weverifythepredictivecapabilitiesofourmodelsusingdedi-cated“benchmark”tests.Tothisend,wedevelopnovelex-perimentalset-upsandproceduresandstudytheresponse
ofmaterialsunderconditionsthatcloselyrepresentthoseexperiencedinservice,withthermo-mechanicalfatigue,isothermalcreep-fatigueandcreeptestsonuniaxial,aswellasonmultiaxial“component-like”testpiecesandfracturemechanicsspecimens.Thisapproachallowsquantificationoftheinfluenceofstressandstraingradientsandstrainrateaswellasstressmultiaxialityonmaterialdeformationanddamageformation.AllexperimentalactivitiesareconductedinournewhightemperaturelaboratoryatEMPA.
Adaptive MaterialsAdaptivematerials(e.g.shapememoryalloys,electroactivepolymersystems,piezo-ceramics)areintegratedinhighlydeformablestructuresinordertoenablenovelfunctionali-ties,tooptimizethedesignorincreasethereliabilityofmechanicalsystems.Applicationsareinthefieldsofenergyconversion(e.g.shapeadaptableairfoilsthatimproveaero-dynamicefficiencyofturbineblades),biomedicalproducts(e.g.surgeryinstrumentsbasedondistributedcompli-ancesasasubstituteforconventionaljoints,sotoreduceparticlerelease,wearandproductioncosts),andactuatortechnologies(withelectroactivepolymersystemsoffering“muscle-like”performance).Predictionofthebehaviourofhighlydeformablestructuresandfunctionalmaterialsrep-resentsoneofthemainchallengesinthisinnovativefieldofengineeringresearch.Wecontributewithmodelsofthenon-lineardeformationbehaviourofadaptivestructures.TheseactivitiesarecarriedoutinthecompliantsystemslaboratoryatEMPA.Weinvestigatetheactiveandpassivemechanicalresponseandthemechanismsofdegradationandfailureofsocalleddielectricelastomeractuators.Asfortheotherresearchprojects,wehavedevelopednovel“unconventional”experimentsreflectingtheoperatingconditionsoftheactuators.Nonlinearvisco-elasticmateriallawsareusedtorationalizetheseobservations.
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Institute of Process Engineering
TheInstitutefocusesontheteachingofprocessengineeringfundamentalsthroughengaginglecturesandinnovativeresearch.Itsactivitiescovertheentirespectrumofmacro,micro,nanoandmolecularprocesseswithstate-of-the-artinstrumentationandfacilities.Since2004IPEoffersaMasterinProcessEngineeringbasedonanewlystructuredcurriculumandcontributestothemaster’sprogramsinMechanicalEngineering,ChemicalEngineering,EnergyScienceandTechnologyandMicro-nanoEngineering.ThefollowinglaboratoriesofIPEcarryoutcutting-edge,innova-tion-drivenresearchaimedatdevelopingandunderstand-ingnewproductsandefficientprocessesincloseinteractionwithindustry:
•ParticleTechnologyLaboratory•SeparationProcessesLaboratory•TransportProcessesandReactionsLaboratory
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MarcoMazzotti,anItaliancitizenbornin1960,married,withtwochildren,hasbeenProfessorofProcessEngineeringatETHZurichsince1997(Associateuntil2001andFullProfessorthereafter).HeholdsaLaurea(MSc.,1984)andaPh.D.(1993),bothinChemicalEngineeringandfromthePolitecnicodiMilano,Italy.BeforejoiningETH,hehadworkedinindus-try(1985-1990),andhadbeenAssistantProfessorinMilan(1994-1997).Heteachesclassesonseparationprocesses,mathematicalmethodsforchemicalengineersandcarbondioxidecaptureandstorage.HehasmentoredeighteenPh.D.studentsandiscurrentlyadvisingtwelve.Hisrefereedpubli-cationsincludemorethan160journalarticles,20articlesinbooksand6bookchapters.Hisresearchactivityaddressesthepurificationandformulationofbiopharmaceuticalsandthedevelopmentofcarbondioxidecaptureandstoragesys-tems.MarcoMazzottihasbeencoordinatingleadauthoroftheSpecialReportonCarbonDioxideCaptureandStorageoftheIPCC,thatwasthenawardedthe2007NobelPeacePrize.HeisVice-PresidentoftheInternationalAdsorptionSociety,andMemberoftheAIChE,ACSandEFCE,onbehalfofwhichhewillchairthe18thInternationalSymposiumonIndustrialCrystallization(Zurich,Sep.13-16,2011).Heisontheedito-rialadvisoryboardofInd.Eng.Chem.Res.,Adsorption,Cryst.GrowthDesign,andJ.SupercriticalFluids.
Separation Processes LaboratoryThevisionoftheSeparationProcessesLaboratory(SPL)is“Todevelopefficient,safe,andsustainableprocessesforhighqualityproductsandenvironmentallyresponsiblein-dustrialsystems”.Itsmissionistoeducatefutureengineersandscientists,specificallytrainedinthescienceandengi-neeringofeconomicallyoptimizedandenvironmentallybeneficialseparationprocesses,bycarryingoutcutting-edgeresearchintheareaspresentedbelow.
Purification of Biopharmaceuticals by Preparative ChromatographyPreparativechromatographyisahighlyselectivetechniqueforthepurificationoforganiccompoundsinthepharma-ceuticalandfoodindustriesandinbiotechnology,fromenantiomersofchiralcompounds,topolypeptidesandpro-teinsandnucleicacids.Weaddresstheinterfacebetweenchemistryandchemicalengineering,wherethetremen-dousprogressmadeinthedesignofstationaryphasesfordifficultseparationshastofindeffectiveimplementationinpreparativechromatographicprocesses.Inparticular,wedealwiththeoperation,design,optimizationandcontrolofmulticolumnchromatography,usingtheSimulatedMovingBed(SMB)technologyanditsvariants.TodaysuchacomplexfamilyoftechnologiescanbemasteredbyitsmanypractitionersthankstotheuniquedesigncriteriaandmodelingtoolsthathavebeenandarebeingdevelopedintheSPL.WehavealsodemonstratedhowSMBsoutperformtraditionalsingle-columnchromatographyinallcasesofin-terest.Moreover,theSPL,inco-operationwithtwootherde-partmentsofETHZurich,hasdevelopedauniqueoptimiz-ingmodelpredictivecontrollerforSMBprocesses.Recentlywehavedemonstratedtheoretically,throughsimulationsandexperimentallytheexistenceofthedelta-shock,i.e.abrandnewtypeofcompositionfrontinnonlinearchromatography.
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Institute of Process EngineeringSeparation Processes LaboratoryProfessor Marco Mazzotti
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Production of Micro-Particles of Organic Species by Crystallization and PrecipitationCrystallizationandprecipitationfromsolutionoforganicsubstances,e.g.drugsandproteins,arekeytechniquesinthepharmaceuticalindustryandinbiotechnologytodeterminethepropertiesofthefinalsolidproduct.Productqualityisusuallydefinedintermsofpurity,polymorphism,crystalhabit,shapeormorphology,averageparticlesizeandparticlesizedistribution(PSD).Thesehaveadecisiveeffectnotonlyontheformulationprocess,butalsoonthedrugbioavailability.Thefieldofcrystallizationhasexperiencedtremendousprogressinthelasttenyears,mainlythankstotheavailabilityandwidespreaduseofnewprocessanalytictechniques,e.g.InfraredSpectroscopy,RamanSpectros-copy,orFocusedBeamReflectanceMethod,thatallowforanunprecedentedquantitativeinsightintothecomplexfundamentalmechanismsinvolvedincrystallization,i.e.nucleation,growth,agglomeration,breakage,dissolution,mixing,andtheirinterrelation.Ourstrategyisbasedontheexperimentalcharacterizationofsuchmechanisms,ontheirdescriptionthroughfirst-principlemodelsandontheuseofdetailedmodelsforproductandprocessdesign,processoptimizationandscale-up.Ourultimategoalistodevisestrategiesthatallowtodesignandcontrolthefinalcrystalform,sizeandshape.Thisapproachiscurrentlysuccessfullyappliedtothecrystallizationofdifferentorganicspeciesaswellastodense-gas-assistedantisolventprecipitation.Pre-cipitationoforganicsubstancesfromsolutiontriggeredbypressurizationwithsupercriticalcarbondioxidemakespos-sibletheformationofmicro-andnano-particlesofproductsofpharmaceuticalrelevance.Inthisarea,wehavedeepenedtheunderstandingofthescienceandtechnologythroughuniqueexperimentalandtheoreticalwork.Recently,wehavebeensuccessfulinproducingnano-particlesofahigh-loadeddrug-polymersolidsolutionwithenhanceddissolu-tioncharacteristics.
Carbon Dioxide Capture and StorageCarbondioxidecaptureandstorage(CCS)isasetoftechnolo-giesforthecaptureofCO2 fromitsanthropogenicpointsources,itstransporttoastoragelocationortreatmentplant,anditsisolationfromtheatmosphere.Thisisonlyone,thoughveryimportant,optioninaportfolioofactionstocontrasttheincreaseofatmosphericCO2 concentrationandtomitigategreenhouseeffectandclimatechange,whileatthesametimeallowingforthecontinueduseoffossilfuels.Inthiscontext,athree-yearprojectinvolvingdifferentSwissscientificinstitutionsandcoordinatedbyProfessorMazzottistartedinJanuary2009,withthepurposeofexploringthepotentialandthefeasibilityofCCSdeploymentinSwitzerland(www.carma.ethz.ch).TheSPLaimstocreateaknowledgebaseintwospecificareasbelongingtotheCCSchain,namelythecaptureofCO2usingadsorptionbasedprocessesandthestorageofCO2byinjectingitintodeepunmineablecoalseamsorbyfixingitinmineralcarbonates.Advancedpre-combustioncapturetechniquesareneededtosubstantiallyreduceCO2emissionsfromfossilfuelpowerplants.Inthiscontext,theSPLtakespartoftheEuropeanUnionFrameworkProgram7projectDECARBitandaimstodevelopanddesignanappropriatepressureswingadsorption(PSA)processtoeffectivelyseparatetheCO2/H2gasmixturepro-ducedbythegasificationofcoal.Fromthestoragepointofview,coalseamsareattractivegeologicalformations,sinceCO2canbetakenupbythecoalinlargeamounts.Anattractiveprocess,i.e.enhancedcoalbedmethanerecovery(ECBM),isinvestigated,whichwouldallowtherecoveryofthemethanepresentinthereservoir,whileatthesametimestoringtheCO2.Inmineralcarbonation,thecapturedCO2reactswithmetal-oxide-bearingmaterials,e.g.naturalsilicatesoralkalineindustrialwastes,andsubsequentlyprecipitatesascarbonates.TheaimoftheSPListoinvestigatethefundamentalmechanismswhichcontrolthekineticsofboththedissolutionofsilicatesandtheprecipitationofcarbonates,since,thoughmineralcarbonationrepresentsthesafestandmoststablestorageoption,itslargescaleapplicationishinderedbytheslownessofthereaction.
Pictures:Hardware,softwareandhumanfactorattheSeparationProcessesLaboratory
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Institute of Process Engineering Particle Technology Laboratory Professor Sotiris E. Pratsinis
ProfessorPratsiniswasbornin1955inChanea,Krete,Greece.HeholdsadiplomainChemicalEngineeringfromtheAristotleUniv.ofThessaloniki,Greece(1977)andaPh.D.fromtheUniv.ofCalifornia,LosAngeles(1985).HewasinthefacultyofChemicalEngineeringattheUniv.ofCincinnati,Ohiotill1998whenhewaselectedProfessoratETHZurich.HeteachesMassTransfer,ParticleTechnology,NanoscaleEngineeringandCombustionSynthesisofMaterials.Hisresearchfocusesonthefundamen-talsofaerosolsynthesisofmaterialswithapplicationsincatal-ysis,sensorsandnanocomposites.Hehasgraduated17Ph.D.studentsandisadvisingcurrentlynine.Hehaspublishedover200refereedjournalarticlesandhasbeenawardedfiveU.S.andEuropeanpatentslicensedtoDow,DegussaandHosokawa.HehasreceivedthePresidentialYoungInvestiga-torAwardin1989fromtheU.S.NSF,the1995MarianSmolu-chowskiAwardoftheEuropeanAssociationforAerosolResearchandthe2003ThomasBaronAwardofAIChE.In2005-06hewasappointedSpringerProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringatUniv.ofCalifornia,Berkeley.HeservesintheEditorialBoardofvariousjournalsincludingPowderTechno-logy,J.ofAerosolScienceandJ.ofNanoparticleResearchaswellasontheAdvisoryBoardoftheAustralianResearchCouncilCentreonFunctionalNanomaterialsandontheScienceAdvisoryBoardoftheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth-InternationalInitiativefortheEnvironment.
Particle Technology Laboratory Particlesareeverywhere.Fromtheairweinhale,tothebread,saltandpepperonthedinnertable,inourdentalfillings,ineverypillwetake,inthetireswedriveon,thecementwebuildourhouseswith,inthepaintthatcoversitswallsandsoon...Themissionofourlaboratoryistoeducatethefundamentalsofparticlescienceandengineeringthroughbasicresearch.Wefocusnowonthesmallestparticles,nanoparticles,becausetheirbasicpropertiesarequitedifferentfromthoseofbulkmaterials.Wespecializeongas-phase(aerosol)processesfortheiruniquecapacitytoformhighpurityproducts(Figure1)withcloselycontrolledsize,morphologyandcompositionaccompaniedbyfew,ifany,liquidbyproducts.Ourfocusisonproductdiscoveryandquantitativeunderstandingforprocessscale-upthroughsystematicexperimentsandsimulationsforsynthesisofnewmaterialsforcatalysis,sensorsandevenlifesciences(dental,orthopedic)tonameafew,incollaborationwithETHcolleaguesandtopuniversitiesandindustryinU.S.,Europe,AsiaandAustralia.HistorichighlightsofourresearchincludethemeasurementofthebasicoxidationrateofTiCl4vaporforsynthesisoftitaniawhichhadbeencalleda“landmarkcontributioninthepigmentindustry”.WehaddevelopedthefirstsimulatorformanufactureofopticalfiberpreformsbymodifiedchemicalvapordepositionthathasbeenroutinelyusedbyLucent-Furakawa(formerAT&TBellLabs)inmanufactureoflightguidepreformsinNorcross,GA.WehaddiscoveredandpatentedanaerosolrouteforsynthesisoffinerAlNthancommerciallyavailablepowdersincollaborationwithDow.ThatprogramwasrecognizedatDowasaprototypeforindustry-universityprograms.Wehaddevelopedalso,forthefirsttime,algorithmsforagglomerateformationandgrowthrelatingproductparticlecharacteristicstomaterialpropertiesandprocessconditionsbypopulationbalancesinparticlemassandsurfaceareaaccountingforgasphasereactionandsintering.Thesealgorithmshavebeenincorporatedinreactorprocessdesignandareroutinelyusedformanufactureoffineparticlesinindustry.
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MajorrecentadvancesintheknowledgebaseofthistechnologyatETHZurichincludeoursystematicinsitumeasurementofflametemperatureandparticlediameteralongwiththeextentofagglomerationthatwerecoupledintodetailedpopulationbalancesimulations.Thatway,characteristicsofsimple,flame-madeoxideparticlescanbepredictednowfromfirstprincipleswithoutanyadjustableparameters.Wehaveidentifiedquanti-tatively,forthefirsttime,hardandsoftagglomeratesthroughrigoroustheoryandnon-intrusivediagnostics.Thishasbeenachievedbymonitoringtheendofparticlesinteringthroughtheattainmentofanasymptoticprimaryparticlediameter,makingpossibletodistinguishthetransitionfromhard(chemically-bonded)tosoft(physically-bonded)agglomerates.
Asaresult,ithasbecomepossibletomakehighlypure,mixedceramicandnoblemetalcompositenanoparticlesleadingtomaterialsthatseemedimpossibletomakeinthegasphasejustafewyearsago.Forexample,excellentDeNOxcatalysts,thinoligomericV2O5 filmsoverTiO2particles,aremadebythistechnologyinonestep.Likewisetitania-dopedsilicacatalystsofhighselectivityforolefinepoxidationaremadeastheysolelycontaintheactive4-atomcoordinatedTisite.Noble-metalclus-ters(Pt,Pd,Ru,Au,Agetc.)onceramicsupportscanbemadeinonestepwithcloselyandindependentlycontrolledclusterandsupportcharacteristics.Forexample,theopenstructureofPt/Al2O3reducesmasstransferlimitationsresultinginmoreactivethanwet-madecatalystsforsynthesisofchiralmoleculesforpharmaceuticalsfromethylpyruvate.Thatwayone-stepsynthesisofPd/CeO2/ZrO2dopedwithPtincreasestheirrevers-ibleoxygenexchangecapacitycomparedtoundopedCeO2/ZrO2.ThestructuralidentificationatsuchsmallconcentrationsturnsouttobeimportantsinceevensmallamountsofPthaveastronginfluenceonthereductionandoxygenstoragecapacityofthatsupport.AstereoscopicarrangementoftwinflamereactorsresultsinPt/Ba/Al2O3 catalystsforunprecedentedNOxstorage-reductionbycontainingalargefractionoflow-tem-peratureactiveBaCO3.Thisisachievedbypromotingmixingat
thenanoscaleandsynthesisoftheabovecatalystratherthanmixingattheatomicscalethatresultsincatalyticallyinactiveBaAl2O4.Thegainedbasicunderstandingofparticleformationandgrowthhasguidedfurtherourdevelopmentof“smart”materi-alsbeyondcatalystswithscalableflametechnologysuchasphosphors,foodadditives,sensors,biomaterials,nanocom-positesandelectroceramics.Inparticular,wehavefocusedoncontrollingthestructureofflame-madeparticlesfromperfectlysphericalonestohighlyramifiedagglomerates.Thus,wehavemadenon-agglomeratedfumedsilicafordentalnanocompos-itesincollaborationwithEMPAandIvoclar-Vivadent.Amajorbreakthroughwasourdevelopmentofliquid-fedflameaerosolreactors(flamespraypyrolysis,FSP)thatcanprovideavirtuallyunlimitedspectrumofnewproductsfromenantioselectivecatalyststoquantumdotsathighproductionrates(upto1kg/h)whichisprobablytheworld’slargestunit(Figure3)fornanoparticlesynthesisforanacademiclaboratorycoupledtoclassicbaghousefilters(Figure4).Capitalizingonourearliersuccessonsynthesisofnon-agglomerated,puresilicananoparticles,wediscoveredaprocessforsynthesisofradioopaquebuthighlytranslucent-transparenttantalum-ytterbium-silica-basedmixedoxides.Focusingonthecontrolofrefractiveindexandradiopacityofthefiller(nanostructured,mixedceramicpowders)andthefinalpolymer-ceramicnanocomposite,optimalFSPcondi-tionshavebeenidentifiedfordentalprosthetics.Thecrystal-linityanddispersionwithinthehostsilicamatrixdeterminesfillerandresultingcompositetransparencies.Veryrecentlywehavediscoveredatotallynewprocessforthesynthesisofgassensorsthatbypassesdifficultiesassociatedwithconventionalmulti-stepwetsynthesis,slurryorpastedepositionanddrying,ofsensorlayers.Morespecificallybydirectlydepositingflame-madesemiconductingSnO2 nano-particlesonPtelectrodesenabledsynthesisofhighlyporousbutmacroscopicallysmoothsensingfilmsthatcoulddetectgasconcentrationsoffCOandethanoldownto1ppm.
Pictures from left to right:1.Nanoparticlesmadeinflames:yellowBi2O3,brownLiFe5O8,LiCoPO4(lightblueasprepared)andannealedforfourhoursat600(purple)or400C(darkblue);2.Astereoscopictwin-flameunit:TheleftflameproducesAl2O3nanoparticleswhiletherightonePt-clustersonBaOorBaCO3support
nanoparticles.ThetwoplumesmixformingthehighlydesirablePt/Ba/Al2O3catalystsforNOxstorage-reduction.3.Aflamespraypyrolysispilotandflowcontrolunitforsynthesisofupto1kg/hofmetal/ceramicnanoparticles.4.Theassociatedbaghouseunitwith12filterfingersfornanoparticlecollection
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Institute of Process EngineeringTransport Processes and Reactions LaboratoryProfessor Philipp Rudolf von Rohr
PhilippRudolfvonRohrhasbeenaProfessoratETHZurichsince1992.In1998,theLaboratoryforTransportProcessesandReactionswasfounded.Hestudiedmechanicalengineering,specializinginprocessengineeringatETHZurich,andcomplet-edhisstudiesin1978.AfteroneyearasascientificassociateattheInstituteofProcessEngineering,hestartedhisthesisatthesameInstituteatETHZurich.In1983,hereceivedhisdoctorateandastipendfromtheNationalScienceFounda-tiontostudyatMITinCambridgeMass..TwoyearslaterhereturnedtoETHandstartedasalecturerinmultiphaseflow.In1986,hebecamearesearchassociateandProjectManagerinamiddlesizedcompanywhichdeveloped,sold,anderectedprocessesandplantsintheareaofenvironmentaltechnologies.HebecametechnicaldirectorbeforehereturnedtoETHin1992tofullycommittoresearchandteaching.Sincehisreturn,hehasbeenheadoftheInstituteofProcessEngineeringseveraltimes.From1997until2000,heheadedtheDepart-mentofMechanicalandProcessEngineering.In1999,hewasaGuestProfessoratUCSantaBarbarainCaliforniaandin2006hespent8monthsatMITinCambridgeUSA.Inhisresearchhefocusesonthreemainareas,namelythetransportprocesses,theplasmaassistedprocesses,andhighpressureprocessesatdifferentscales.Hismajorachievementsareintheareaofplasma-assistedprocessesforparticles.Heisstronglyengaged
withnationalandinternationalindustriesandscientificgroups.In2007hebecameDoctorHonorisCausaattheTechnicalUniversityinBratislava.
Technologies for Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) for Particles Ourlaboratoryhasdevelopednovelprocessestomodifysurfacesofparticleswiththesupportofaplasma,gener-atedeitherbyradiofrequencyorbymicrowaves.Wecreatedaprocessinaverticalplugflowreactortomodifythesurfaceoftemperaturesensitivepolymerparticleslikepolypropyleneintoawettablesurfacewithacontactanglelessthan70degrees.Furthermore,wepatentedaprocesswhichimprovestheflowabilityofparticleaggregatesintoflowableaggregatesbymeansofaninsitucreationofnanoparticles,whichareadheredatthesurfaceoftheparticlesandtherebydecreasethevanderWaalsforces.Detailsofthisnoveltyarestillunderinvestigation.Wehavealsodonefundamentalresearchonacirculatingfluidizedbedsystemforparticlecoatings.Differentmodelsoflayerbuildingcouldbeexperimentallyconfirmed.
Technologies for Plasma Assisted Chemical Processes for Flat Substrates Withplasmaassistedreactions,glasslikesurfaceswerebeingproducedonpolymerfilmslikePETandPP.Thediffusionbar-rierforwatervaporandoxygenisimproveduptoafactorof1000.Thisallowsthefilmstobeusedforfoodpackaging.Theplasmasourceandtheposition(insituorexsitu)influencetheresult.SurfaceroughnessanddiffusionbarriervaluesarecorrelatedwhenusingacombinationofmicrowaveexsituplasmaandinsituRFplasma.Surfacespeciescompositionindicatesthestronginfluenceofthestoichiometricratiobetweenthereactingspecieshexamethyldisiloxaneandoxygen.Theprocessisnowbeingusedtocoatbiomedicaldevices(Stents).Thistreatmentinhibitscoatingwithcellsaftersurgery.
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Transport Phenomena over Complex Surfaces For13yearswehaveinvestigatedtransportphenomenawhenonephaseliquidflowsovermainlywavysurfacesinaspeciallydesignedflowchannel.Wedevelopedameasurementtoolboxtosimultaneouslydeterminetheflowandtemperaturefields.WearetherebyusingthePIVmethodfortheflowfieldandamethodbasedonliquidcrystalsforthetemperaturefield.Large-scalestructuresplayanimportantroleinthetrans-portoutsideoftheboundarylayerovercomplexsurfaces.Weworkedwithdefinedsurfaceslikewavywalls.Thestructurescouldbedetectedforthetemperatureandtheflowfield.Addi-tionally,weinvestigatedthemasstransportintheareaofthelarge-scalestructures.Theoretically,wecomputetheflowandtemperaturefieldswithLESandhybridmethods.Theaccuratepredictionoftheflowandtemperaturefieldsallowsoptimiza-tionof,forexample,heatexchangersurfaces.
Multiphase Flow and Reactions in Mini-and Micro-reactors GasliquidtwophasesystemswereinvestigatedwithopticalmeasurementsandwithatomographicmethodwithverystrongXraysfortheannularflowtype.WithmicroPIVtheflowfieldintheliquidslugshasbeenvisualized.Generalnewcorrelationstopredicttheflowfieldinmicroreactorsarebeingdeveloped.
Catalyticreactionsunderhighpressureuptosupercriticalpressureallowtheenhancementofthereactionrate.Nano-particleswithnarrowsizedistributionshavebeensynthesizedsuccessfully.
Thegapbetweenthemicroandthemacrosizedsystemsmaybeclosedbyastructuredfoam-likeplugflowreactor.Ourinves-tigationfocusesontransportphenomenaaccessedwithopti-calmeasuringsystemstogetlocallyandtemporallyresolvedresultswhicharecomparedwithCFDmodels(RANSandLES).
Processes with Supercritical Fluids Theadvantagesofusingsupercriticalfluidsincludetheimprovementofthemasstransportduetothelackofphaseboundaries.Wedevelopedaprocesswithsupercriticalwaterandaflame.Itallowsfastreactionsofundesiredwaste.Theflameitselfisbeinginvestigatedwithopticalmethodsattemperaturesofupto1500degreeCelsiusandataround300bar.Inparallel,wesimulatethereactiveflowwithCFD.
Hydrothermal Flames for Geothermal Application Ourknow-howrelatingtohydrothermalflamesisbeingusedinthedrillingindustryforminingdeepheatsourcesinboreholesbelow2.3km.Onemaincostdriverfortheseapplicationsisthecostofthedrilling.Therefore,alterna-tivedrillingmethodsarenecessarytomaketheenhancedgeothermalminingeconomicallyfeasible.
Ourflamesburnreliablyunderextremeconditions.Sizereductionofthematerialhasbeenreachedbycreatingasteeptemperaturegradientintherock.Thisleadstolocaldisintegrationofthehardrockmediumduetolocaldeficienciesinthenonuniformmaterialandduetodifferentelonga-tiongiventemperaturedifferences.Fundamentaldataarecollectedonheattransferandonmasstransportofspallsfromtheflamefrontwiththeoreticalandexperimentalapproaches.Particlesarebeingtransportedwiththehelpofnon-Newtonianfluidstothetopoftheborehole.Thenewdrillingconceptisbeingexploitedintwosteps:first,inalabfacilityandsecond,inanaccessiblepilotfacility.Hereallthedifferentprocessingstepsandthescaleupconceptsarebeingconfirmedexperimentallyandevaluatedtheoretically.
Picturesfromlefttoright:MicroreactormadefromPDMSunderinvestigationwithMicroPIV;MicroPIVsystem;ViewinanactivePlasmaReactor,opticalemissioncomesfromArgon;SupercriticalWaterReactorwithitsburningflame;
LIFinastirredtank(twice);Plasmareactionsystem
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Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems
TheInstituteofRoboticsandIntelligentSystemsconsistsoftheMulti-ScaleRoboticsLabdirectedbyProfessorB.Nelson,theAutonomousSystemsLabdirectedbyProfessorR.Sieg-wart,theSensory-MotorsSystemsLabdirectedbyProfessorR.Riener,theRehabilitationEngineeringLabdirectedbyPro-fessorR.GassertandtheBio-InspiredRoboticsLabdirectedbyProfessorF.Iida.
Multi-Scale Robotics LabTheMulti-ScaleRoboticsLabpursuesadynamicresearchprogramthatmaintainsastrongroboticsresearchfocusonseveralemergingareasofscienceandtechnology.AmajorcomponentoftheMSRLresearchleveragesadvancedrobot-icsforcreatingintelligentmachinesthatoperateatmicronandnanometerscales.MSRLresearchdevelopsthetoolsandprocessesrequiredtofabricateandassemblemicronsizedrobotsandnanometerscaleroboticcomponents.Manyofthesesystemsareusedforroboticexplorationwithinbiologicaldomains,suchasintheinvestigationofmolecularstructures,cellularsystems,andcomplexorgan-ismbehavior.
Autonomous Systems LabIntheAutonomousSystemLabresearchinterestsfocusonautonomousmobilesystems,namelyinthedesignandcontrolofrobotsoperatinginuncertainandhighlydynamicenvironments.Themajorgoalistofindnewwaystodealwithuncertaintiesandtoenablethedesignofhighlyinter-activeandadaptivesystems.Thisisdrivenbythevisionthatmachinesofthefuturewillinteractmoreandmorecloselywithhumanbeings,ascanbeseenintoday’strendsinautonomousrobots,andinsomecasesmachineswillevenmergewithhumans.Ourconceptsandtechnologiesfindtheirapplicationsinpersonalandservicerobots,unmannedaerialvehicles,advancedcars,spacerovers,inspectionro-botsandwalkingmachines.
Sensory-Motor Systems Lab TheSMSLabfocusesontheinvestigationofsensory-motorinteractionsbetweenhumansandmachines.Thismulti-disciplinaryresearchincludesthestudyofhumanmotorcontrol,thedesignofnovelmechatronicmachines,andtheinvestigationandoptimisationofhuman-machineinteraction.Akeyideaisthathumanmovementandpsycho-physiologicalstatecanbecontrolledbyrecordingmulti-sensoryphysiologicalsignalsandthendisplayingprocessedinformationbymeansofmulti-modalstimuli
(vision,sound,hapticsetc.)tothehuman.Thetechnicalsysteminteractswiththehumaninauser-cooperativeway,takingintoaccountthesubject’seffortandintentionratherthanimposinganyrigidandinflexiblestrategy.Themainapplicationsareinthefieldsofrehabilitation,sports,andmedicaleducation.
Rehabilitation Engineering Lab ResearchattheRehabilitationEngineeringLabfocusesonthedevelopmentandclinicalevaluationofdiagnostic,therapeuticandassistiverobotictoolsinordertopromotere-covery,independenceandsocialintegrationofthephysicallydisabled.Aspecialinterestliesinhandfunction,andhowhapticfeedbackcanbenefitmotorlearning,rehabilitationtherapy,andhuman-machineinteraction.Asecondfocusisontheemergingfieldofneurosciencerobotics,withtheaimofdevelopingandapplyingnovelrobotictoolsallowingustogainabetterunderstandingoftheneuralmechanismsthatunderlyhumansensorimotorcontrolandtheirreorganiza-tionwithageorafterfocalbraininjuryincombinationwithfunctionalneuroimaging.
Bio-Inspired Robotics Lab TheresearchinterestsoftheBio-InspiredRoboticsLablieattheintersectionofroboticsandbiology.Throughabstractionofthedesignprinciplesofbiologicalsystems,wedevelopcorecompetenceswhicharethedesignandcontrolofdynamicmechatronicssystems,bionicsensortechnologies,andcomputationaloptimizationtechniques.Ourmaingoalsaretocontributetoadeeperunderstandingoftheadaptiv-ityandautonomyofanimalsthroughtheinvestigationofdynamicrobots,andtoengineernovelroboticapplicationswhicharemoreadaptive,resilient,andenergyefficient.
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Institute of Robotics and Intelligent SystemsRehabilitation Engineering Lab Professor Roger Gassert
RogerGasserthasbeenAssistantProfessorofRehabilitationEngineeringatETHZurichsinceDecember2008.HereceivedhisMSc.degreeinmicroengineeringandaPh.D.degreeinroboticsandneurosciencefromtheEcolePolytechniqueFédéraledeLausanne(EPFL),Switzerland,in2002and2006,respectively.DuringhisPh.D.,whichhepartiallycarriedoutatATRInternationalinKyoto,Japan,hesystematicallyinvestigatedactuationmethodsforapplicationsinMRenvironments,anddevelopedanMR-compatiblerobotictechnologythatleadtothefirstfMRI-compatiblehapticinterfacesallowingsafeandgentleinteractionwithhumanmotionduringfunctionalMRI.ThesesystemsarenowbeingusedtoinvestigatesensorimotorcontrolandrelateddysfunctionswithpartnersinJapan,theUKandSwitzerland.Hesubsequentlyworkedonthedevelopmentandevalua-tionofroboticsystemstotrainhandfunctionafterstrokeasPostdoctoralFellowatImperialCollegeLondonandSimonFraserUniversityinVancouver,Canada,supportedbytheSwissNationalScienceFoundation.FromDecember2007toNovember2008heheadedthejointroboticslabbetweenEPFLandtheUniversityofTokyoattheRoboticSystemsLabatEPFL.Hisresearchinterestsareinrehabilitationandmedi-calrobotics,haptics,assistivedevicesandneuroscience.
Ourresearchfocusesonthedevelopmentandclinicalevaluationofdiagnostic,therapeuticandassistivetoolsinordertopromoterecovery,independenceandsocialintegrationofthephysicallydisabled.Weareespeciallyinterestedinhandfunction,andhowhapticfeedbackcanbenefitmotorlearning,rehabilitationtherapy,andhuman-machineinteraction.Toachievethesegoals,weareusingacombinedapproachofrobotics,psychophysicsandcognitiveneuroscienceandstronglycollaboratingwithinternationalteamsinthesedisciplines.
Robot-Assisted Rehabilitation of HandFunction After Stroke Afterastroke,mostsurvivorslosesomeabilitytousethearmand/orhand,whichseverelyaffectsactivitiesofdailyliving,suchaseating,manipulatingobjects,writing,etc.Ourgoalistoinducelonglastingimprovementintypicalactivitiesofdailylivinginvolvingthehand,bylettingstrokepatientsperformsystematicexercisesadaptedtotheirdis-ability,usingdedicatedroboticinterfaces.IncollaborationwiththeNationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS),ImperialCollegeLondonandMcGillUniversitywearedevelopingandclinicallyevaluatingroboticinterfacestotrainhandfunctionafterstroke.Researchinthisareainvolves(i)designandevaluationofdedicatedsensors,actuatorsandcontrolschemesforsafeandgentlehuman-machineinteraction,(ii)developmentandclinicalevaluationoftherapyprotocolsandinterac-tiveVRgamestoenhanceengagementandmotivationofsubjects,(iii)investigationoftheinfluenceofvariousfeedbackmodalitiesontherapyoutcome,(iv)evaluationoftheefficiencyofrobot-assistedtherapyofhandfunctionwiththeHapticKnobandHandCARErobots.
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Neuroscience RoboticsRoboticinterfacescandynamicallyinteractwithhumansperformingmovementsandcanbeusedtostudyneu-romuscularadaptation.Inconjunctionwithafunctionalbrainimagingmodalitysuchasfunctionalmagneticreso-nanceimaging(fMRI),thesedevicescouldallowneuroscien-tiststoinvestigatethebrainmechanismsofmanipulationandmotorlearning,givetherapistsatoolforadaptiveandpatient-specificrehabilitationtherapies,andassistmedicaldoctorsinfunctionaldiagnosticsofmotordysfunctions.However,theMRenvironmentimposesseveresafetyandelectromagneticcompatibilityconstraintsonmechatroniccomponents,andtheaccessibleworkspacearoundthesubjectislimited.WearedevelopingroboticsystemscompatiblewithfMRIandelectroencephalography(EEG).Thesedevicescangeneratevirtualdynamicenvironmentsandallowtheinvestigationofhumanmotorcontrolandrelateddysfunc-tionsinawell-controlledmannerwithrepeatablecondi-tions.Researchfocusesonthedevelopmentofsafeandcompatiblemechatroniccomponents,compatibilitytesting,performanceevaluationandapplicationofthesedevicesinneurosciencestudiesincollaborationwithourpartners.
Sensorimotor InteractionsProprioceptivefeedbackiscrucialformovementgenerationinhumans,especiallyduringmotor(re)learning.Weareapply-ingourfMRI-compatiblehaptictechnologytosystematicallyinvestigatesensorimotorinteractionsduringfingermotion,aswellastheeffectofagingandstrokeontheseinteractions,incollaborationwiththeUniversityCollegeLondon.Asimilarroboticdevicedesignedforinteractionwithwristmovementsisbeingusedtogainabetterunderstandingoftheroleofproprioceptioninmotorlearninginhealthysubjects.
Assistive TechnologyTechnologycanhelppeoplewithdisabilitiesovercomebarriers,butitcanalsocreatenewbarriers.Weinvestigatehowtechnologycanassistthedisabledintheirdailyactivi-ties,suchas,e.g.,navigationtoolsfortheblind,andhowtheinformationgatheredbythetoolcanbeconveyedtotheuserinthemosteffectiveandleastdisturbingmanner.Researchinthisareainvolvesthedesignandevaluationofassistivedeviceswithintuitive,multi-modalhuman-machineinterfacestoassistpeoplewithdisabilitiesineverydaylife.WecloselyworkwiththeAccess for allfoundationlocatedinZurichtoestablishalistofrequirementsforsuchdevicesandevaluatethemwiththeendusers.
HapticsRoboticsystemsinteractingwithhumanmotionrequirethedevelopmentofadaptedactuators,sensors,mecha-nismsandcontrolschemes.Wearedevelopingrobotictoolstoobjectivelydeterminehumanfactorsandarelettingthisknowledgeflowintothedesignandevaluationofmechatroniccomponentsforhuman-machineinteraction,suchasmulti-degree-of-freedomforce/torquesensorsforapplicationsinrehabilitationroboticsandclinicaldiagnos-tics,incollaborationwiththethick-filmtechnologygroupattheLaboratoiredeProductionMicrotechniqueatEPFL.
Pictures from left to right:fMRI-compatibleroboticfingerinterfaceusedinbehavioralstudy(CopyrightSchaffner&Conzelmann,Basel);ideminfMRIstudytoinvestigatesensorimotorinteractions;HapticKnobtherapeuticinterfacetotrainhandfunction;assistivenavigationtool
fortheblind;instrumentedobjectsforhome-basedrehabilitation;PHANTOMhapticdeviceusedinresearchandteaching
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Institute of Robotics and Intelligent SystemsBio-Inspired Robotics Lab Professor Fumiya Iida
FumiyaIidaisaSNFProfessorforBio-inspiredRoboticsatETHZurichin2009.HereceivedhisbachelorandmasterdegreesinmechanicalengineeringatTokyoUniversityofScience(Japan,1999),andDr.sc.nat.inInformaticsatUniversityofZurich(2006).In2004and2005,hewasalsoengagedinbiomechanicsresearchofhumanlocomotionatLocomotionLaboratory,UniversityofJena,Germany.From2006to2009,heworkedasapostdoctoralassociateattheComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyinUSA.In2006,hewasawardedtheFellowshipforProspectiveResearchersfromtheSwissNationalScienceFoundation,andin2009,theSwissNationalScienceFoundationProfessorship.Hisresearchinterestsincludebiologicallyinspiredrobotics,embodiedartificialintelligence,andbiomechanics,wherehehasbeeninvolvedinanumberofresearchprojectsrelatedtodynamic-leggedlocomotion,navigationofautonomousrobots,andhuman-machineinteractions.Hehassofarpublishedoverfortypublicationsinmajorroboticsjournalsandconferences,andeditedtwobooks.CurrentlyheservesontheeditorialboardofJournalofIntelligent&RoboticSystemsandFrontiersinNeuroscience(Neurorobotics),theprogramcommitteememberofinternationalconferencesandworkshops.
Vision Whileanumberofsuccessfulapplicationshavebeendevel-opedbasedonconventionalroboticstechnologies,thecapa-bilitiesofcurrentroboticsystemsarestillfarbehindthoseofbiologicalsystemsintermsofautonomy,efficiency,andadaptabilityinparticular,whichconsiderablyrestrictstheirapplicationniche.Innature,animals’motorcontrolsoftenutilizehighlymaneuverableandefficientpassivedynamics,whileflexiblyswitchingtopreciseandhighpoweractuationifnecessary.Innervoussystems,informationisprocessedinmassiveparallelnetworks,andoptimizedthroughbothrapidlearningandrelativelylong-termdevelopmentalprocesses.Basedonthesesensory-motorcapabilities,anumberofintelligentbehaviorsemergethroughmakinguseoftools,structuringenvironments,andsocialinteractionsandcooper-ation.Thesearethechallengingproblemsaheadofrobot-icsengineersandscientists,whichwetacklewithfromaninterdisciplinaryviewpointbridgingoverrobotics,computerscienceandbiologicalsciences.Morespecifically,thevisionoftheBio-InspiredRoboticsLabistocreatelife-likerobots,andthroughthesystematicinvestigationstowardthisgoal,werapidlyandincrementallyidentifywhatarethefunda-mentalproblemsandhowtheycanbesolved.Theresearchprogramconsistsoftwolargesubsetsofinvestigations:first,weexplorenoveltechnologiessuchassensory,motorandcomputationalcomponents,whichenableustodevelopmorebiologicallyplausiblephysicalroboticsystems.Andsecond,basedonourcoretechnologicalcompetences,wemakeinroadsintothefundamentalquestionsaboutwhatdiscriminatesbetweenanimalsandmachinesbyapplyinganunderstanding-by-buildingapproach.
ProjectsDesign Optimization of Underactuated Robotic SystemsPassivedynamicsplayimportantrolesinthedailylifeofani-mals,asexemplifiedbypassivekneeswingsduringwalking,
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passivefinger-objectinteractionsthroughsoftskinsurfacesforobjectgrasping,anddynamicinteractionswithfluidicenvironmentsforswimmingandflying,forexample.Incontrast,theuseofpassivedynamicsisstilloneofthemostsignificantchallengesforroboticsystemsintheworldtoday.Whiletheexploitationofpassivedynamicsinourroboticsystemsisexpectedtosignificantlyimproveenergyef-ficiency,maneuverability,andoverallrobustnessingenerat-ingmotions,itisatechnologicallydifficultproblembecauseitrequiresnonlinearsystem-environmentinteractions,high-bandwidthcontrol,andcomplexmechanicaldesignprocesses.Aimingtowardsasignificantbreakthroughinroboticsresearch,intheBio-InspiredRoboticsLabourre-searchprojectsinthisdirectionfocusonthefollowingthreechallenges.First,collaboratingwithanumberofresearchersinbiomechanicsandneuroscience,wemodelandanalyzemusculoskeletaldesignsofbiologicalsystems,andextractthebasicprinciplesofmechanicaldesignsinnature.Second,inordertoovercomethediscrepancyinnaturalandartificialdesignprocesses,weexplorebasicsensory-motorcompo-nentsandnovelmanufacturingprocessesbyinvestigatingrapidprototypingandcomputationaloptimizationmethods.Andthird,fromtheoreticalandpracticalviewpoints,weintegratetheacquiredknowledgeandtechnologiesintothedemonstrationsofanimal-likerobotic-leggedlocomotionandmanipulation.
Nonlinear Control Optimization for Dynamics ProgrammabilityNonlineardynamicsisapredominantpropertyofunderac-tuatedroboticsystems,whichappearstobeafundamentalproblempreventingconventionalrobotsfromgeneratingnaturalbehaviors.Inparticular,controlofnonlineardy-namicsplaysanimportantroleingeneratingnon-periodicbehaviorssuchashighjumpandkickingaball;ahighjumprequiresapreparationphaseofseveralprecedingsteps,andball-kickingrequiresaswingbackoftheleginaspecificway
togainthemaximummomentumatimpact.Theoretically,generatingsuchnon-periodicresilientbehaviorsinvolvesnonlinearcontrolthatrequiresacertainformofplanningbecauseeverycontrolactionhaslong-termconsequences.Inotherwords,awalkingrobotcanrealizeitwasabadsteponlyafterfallingover.Ourstrategicmethodologyinthisresearchdomainistotakeadvantageofrapidlygrowingcomputertechnologies.Byapplyingcomputationaltech-niquessuchasnumericalsimulationandmachinelearningalgorithmstocontroloptimization,wedevelopasystematicdesignframeworkofnonlinearcontrolsuchthatmechanicaldynamicscanbe“programmable”forsensiblenon-periodicbehaviors.Theapplicationdomainofthisresearchdirec-tionissurprisinglybroadandweinvestigatethisexcitingresearchtopicthroughleggedlocomotioninroughterrains,manipulationofunknownobjects,andswimmingandflyingindynamicflows.
Dynamic Embodied CognitionThecapabilitiesofdynamicsystem-environmentinterac-tionsareessentialnotonlyforgeneratingmotionsbutalsofordynamicadaptivebehaviorsofnervoussystemsinnature;animalsactivelyinteractwiththeenvironmentforthepurposeofperception,learninganddevelopment.Thisresearchdirectionexploresthequestionstypicallyinvesti-gatedinthefieldsofartificialintelligence,cognitivescience,andbrainsciencefromtheviewpointofrobotics,andthroughtheinvestigationsofphysicalrobots,wesystemati-callyexplorewhattherolesof“embodiment”inthecontextofintelligentadaptivebehaviorsinanimalsandmachinesare.Morespecificproblemsincludehowperceptionoftheworldcanbesimplifiedbyactivelyinteractingwiththeenvi-ronment,howsensoryinformationandsymbolicrepresenta-tionscanbegroundedontophysicallymeaningfulcharac-teristicsandproperties,andhowlearningprocessescanbesimplifiedbyembodiedinteractions.
Pictures from left to right:Compassgaitbipedrobotonroughterrain;Four-leggedrunningrobotPuppyequippedwithstereovision;Walkingandrunningbipedrobotwithcompliantlegs;One-leggedhoppingrobotwithacompliantleg,and
experimentalresultsofhoppingoverroughterrain
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Institute of Robotics and Intelligent SystemsMulti-Scale Robotics LabProfessor Bradley J. Nelson
BradNelsonreceivedaB.S.M.E.fromtheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,anM.S.M.E.fromtheUniversityofMinnesotaandaPh.D.degreeinRoboticsfromtheSchoolofComputerScience,CarnegieMellonUniversity.HehasbeenanengineeratHoneywellandMotorolaandservedasaUnitedStatesPeaceCorpsVolunteerinBotswa-na,Africa.HebecameanAssistantProfessorattheUniversi-tyofIllinoisatChicagoin1995andanAssociateProfessorattheUniversityofMinnesotain1998.In2002,hebecametheProfessorofRoboticsandIntelligentSystemsatETHZurichinSwitzerland.HehasbeenawardedaMcKnightLand-GrantProfessor-shipandisarecipientoftheOfficeofNavalResearchYoungInvestigatorAward,theNationalScienceFoundationFacultyEarlyCareerDevelopment(CAREER)Award,theMcKnightPresidentialFellowsAward,andtheBronzeTablet.HewaselectedasaRoboticsandAutomationSocietyDistinguishedLecturerin2003and2008andhasbeenafinalistforand/orwonbestpaperawardsatmajorroboticsconferencesandforjournalsin2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,and2009.Hewasnamedinthe2005“ScientificAmerican50,”ScientificAmericanmagazine’sannuallistrecognizingfiftyoutstand-ingactsofleadershipinscienceandtechnologyfromthepastyear.Hislabwonthe2007RoboCupNanogramCompe-tition,thefirstyeartheeventwasheld.
Research OverviewProfessorNelson’sMulti-ScaleRoboticsLab(MSRL)oftheInstituteofRoboticsandIntelligentSystemspursuesadynamicresearchprogramthatmaintainsastrongrobot-icsresearchfocusonseveralemergingareasofscienceandtechnology.AmajorcomponentofMSRLresearchleveragesadvancedroboticstocreateintelligentmachinesthatoper-ateatmicronandnanometerscales.
Current Research ProjectsMicrorobotics and Nanomedicine Theintroductionofminimallyinvasivesurgeryinthe1980’screatedaparadigmshiftinsurgicalprocedures.Healthcarenowisinapositiontomakeanevenmoredramaticleapbyintegratingnewlydevelopedwirelessmicrorobotictechnolo-gieswithnanomedicinetoperformpreciselytargeted,local-izedendoluminaltechniques.Inordertorealizethiscapability,manynewtechnologiesmustbedevelopedandsynergisticallyintegrated,andmedicaltherapiesforwhichthetechnologywillprovesuccessfulmustbeaggressivelypursued.Wearedevelopingcarbonnanotube(CNT)basedrugdeliverysystems.The“nanorobots”incorpateferromagneticmaterialsothattheycanbeguidedusingexternalmagneticfieldsandhavebiomoleculesattachedatthesurface.Issuesinfabricationandmagnetic-basedguidancearebeingpursued.
Microrobotics for Ophthalmic Surgery Amajoreffortofthegroupisonthedevelopmentofun-tetheredwirelessbiomedicalmicrorobotsforin-vivomedicalapplicationswithemphasisonintraocularprocedures.Tofunc-tionalizethemicrorobotwepursueabroadrangeoftopicsin-cludingsurfacecoatingsforbiocompatibility,drugdelivery,andtissueadhesion.Themicrorobotismagneticallysteeredandvisuallycontrolledthroughindirectophthalmoscopymethods.Thesteeringmethodswearedevelopingwillincreasetheaccuracyofintraocularproceduresandallowmorepreciseoperationsonthehighlysensitivehumanretina.
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Magnetic Microactuators Magneticactuatorsarecapableofgeneratinglargebi-directionalforcesoverlongworkingdistances.Theyarewidelyusedinthemacroworldandareofgrowinginter-esttothemicroworld.Theyhavetheadvantagesthattheycanbeactuatedwithexternalfields,operateinavarietyofcontaminatedordirtyenvironments,generatelargeforcesoverlargedistancesandprovidea“latching”action.Wehavedevelopedvariousprocessesfortheintegrationofhardmagneticmaterialsintomicrosystemsforactuationandsensing,includingmicromagnetassemblyformicroactua-tors,waferlevelprocessesusingscreenprinting,andnovelelectroplatingprocesses.
Artificial Bacterial Flagella Inspiredbynature’sbacterialflagella,artificialbacterialflagella(ABFs)havecomparablegeometriesanddimensionstotheirorganiccounterpartsandswimusingthesamelowReynoldsnumbernon-reciprocatinghelicalstrategy.ABFsswiminacontrollablefashionusingweakappliedmagneticfields(1-2mT)andarefabricatedfromhelicalnanobeltsbya“topdown”approachofpre-stressedmulti-layers.Thisuniquetechnologicalbreakthroughhasmanypotentialap-plications,inparticularforbiomedicalresearch.Theyprovidea6-DOFmicro-andnanomanipulationtoolformanipu-latingcellularandsub-cellularobjects,forsensingandtrans-mittinginter-andintracellularinformation,andfortargeteddrugdelivery.Keyissuesbeingaddressedaretheswimmingperformanceofthesemicro-/nanorobotsunderdifferentenvironmentalconditions,thefabricationofABFwithmate-rialsotherthansemiconductors,surfacefunctionalizationofABF,andlocalizationandtracking in vivo.
Self-Assembly and Directed Self-Assembly Dielectrophoretic(DEP)assemblyhasbeenwidelyusedforpre-ciseassemblyofmicrotonanosizedcomponentsandiswellsuitedforintegrationwithmicroandnano-electronicdevices.
TheoptimizationofmultipleprocessparametersforDEPas-semblyisamajorchallenge,andatheoreticalapproachhasbeencombinedwithexperimentstoinvestigatetheeffectofelectrodegeometryonprecisionplacementandpercentyield.
Self-assemblyresearchisalsobeingpursuedatlargerscalesandiscurrentlyfocusedonincreasingthefunctionalityofcapsuleendoscopy.Deviceswithactivelocomotionarebeingdeveloped,whosedimensionsareconstrainedbythesizeapersoncanswallowwithoutdifficulty.Oneapproachtoincreasingfunctionalitywhilestillworkingwithinthiscm-scalesizeconstraint,istobuildamodularroboticsysteminwhichcapsule-modulesareswallowedoneatatime,andthefinalassemblyisperformedwithinthegastrointestinal(GI)tract.
Micro Force Sensing and Microhandling Biologicalsystemssuchastissue,cellsandproteinfibersarehighlydeformablematerialswithmechanicalpropertiesthatareoftennotwellknown.Quantitativemeasurementsoftheforcesintheseminiaturesystemsarethebasisfortheemergingfieldofmechanobiology,investigatingforce-struc-turerelationshipsofbiologicalsystemsattheorganism,tissue,cellular,andmolecularlevels.
MEMStechnologyprovidestheopportunitytodevelopmuchsmallerandinexpensivemicroforcesensorswithahighsensitivityandbandwidth.Single-axisandmulti-axismicroforcesensingsystemsaswellasMEMSforcesensinggrippersaredesignedandfabricatedinthecleanroomsofETH.Duetotheirsmallsize,thesedevicescanberead-ilyintegratedintoexistingexperimentalsetupsprovidingasignificantlyenhanceddataacquisitiontechnologyforbiomechanicalresearch.
Pictures from left to right:1.Ourmicrorobotdockedinavein.(Copyright:IRIS);2.(Copyright:AntoineFerreira);3.MagmitedwarfedbyDrosophila(Copyright:IRIS);4a.Escherichiacolibacteriausingabundleofhelicalflagellatopropelthemselvesinliquid,4b.Ascanningelectronmicrographofanas-fabricatedartificialbacteriaflagellum.(Copyright:IRIS);5.ThefinalpositionofDEPassembledCNTSfordifferentelectrodeshapes.(a)apairofroundelectrodes.(b)ahybridelectrodepair.(Copyright:IRIS);6.Snake-typerobot,fabricatedoutofabstract
modules,thathasbeenself-assembledinanartificialstomach(Copyright:IRIS);7.ForcecontrolledmicroassemblyusingaforcesensingMEMSgripper(Copyright:IRIS);8.6-axisMEMSforcesensorwithmicronewtonresolution(Copyright:IRIS);9.SEMimageofamicroforcesensingprobeandanelectrostaticmicrogripperwithintegratedforcesensor(Copyright:IRIS)
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Institute of Robotics and Intelligent SystemsSensory-Motor Systems LabProfessor Robert Riener
RobertRienerreceivedaDipl.-Ing.degreeinMechanicalEngineeringandaDr.-Ing.inElectricalEngineeringfromtheTUMünchenin1993and1997,respectively.In1993hejoinedtheInstituteofAutomaticControlEngineering,whereheconductedresearchonmodelingandcontrolofneuropros-theses.AfterpostdoctoralworkattheCentrodiBioingegne-ria,PolitecnicodiMilanofrom1998-1999,hereturnedtotheTUMünchen,wherehefinishedhishabilitationinthefieldofBiomechatronicsin2003.From2003-2006hewasAssist-antProfessorforRehabilitationEngineeringattheAutomaticControlLaboratoryoftheETHZurichandSpinalCordInjuryCenteroftheUniversityHospitalBalgrist(“double-professor-ship”).SinceJune2006,hehasbeenAssociateProfessorforSensory-MotorSystemsattheD-MAVT,stillholdingthedou-bleprofessorshipwiththeUniversityofZurich.Hisresearchinterestsinvolvehumanmotionanalysisandsynthesis,virtualreality,biomechanics,hapticdisplaytechnologies,andrehabilitationrobotics.Heauthoredandco-authoredmorethan250peer-reviewedjournalandconferencearticles,andholds18patents.HeisanassociateeditoroftheIEEETNSREandaneditorialmemberoftwointernationaljournals.HehasbeenawardedseveralprizesincludingtheISPOAcademicChallengeAward2003,theHumanTechInnovationPrize2005,andtheSwissTechnologyAward2006.
Thegeneralgoalistheinvestigationofhumanandtechnicalsensory-motorsystemsandtheinteractionbetweenthem.Multi-modalanduser-cooperativetechniquesareappliedtohumanswithmovementdisorders(rehabilitation)andhealthysubjects(basicmotorresearch)inordertostudytheneuro-logicalandbiomechanicalprinciplesofhumanmotionlearningandmotorcontrol.“Multi-modal”meansthatmulti-sensoryinformationisrecordedfromthehuman,processedanddisplayedviaamulti-channelinterface,thusexploitingvisual,acoustical,andhapticsensorandactormodalities.“Cooperative”meansthatthetechnicalsystemtakesintoaccountthehuman’seffortandintentionratherthanimposinganinflexiblestrategy.Multi-modalityandcooperativityhavethepotentialtoimprovethemotorlearningeffectsinmotortherapiesaswellasmovementtrainingapplications.
Thefundamentforthesescientifictasksisformedbybasicmethodssuchasneurophysiologicalandbiomechanicalmodeling,functionalMRI,multi-sensorydataacquisition,3Daudiovisualmotionrepresentation,motionanalysis,androboticmotionsynthesis.Theapproachesarebeingtechni-callyandclinicallyevaluatedincooperationwithpartnersfromthemedicalfaculty(UniversityHospitalBalgristandUniversityHospitalZurich)andthemovementsciencefield.Promisingtechnologiesdevelopedinthelaboratoryarebe-ingtransferredtothemarketinordertobecomesuccessfulproducts.
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Patient-Cooperative Robot-Aided RehabilitationTask-orientedrepetitivemovementscanimprovemuscularstrengthandmovementcoordinationinpatientswithneu-rologicalororthopediclesions.Wewanttoinvestigatenaturalprinciplesofhumanmotorcontrolandmotionlearning.Wedevelopnoveltechnologiesandstrategiesforrobot-aidedgaitandarmtherapy,evaluatethesemethods,andintegratethemintoclinicalpracticetogetherwithourmedicalpartners.
Specificresearchareasinclude:•Developmentofnewcooperativeman-machineinteraction methods•Studyoftheprinciplesofmotivationandmovementlearn- ingviavisualandauditoryfeedback•Provenewtechnicalevaluationmethods•ProveclinicalefficiencywitharmtherapyrobotARMin andgaitrobotLokomat
Investigation of Neurological Representation of Human MovementMakingtheabove-mentionedrehabilitationrobotscompat-ibletotheMRIscannerwillallowtrackingoftheneuralcorre-latesofspecificrehabilitativetreatmentsandinvestigationofreparativeplasticityinthesensorimotorcortex:•FunctionalMRIstudiesofmotionplanning,motor learning,neuropathologies,andneuralrestoration•DevelopmentandevaluationofnewMR-compatible devices,robots,andstrategiesthatshouldsupportthe functionalMRIstudies•Supportfindingsbyneurophysiologicalandbiomechanical modeling&simulation•TransfertootherMRIapplicationsintheareasoforthopedics, interventionalsurgery,MR-compatibleimplants
Motor Learning with Multimodal InterfacesTheMotionSynthesisLaboratoryM3wassetuptostudyhowlearningofhumanmovementcanbeinfluencedandoptimizedbyamultimodal(haptic,acoustic,visual)displayofthemovement.Ahighspeedroboticropeinterfaceguidesthemovementofasubject,whileadditional3Dsoundand3Dimagescangiveaudiovisualadviceonhowtoperformamovement.TheMotionSynthesisLabwillalsoallowaninvestigationofthehumaninteractionwithanykindofrehabilitationorsportdevice.
•UseoftheM3MotionSynthesisLaboratoryfordifferent applications:hapticdisplay(highspeedroperobot), 3Dsound(acousticwavefieldsynthesissoundsystem), 3Dgraphics(stereoprojectionson3screens). TheLabismodularandflexiblesothatanykindof movementinsportandrehabilitationcanbestudied.•Studytheinfluenceof3Dhaptics,3Dvisionand3Dsound onmotorlearning.Specialfocusisdirectedtowards sonificationandvisualfeedbackinparticularmovements suchasrowing.
Pictures from left to right:TherapyrobotARMinincludingaudiovisualdisplayforthetreatmentofstrokepatients;BrainTraintouch-sensitivetrainingsystemformedicaleducation;MR-compatiblelinearactuatorforfMRIbrainstudies;
M3rowingsimulator;High-precisionMR-compatibleforcesensor;TreadmilltrainingrobotLokomat
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Institute of Robotics and Intelligent SystemsAutonomous Systems LabProfessor Roland Siegwart
RolandSiegwarthasbeenaFullProfessorforautonomoussystemsatETHZurichsinceJuly2006.HehasadiplomainMechanicalEngineering(1983)andaPh.D.inMechatron-ics(1989)fromETHZurich.In1989/90hespentoneyearasaPostdoctoralFellowatStanfordUniversity.AfterthatheworkedparttimeastheR&DdirectorofMECOSTraxlerAGandasalecturerandDeputyHeadattheInstituteofRobot-ics,ETHZurich.In1996hewasappointedasanAssociateandlaterasaFullProfessorforAutonomousMicrosystemsandRobotsattheEcolePolytechniqueFédéraledeLausanne(EPFL).DuringhisperiodatEPFLhewastheDeputyHeadoftheNationalCompetenceCenterforReseach(NCCR)onMultimodalInformationManagement(IM2),co-initiatorandfoundingChairmanofSpaceCenterEPFLandViceDeanoftheSchoolofEngineering.In2005heheldavisitingpositionatNASAAmesandatStanfordUniversity.RolandSiegwartisMemberoftheSwissAcademyofEngineeringSciences,theResearchCounciloftheSwissNationalScienceFoundation,IEEEFellowandanOfficeroftheInternationalFederationofRoboticsResearch(IFRR).HeservedasVicePresidentforTechnicalActivities(2004/05)andasDistin-guishedLecturer(2006/07)andiscurrentlyAdComMember(2007-2009)oftheIEEERoboticsandAutomationSociety.HeisthecoordinatoroftwoEuropeanProjectsandtheco-founderofseveralspin-offcompanies.RolandSiegwart’s
researchinterestsareinthedesignandcontrolofsystemsoperatingincomplexandhighlydynamicenvironments.
Inthelasttwodecades,engineeringhasundergoneanunprecedentedrevolution.Withtheintroductionandrapiddevelopmentofmicroelectronics,mostoftoday’sproductsandsystemsmakeextendeduseofembeddedmicroproces-sorsascontrollermechanisms.Thischangeheraldedtheformationofanewengineeringdiscipline–mechatronics,whichisthesynergisticintegrationofprecisionmechanicalengineering,electronics,intelligentcontrolandsystemde-signtowardsthecreationofsmartproductsandprocesses.Ourresearchinterestisinmechatronicsandintelligentro-bots,specificallyinthedesignandcontrolofsystemsoperat-ing,inhighlydynamicenvironments.Ourvisionistocreate“machinesthatknowwhattheydo”andtofindnewandimprovedwaysofdesigninghuman-centered,highlyinterac-tiveandadaptivesystems.Thisisdrivenbytheforethoughtthatmachinesarerapidlygettingmorecomplexandclosertohumanbeings,assuggestedbytherecentprogressinautonomousmobilerobotics.Insomeinstances,theywillsooneven“merge”withhumans.Prominentexamplesofexistingsystemsincluderobotsurgeons,hearingaids,clean-ingandtoyrobots,andintelligentcars.Nevertheless,thestate-of-the-artproductsarestillverylimitedininteractiv-ityandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Computersthatcanunderstandandreasonaboutcomplexsituationsarenotyetavailable,andautonomousrobotsassistingusinoureverydaylifearestillfarfromreality.Themainreasonsthatmakethedevelopmentofreliableartificialsystemsparticularlychallengingaretheincompletenessofavailableinformation(limitedbysensingcapability),theuncertaintyofthisinformation,andfinallytheenvironment’scomplexityanddynamics.Ourresearchisthusdevotedtoimprovingthestate-of-the-artinmechatronicsandroboticsinanendeavortorealizeourvision.Itcanbecategorizedalongthreecloselylinkedscientificdirections:
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Design of Robotic and Mechatronic Systems that best Adapt to their EnvironmentThisdirectionincludesresearchforintegratedmechatronicdesignofintelligentsystems,environmentperception,andembeddedcontrol.Themainfocusisonintegratedsystemsdesign,inordertorealizeintelligentautonomoussystemsandrobotsthatareabletocopewithhighlycomplextasksandenvironments.Recenttestimonialstotheprogressmadeinthisdirectioninclude:wheeledlocomotionsystemsthatpassivelyadapttoroughterrainandperceivetheirenviron-mentwithtactilesensors,laserandstereovision;11interactivetour-guiderobotsthatweredeployedattheSwissnationalexhibitionexpo.02for5months;anautonomoussailingboatreadytocrosstheAtlantic;anautonomouscar;anintelligentquadrupedwalker;anautonomoussolarpoweredmicro-glider,andvariousmicro-helicopters.ThisresearchareaissupportedbytheEuropeanCommission(EU),theEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),theSwissInnovationPromotionAgency(CTI)andotherindustrialpartners.ItinvolvesaroundadozenPh.D.studentsandPostdocs.
Navigation and Mapping in Highly Dynamic EnvironmentsThisresearchdirectionmainlyaddressesthescientificques-tionsrelatedtomobilerobotlocalizationandmap-building,obstacleavoidanceinhumanclutteredenvironmentsandhuman-robotinteraction.Realenvironmentsaretypicallyonlypartiallyperceivableandtheperceivedinformationisintrinsi-callyimprecise.Thus,theactualstateofthesystemoperatingintherealworldmustalsobeconsideredaserrorproneandinaccurate.Withthisbasis,wearedevelopingandadaptingtoolsthatallowfortheconsiderationandmodelingofuncer-taintiesforautonomousmobilerobotnavigationandinterac-tion.OurapproachismainlybasedonBayesianmathematicsandinspiredbyrecentadvancesinartificialintelligence,robotlearningandneuroscience.Allourtheoreticalmodelsare
implementedandverifiedonrealrobotplatformswithembeddedcontrol,operatinginreal-worldenvironmentsandthusproducingtangibleresults.Themostrecentresultsinthisareaarehighlyefficientlocalizationandmap-buildingalgorithmsthatallowreliablenavigationinvarious2Dand3Denvironments,andpathplanningalgorithmsthatallowautonomousmotioninhighlydynamicsettings,suchasinexhibitionareasoronurbanroads.Todoso,weexploitmul-tiplesensorinputsandfusethemformotionestimationandmappingaswellasglobalandlocalnavigation.Specialfocusisplacedonvisualsensorsthatareveryrichininformationandgettingmoreandmoreaffordableinrecentyears.Ourmainapplicationsareinvisualnavigationwithmicrounmannedvehicles(MAV),multi-modalperceptionandtrackingofdy-namicobjectsinurbanenvironments,servicerobotsforhomeenvironmentsandindustrialinspection.ThisresearchareaissupportedthroughvariousEUandSwissNationalScienceFoundation(SNF)projectsandinvolvesaroundadozenPh.D.studentsandPostdocs.
Creativity and Product InnovationWeinvestigatethefundamentalsofcreativityandinnovationtodevelopmethodsandtoolsforeffectiveandefficientprod-uctinnovation.Webelievethattheinnovativenessofindustrycanandshouldbeenhancedthroughtheimplementationofnewprocesses,methods,andtools.Weareconvincedthatanopenandsustainablecollaborationbetweenindustryandacedemiaisthekeytomutualsuccess–bothfortheuniversitythatproducesresultsandfortheindustrythatusestheminpractical,day-to-daycomplexsituations.Currentresearchandeducationalactivitiesfocusonprojectbasedlearning,creativ-itytraining,toolsandmethodologies.Thesesupportthefront-endfortheinnovationprocessandnewmeansforinnovationassessmentinsmallandmedium-sizedcompanies.ThisareaissupportedbyvariousEUandCTIprojectsandinvolvesaroundhalfadozenPh.D.studentsandPostdocs.
Pictures from the left to the right: Crab,theMarsexplorationrover;Smartter,arobotizedcarforautonomousdriving;CoaX,anautonomoushelicopterwithhighstabilitymargin;Naro,theartificialTuna;Igor,thebutlerandtheateractor;Alf,thequadrupedstartsrunning;Skysailor,asolarmicro-airplane
capableofstayingairborneindefinetly;Avalon,theautonomoussailingboat
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Institute of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Professor Konrad Wegener
Institute of Virtual Manufacturing Professor Pavel Hora
Professorship of Micro- and Nanosystems Professor Christofer Hierold
Professorship of Nanotechnology Professor Andreas Stemmer
The following pages provide an overview of institutes consisting of single professorships and professorships that are not associated with an institute.
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Institute of Machine Tools and ManufacturingProfessor Konrad Wegener
KonradWegenerhasbeenFullProfessorofProductionTechnologyandMachineToolsatETHZurichsinceOctober2003;HeisheadoftheIWF(InstitutfürWerkzeugmaschinenundFertigung)andinspireAG,anindustryinitiatedtransfercenteratETHZurich.Bornin1958,hestudiedmechanicalengineeringattheTechnicalUniversityofBraunschweigandwrotehisPh.D.thesisonconstitutiveequationsforplasticmaterialbehaviorofmetals.HebeganhisindustrialcareeratSchulerPressesGmbH&Co.KG.HepreparedandplannedtheengagementoftheSchulergroupinlasertechnology.Aftertheacquisitionofasmallcompany,hewasappointedasitsgeneralmanager,andbuiltitupfrom12employeestoover50.Underhisleadership,largeweldingmachinesforshipbuildingandconstructionofaeroplanes,weldingandcuttingmachinesforthejobshop,automotiveindustry,andfabricscutterweredevelopedandbuilt.Paralleltohisindus-trialwork,hegavelecturesontensorcalculusandcontinu-ummechanicsattheTechnicalUniversityofBraunschweigandonformingtechnologyandformingmachinesattheTechnicalUniversityofDarmstadt.
Main Research Areas Theresearchisgroupedintothreemainareas:Machines:Themainresearchtopicformachinesisthepredictabilityofthemachinetools’behaviorandtheirenhancement.Asalong-termgoal,theinstituteexploressolutionsoftheinversedesignproblem,i.e.thederivationofmachinetoolsfrompredefinedproperties.Today,theinstitutedealswithconception,drives,control,pathplanning,dynamics,calibration/errorcompensa-tion,specialstrategicmachinecomponents,heatinfluences,andmaterialsfortheconstructionofmachinetools.Futureplansincludethetopicofreliability/availability.• Theproductivityofallmachinetoolscouldbesignificantly increasedifthemachineisabletochangethebehaviorof thecontrolsystemdependingonthepositionoftheTCP. Modelbasedcontrolconceptsforpathplanningaswellas forclosedloopcontrolaredevelopedandtested.•Predictionandevaluationofamachineconcepts’behaviorona verybasicdatabaseandsubsequentoptimization.•Applicationofpolymerconcreteandthesubsequentoptimi- zationofthemachine’sfunctionalitysincethemanufacturing ofcomponentsincoldcastingoffersnewpossibilities.•Errorcompensationmethodsunderkinematic,dynamic,and thermalaspects.Developmentofmodelbasedconceptsfor thecompensation.•Reconfigurablemachinestoincreasetheflexibilityatlow costsandtoreducethesetuptimes,thustodevelopagile manufacturingconcepts.Manufacturing processes: Themainresearchtopicconcerningprocessesisthepredictionandincreaseinperformance(accuracyandtransformationrate)ofmanufacturingprocessesandtheautomaticplanningofprocesschains.Currently,theinstitutefocusesoncuttingwithgeometricallyundefinededges(grinding,hardbroaching,hon-ing),machining/chipformation,electricaldischargemachining,lasermachiningandprocesscombinations,diagnosisandproc-esscontrol,processchains,andmaterialstobetreated.
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Pictures from left to right:ModelbasedconceptforthecontrolsystemofmachinetoolsanditsrealizationontheHexaglidesystem.Conceptofareconfigurablemachinesystem,inwhichthebehaviorisenhancedbymodelbasedconceptsforthermalanddynamicbehaviors.BrazedengineeredgrindingtoolanditssimulationwiththeMonteCarlomethodto
takeintoaccountthestochasticnatureofthemanufacturingprocess,andthedifferentgraingeometries,sizesandorientations.Patentdescriptionofamulti-nozzleheadformetalprintingwithmagneto-fluiddynamicactuation.Probe,calibratedballplate,andthree-dimensionalmeasurementresults.Highlyimmersivecommunicationandcollaboration.
•Developmentandlayoutofengineeredgrindingtoolsonthe basisofbrazedorplatedmetallicbonds.MonteCarlosimulation ofsuchgrindingwheelstotakeintoaccountthestochastic natureofposition,orientation,shapeofgrainsandtofind stablestates.Thesurfacepropertiesarepredicted.•Forhardbroaching,broachingwithgeometricallyundefined edges,aprocessmodelisderived,verifiedandusedforthe processlayoutonnewlydevelopedmachines.•Unterstandingofthegrindingprocess:Withthehelpofgeo- metricallymeasuredsinglegrainsbeingspecificallyoriented withrespecttothecuttingvelocity,thematerialremoval processisstudied.Agrindingmodelisbuiltupasastochastic synthesisofalargenumberofgrains.Engineeredgrinding toolsofferthepossibilitytoinfluencetheflowdirection. TheflowissimulatedandwillbeverifiedbyParticleImage VelocimetryinclosecooperationwiththeInstituteofFluid Dynamics.•Cuttingwithgeometricallydefinededges:Atestrigwas developedandverifiedtoinvestigatethecuttingpropertiesof steelbasedmaterialsinturning.Forces,speedandtemperature ofthechip,aswellastheacousticemissionsaremeasured. Withthehelpofatheoreticalmodel,thedirectionofthe shearplane,thecompressionfactor,thelengthofthechip, andthefrictionforcearederived.Forthepredictionofcutting conditionssuchasBUE(builtupedges)andwear,thetest rigandmodelwillbeexploited.•Numericalsimulationofmetalcutting:Thegoalisthepredic- tionoflocalloadsandthederivationofthecuttingtools’ wearbehavior.Anothergoalistofindcuttingconditions, forinstance,withthehelpofexternallyappliedenergiesforwhich wearandloadonthepart,aswellasaccuracyareoptimized.•Processchains:Developmentofmodelsfortheprocesschain, whichareabletopredicttheattainedaccuracyandtoopti- mizecostsorrobustness.Thefinalresultwillbeageneric planningtool.•Metalprinting:Developmentofamatrixprinterwith moltenmetalandmagnetofluiddynamicactuation.
Methods:Thegoalistodevelopmethodsandassociateddevicesfortheanalysisofmachinesandmanufacturingprocesses.Thisincludesmodelingandsimulationtechniques,aswellasmeasurementmethodsanddevices.Thetopicsare:multi-bodyandcombinedsimulationforkinematicsanddynamics,includingdrivesandcontrolproperties,processsimulation,simulationofthermalbehavior,andgeometricalandphysicalmetrology.Anadditionalresearchareaisvirtualreality,wheretoolsandmethodsforthecollaborativeandnet-baseddevelopmentprocessareresearched.•Calibrationofmachinetoolswiththehelpofanerrormodel, aspeciallydevelopedprobeandameasuringstrategy.Thus, thecalibrationcanbedonebyidentifyingtheerrorparam- etersautomatically,withorwithoutminimalrearrangement ofthemeasuringprobe.Thismeansthattheerroridentifi- cationisbasedonareducedcoverageoftheworkspace.•Developmentofanassemblykitforsimulationinthetime domainandforfastpredictionofsomemachineconcepts’ behaviors.Themodelwillbeenhancedbyfiniteelementrep- resentationasthedesignoftheconceptproceedsandcanbe reducedagainforthemodelusedinrealtimeonthemachine control.Thus,aclosedprocesschainformechatronicdesignis builtup.•Thermalsimulationkit:Developmentofamethodforrapid predictionofthethermalbehaviorofmachinetoolsbased onthermo-balancingmethodswithlargeandsimpleelements. Thisisusedforconceptevaluationandasarealtimemodel forthecompensationofthemachine’sthermalerrors.•Virtualreality:Virtualrealityisthepromisingkeystonefor theconvergenceofmodelingondifferentscales,namelyfrom microscaletoprocessscale,tomachinescale,tofactoryscale. Virtualrealityisthekeytocommunicationfordistributed developmentgroupsorproductionplannersandthekeyto thehumaninteractionwithvariousdigitalproducts.Ofparti- cularimportancearetheproductionplanningandthedeve- lopmentofenvironmentsforcreativeandintuitiveinteraction withdigitalproducts.
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Institute of Virtual ManufacturingProfessor Pavel Hora
PavelHorahasbeenanAssociateProfessorforVirtualManufacturingandFormingTechnologysinceOctober1,2004.Bornin1955inPrague,ProfessorHorastudiedattheDepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringatETHZurich,focus-ingonthermalturbo-machinesandfluiddynamics.In1990hereceivedhisPh.D.underProfessorJ.Reissnerinthefieldofnumericalfailuremodeling.In1996hewasnominatedasaTitularProfessorofETHZurich.In2005,healsobecameanAssociateMemberoftheD-MTECatETH.Followinggradu-ation,heworkedasanassistantscientistattheInstituteforFormingTechnologywithProfessorReissner.In1985hejoinedBBCinthedepartmentfortechnicalandscientificcomputa-tionalapplications,wherehewasresponsibleforthefurtherdevelopmentandapplicationofboundaryelementmethods.In1986hewasemployedattheMARCRes.Corp.inPaloAltoworkingonsoftwareprojects.Since1986,hehasheadedthegroupfornumericalsimulationsinformingprocessesattheInstituteofFormingTechnology.TheprogramAutoForm,deve-lopedduringthesepositions,becameoneoftheleadingsoft-wareproductsinthefieldofvirtualforming.Hisresearchacti-vitiesfocusonvirtualprocessmodeling,includingmathematicalconstitutivemodeling,failureprediction,numericaloptimiza-tionofmanufacturingprocesses,andstochasticalmethodsforrobustnesscontrol.Helecturesoncomputationalsciencesandthespecializationofformingtechnology.
Virtual ETG Planning Facility and Adaptive Process Control for a Robust Production of High Valued Cold Drawn Steels TheETG-materialishighqualitycolddrawnsteel,whichwillbeproducedinacomplexthermo-mechanicalprocess.Thegoaloftheprojectistodevelopavirtualplanningsystemtosupporttheprocesslayoutfornewproducts,aswellasanadaptiveprocesscontroltoachieve“zero-failure-produc-tion”quality.Scientificemphasisisonthedevelopmentofproblem-specificcomputationalgorithmswithenhancedmaterialmodels(chaboche,theodosiu),aswellasacodewithhighcomputationalefficiency,andtheimplementa-tionofanadaptivecontrolonthestraighteningunit,whichcompensatesfortheparameterfluctuationsandmakestheprocessrobust.
Intelligent Adaptive Process Control in Sheet Metal Forming, using an Eddy-Current System to Monitor the Significant Material PropertiesThefluctuationofmaterialpropertieshasasignificantim-pactontherobustnessofveryaccurateformingprocesses.Thegoaloftheprojectistodevelopaneddycurrentmeasur-ingsystemwithaspecificsoftwaremodulefortheanalysisoftheductilityparameters.Thisnon-destructivetestingtechniqueofmaterialisthepreconditionforanin-lineproc-esscontrolandanon-lineadaptiveprocessregulation.Withthissystem,a“zero-failure-production”shallbeachieved.Thesystemwillbeappliedtothinsheetformingparts(highspeedforming),aswellastothicksheetapplications(fineblanking).
Advanced Constitutive Models for the Virtual Process Modelingofsheetdeep-andstretch-formingprocesseswithTRIP,TWIP,andStainlessSteels(KTI8649.1).VirtualmodelingofformingprocesseswithTRIP,TWIP,orstainlesssteelsisdifficultbecausecurrentlytheFE-codesimplementedmaterialmodelssimplifytherealmaterialbehavior.
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Pictures from left to right:IvPFineblankingpressHLT1250(DonationFeintool).Virtualmodelingofafineblankingtool;FEMmodelingofthefineblankingprocess;X-raydiffractiongoniometer,aninstrumentformeasuringthetexturesofmetals;Dielessdrawingmachine(DLD)–New
fabricationmethodsforhighstrengthsteels–researchprojectwithSteeltec;Student’sexercisesin“ViProLab”
ThegoaloftheprojectistodevelopimprovedmateriallawsforthedescriptionofthemetastableandtemperaturesensitivematerialbehaviorforsteelsintheTRIPandTWIPfamily.Theadvancedmateriallawsandtheadvancedfailurecriteriaarerequiredforareliablevirtualcontroloftheformingbehavior.TheadvancedmaterialmodelisbasedonthePh.D.thesisofM.Hänsel(IVP,Diss.ETH12672),whichcurrentlyrepresentsthestandardconstitutivemodelforstainlessmaterials.Mean-while,theHänselmaterialmodelisimplementedincommer-cialFEMcodeslikeLS-Dyna.
Virtual Optimization of Fine Blanking SystemsDuringthefineblankingprocessamaterialseparationoccurs.Giventhestronglylocalizeddeformationstate,itssimulationpresentsseriousdifficultiesifageneralpurposeFEcodeisused.Amultiscalemodelingtechniquewasthusimplementedtoovercomethecomputationalchallenges.Thenewcodeallowsthevirtualoptimizationofprocessspecificparameterssuchasdieclearanceandcuttingedgegeometry.Anintel-ligentmetamodelingsoftwarewasfurthermoredevelopedtosupporttheearlystagesofproductionplanning.
Virtual Modeling of the Hot Forming ProcessOneofthemostchallengingtasksintheautomotiveindus-trytodayisthereductionoffuelconsumptionandconse-quentlyofthevariousemissionsofacar.Onewaytoattainthisobjectiveisthedecreaseoftheweightofthebody-in-white.Atthesametimethedemandsregardingthepassivesafetyofvehiclesaresteadilyincreasing.
Inordertoaccomplishbothpartlyconflictinggoals,thereisanincreasinguseofnewhighstrengthandultrahighstrengthmaterials.Currentlythehighestpotentialisshownbyboronalloyedsteelsthatareproducedbythesocalledpressharden-ingprocess.Inthisprocessthesheetmetalisheatedupbeforeitisinsertedandquenchedwithintheformingtools.Likethatamostlymartensiticmicrostructurewithinthesteelcanbe
obtainedshowingyieldstrengthsofmorethan1500MPa.Oneofthemaintasksofthisprojectistodevelopvirtualmodelsforoptimizationofthosecomplexthermo-mechani-calprocessestoallowarobustfabricationprocess.
Dieless DrawingInconventionalwiredrawing,thelocationandsizeofthedeformationispredeterminedbyadrawingdie.DielessDrawing(DLD)isanewtechniquetoachieveareductionofthewireorbardiameterwithouttheuseofdrawingdies.Inthisprocess,thediesarereplacedbyaninductioncoilasheatsourceandacoolingsection.Atruestrainbetween0and0.8canbeachievedthisway.Additionally,themicrostructurepropertiesofthematerialcanbeadjustedthroughanappro-priatechoiceoftheheatingandcoolingparameters.Virtualmodelingoftheformingprocessandoptimizationofthecoolingsectionisdoneforrapidprototypingandtheproduc-tionofclose-grainedsteel(KTIproposalinpreparation).
New Measurement Technique for the Experimen-tal Evaluation of Ductile Material Parameters TheyieldstrengthvalueRp0,2indicatesthestressuptowhichaplasticflowarises.Inthissense,Rp0,2isoneofthebasicmaterialparameters.Thevaluewillbeexperimentallymeasuredintensileorcompressiontests,whichneedspecialspecimensandasaresultareexpensive.Analternative,ex-perimentallylesscomplexmethod,isthehardnessmeasure-ment.However,withthismethodonlythetensilestrengthvalue(Rm)canbeevaluated-butnottheyieldstrengthRp0,2valueitself.Thispatentproposesanewtechnique,whichisclosetothehardnessmeasurementmethodbutincontrastmakestheevaluationoftheyieldstrengthpossibletoo.Withoutaneedforaspecialspecimen,thebenefitofthenewmethodisasignificantreductionoftheexperimentaltime.Thisisalsowhysignificantreductionofthequalitycontrolexpensescanbeachieved.
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Professorship of Micro- and NanosystemsProfessor Christofer Hierold
ChristoferHieroldhasbeenaProfessorofMicroandNano-systemsatETHZurichsinceApril2002.HisresearchisfocusedontheevaluationofnewmaterialsforMEMS,onadvancedmicrosystems,andonnanotransducers.ChristoferHieroldisFoundingChairmanofoneofETHZurich’sinter-departmentalcompetencecenters,theMicroandNanoSciencePlatform,andheinitiatedthetrans-disciplinarymaster’sprograminMicroandNanosystems,whichisjointlyofferedbytwodepartments,namelytheDepartmentofMechanicalandProcessEngineeringandtheDepartmentofInformationTechnologyandElectricalEngineering.HeisalsoChairmanoftheManagementTeamofETHZurich’scleanroomfacility,theFIRSTlab.Inaddition,heisamemberoftheinternationalsteeringcommitteesofmajorconferencesinthefield(MEMS,TRANSDUCERS,EUROSENSORS),Co-ChairofMEMS2009,andheisamemberoftheeditorialboardsofIEEE/ASMEJournalofMicroelectromechanicalSystemsandofIoPJournalofMicromechanicsandMicroengineering,andheisjointeditorofthebookseriesAdvancedMicroandNanosystems(Wiley-VCH).ChristoferHieroldisaMemberoftheSwissAcademyofEngineeringSciences(SATW).
Turning Properties into FunctionsTheMicroandNanosystemsgrouppursuesfundamentalengineeringresearchregardingnovelmaterials,newproc-esses,anddeviceconceptsinordertounderstandandutilizetheuniquefunctionalpropertiesofmicroandnano-scaledmaterialsandtodevelopthemforsystemintegrationandfutureinnovations.Theresearchprojectscoordinatedirectlywiththeteachingprogramsandstudentprojects.Weoffercoursesthatrangefromthebasicsofprocesstechnologytoapracticalcourseforhands-onMEMSexperience.Amongothers,amaster’sPrograminMicroandNanosystemsisjointlyofferedbyD-MAVTandD-ITET.Theresearchactivitiesofourgrouparecenteredonthreefocusareas:nanotransducersandnanosys-tems,evaluationofnewnaterialsforMEMS,andadvancedmicrosystems.
Nanotransducers and NanosystemsTheconsistentdevelopmentofmicroelectromechanicalsystems(MEMS)intothenanoregimeischallengingduetounfavorablescalinglawsandthelackofreproduciblefabrica-tionprocessesfortheintegrationofnanostructuresintosys-tems.Single-walledcarbonnanotubes(SWNT)arepromisingmolecularnanostructuresfornanoelectromechanicalsystems(NEMS)withexcellentelectricalandmechanicalproperties.Beforesuchsystemswillemerge,however,fundamentalchal-lengesneedtobesolved,whichincludetheexplorationandcharacterizationofunitprocessesforareproducibleintegrationofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)bylocalcatalyticgrowthorself-assembly.ThereforeourprojectsareaimedatthecontrolofthelocationandsizeofcatalyticparticlesforthedirectintegrationofSWNTs,thedevelopmentandevaluationofanintegratedprocessflow,andthedemonstrationandcharacterizationofSWNTsasactiveelementsinelectromechanicaltransducers.Ourmethodsandtoolsincludechemicalvapordeposition(CVD)forCNTgrowthandassembly,dispersionofCNTsfromaqueoussolutionforassembly,metalsputteringorevaporation
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ande-beamlithographyforinterconnects,AFMimagingandac-tuation,SEM,TEM,Ramanspectroscopy,andelectricalmeasure-mentsforcharacterization.ScientificresultshavebeenreportedontheintegrationofSWNTsinpolysiliconMEMS,onanovelheaterstructureforCMOS-compatibleandlocalCVDofCNTs,andonathoroughthermalinvestigationofsuchstructuresbyRamanspectroscopy,verifyingThomsonheatasasignificantheatsourceinthermalmicrostructures.DispersionofSWNTs,depositionofmetalcontactsandsacrificiallayeretchinghavebeenappliedtofabricateNEMSteststructuresfortheelectromechanicalevaluationofSWNTs.Gaugefactorsupto2900forprestrainedSWNTsaredemonstrated.AsimilarprocesshasbeenusedtoprovethefeasibilityofapressuresensorutilizingaSWNTaselectromechanicaltransducerandtoproveexcellentgassensingcapabilitiesofSWNTs.Foralistofpublications,pleaserefertotheprojectsatwww.micro.mavt.ethz.ch/publications.
Evaluation of New Materials for MEMSTheresearchareaofnewmaterialsforMEMSisfocusedontheevaluationofpolymersasstructuralandfunctionalmaterialsforMEMS.Polymershavesignificantpotentialinmicrosystemstechnologysincetheyprovideabroadvarietyofmaterialpropertiesandarecost-effective.Experimentshavebeenconductedtodeterminethemechanicalpropertiesofpolymermicrostructuresatthemicroscale,likeYoung’smodulus,stress,viscoelasticity,andhigh-cyclefatigue.Thesecomprisebulgetestingofthinpolymerlayersonwaferlevelandelectricalactuation(Kelvinpolarizationforce)ofcantileverandbridgeteststructuresforload-cycling.Inaddition,ourprojectsarefocusedonthemethodologyandsystematicevaluationofmodel-basedmaterialcharacterization.Ourmethodsandtoolsarespincoatingandmicro-structuringbyphotolithographyandhot-embossing;awhitelightinter-ferometerandavibrometerallowforhighresolutionopticalmeasurementsonmembranesandcantilevers.
MaterialsunderinvestigationarethermosettingpolymerssuchasphotosensitiveSU-8andPI,thermoplasticssuchasPMMAandPEandbiodegradablepolymerssuchasPLLandPLLA.ScientificresultshavebeenreportedonthefabricationofSU-8thinfilmsforbulgetestingandonthemeasurementofbi-axialYoung’smodulus,stressandvisco-elasticityofsuchlayers,andonaprocessflowforsuspend-edpolymercantileversandbridges,includingathoroughinvestigationontheloss/dampingmechanismsinresonantpolymerstructures.Foralistofpublications,pleaserefertotheprojectsatwww.micro.mavt.ethz.ch/publications.
Advanced MicrosystemsInadvancedmicrosystems,researchtopicsincludethede-velopmentofanewlow-costpolymer-basedbiocompatibleandoptionalbiodegradableimplantablewirelesspassivestrainsensor(WIPSS),thedevelopmentofmicromechani-calelectrostaticbearingsforuseinMEMSgyroscopes,andthedevelopmentofamicrothermoelectricgenerator.Theprojectsarefocusedonthedevelopmentandexplorationofprocessflowsforthesesystemsandtheirpropertiesandfunctions.Ourmethodsandtoolsarehotembossing,molding,andbondingofpolymermaterials.Furthermore,weusesiliconprocesstechnologytogetherwithpolymerprocessestocreateteststructuresforelectrostaticbearingsandweapplyelectroplatingforthelargescaleintegrationofthermocouples(Bi2Te3)inflexiblepolymermoldsforeffi-cientthermo-electricgenerators.ScientificresultshavebeenreportedontheWIPSSconceptandtheintegratedprocessflowofathermo-electricgeneratorinSU-8moldsanditspowerfactor.Teststructuresforelectro-staticbearingsarefabricatedtoevaluateadhesionforcesbetweensurfaces,andthesearepreparedclosetothetargetprocessflow.Foralistofpublications,pleaserefertotheprojectsatwww.micro.mavt.ethz.ch/publications.
Pictures from left to right:SinglewalledcarbonnanotubeasgrowninaMEMS;bulgetestingofpoly-mermembranes;cleanroomforphotolithographicprocesses;AFMscanningofnanostructures;surface
micromachinedMEMSchips;hotembossedspiralmicrochannelinPMMA.
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Professorship of NanotechnologyProfessor Andreas Stemmer
AndreasStemmer,anativeofBasel,studiedattheUniversi-tyofBaselwherehetookhisdegreeinPhysics.Hecontin-uedhisstudiesinMolecularBiologyattheM.E.MüllerInsti-tuteoftheBiocenterattheUniversityofBaselandreceivedcertificationfromtheSwissCommissionforMolecularBiol-ogy(SKMB).In1990heearnedhisdoctorateinBiophysics.AfterconductingresearchasVisitingScientist(1990-92)attheMedicalResearchCouncilLaboratoryofMolecularBiol-ogyinCambridge,UK,hewasAssistantScientist(1992-95)attheMarineBiologicalLaboratoryinWoodsHole,MA,USA.In1995hewaselectedAssistantProfessorofNanotechnol-ogyatETHZurich,AssociateProfessorin2001andProfessorofNanotechnologyin2004.Heteachescoursesinnanoscalescienceandengineering,measuringtechniquesforthenanoscale,andadvancedlightmicroscopy.Withhisresearchprogramheseekstoidentify,translateandintegrateintonewtechnologiesbasicprinciplesandpropertiesactingonoremergingfromnanoscaledimensions.
ProfessorStemmer’sNanotechnologyGroupcarriesoutcom-prehensiveexperimentalandtheoreticalstudiesinthefollow-ingfieldsofnanoscalescienceandtechnology:(i)imagingtoolsandtechniquestoexpandthelimitsofscanningprobeandlightmicroscopes,(ii)directedassemblyofnanoscaleobjectsandmo-lecularbuildingblockstobeincludedinmolecularelectronicsdevices,and(iii)energyconversioninbionanotechnologyaimedatthedirectconversionofmetabolicenergyofenzymesandlivingcellsintoelectricalenergyinthemicroWattregime.
Highlightsofourresearchincludethedevelopmentofelectronicmaterialcontrastinatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM).Kelvinprobeforcemicroscopymapsthelocalsurfacepotentialandprovidesqualitativeandquantitativeelectronicmaterialcontrastonabroadrangeofspecimens.Currentchallengesincludethedetectionofmolecularspeciesontechnicalsurfacesandtheanalysisofelectronicpropertiesonthenm-scale.WehavedevelopednovelAFMsetupsthatallowforpreciseandsimultaneousheightandpotentialmeasurementsonactivesemiconductordevices,dopantpro-filing,aswellasmappingofcompositionorcontactpotentialdifferencesonhardandsoftmaterials.
CollaboratingwithProfessorFrankAllgöwer,UniversityofStutt-gart,wehaveintroducedmodel-basedcontroltoatomicforcemicroscopy.Takingintoaccountthedynamicsofthepiezoscanner,ourcurrentH-infinitycontrollersallowforsubstan-tiallyhigherscanningspeedsatreducedcontrolerrors,i.e.smallerforcedeviations.ThesedevelopmentshaveledtoanR&D-contractwithascanningprobemanufacturer.Ourcurrentresearchfocusesonveryfundamentalissuesindynamicatomicforcemicroscopy,namelytheextractionofsurfacepropertiessuchaselasticity,wettability,adhesionfromtheinteractionforceencodedinthecantileversignal.Weexpectthatapplyingmodernmethodsofcontrolengineeringwillprovefundamen-talinreachingthischallenginggoal.
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Sincemanyprocessesonthenanometerscalearebestcontrolledinliquidswhereonlylightmicroscopesofferimagingaccessand,notleast,becauselightmicroscopyisanindispensableresearchtoolincellbiology,wedeveloptechniquesthatincreasetheinformationtransferbeyondtheclassicallimit.Wehavesucceededindoublingopticalresolutionto100nmlaterally(greenemission)inwide-fieldfluorescencemicroscopyusingstructuredillumination.Wehavecombinedthistechniquewithdeconvolutionmethodstoenableopticalsectioningofthree-dimensionalobjectsandalsoextendedstructuredilluminationtototalinternalreflectionmicroscopy.Ourstudiesinlightmicroscopyhaveledtoseveraleasy-to-implementstrategiesthatimproveestablishedimagingtechniques.
Inourresearchonthedirectedassemblyofnanoscalebuildingblockswestudythecontrolledassemblyoffunctionalnanoscaleobjectsintopredefinedstructuresandtheirprecisepositioningonsolidsubstrates,keyissuesinnanoengineering.Wehavedevelopedanelectricfieldbasedmethod,nanoxerography,toguidecarbonnanotubes,C60,andcolloidalparticlessuspendedinsolutionontochargepatternswrittenintothesubstrate.Carbonnano-tubes,semicondutornanowires,andmetallicnanorodsarepromisingbuildingblocksforfuturenanoelectroniccircuits.Colloidalgoldparticles,forexample,serveascatalystforthegrowthofnanowires.
Inourresearchonbiologicalmicropowergeneratorsweinvestigatethegenerationofelectricalenergydirectlyfromhumancells.Livingcellshostcomplexfunctionalnanosystems,i.e.enzymes,whichusemetabolicenergytoseparatechargecarriersacrossmembranes.Cellsalsopos-sesscomplexfeedbackmechanismstoregulateproductionandfunctionoftheseenzymes.Weinvestigatehowsuchnanosystemscanbecoupledtomacroscopicelectrodesto
harvestelectricalpowerinthemicro-Wattregimewhilekeepingthecellsalive.Ultimately,onemayenvisionmedicalimplants,suchassensors,pacemakersorhearingaids,tobepoweredwithelectricityextracteddirectlyfromthesur-roundingtissueratherthanbatteries.
Pictures:Impressionsofthelaboratory
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ContactETH ZurichDepartment of Mechanical and Process EngineeringSonneggstrasse 38092 ZurichSwitzerlandwww.mavt.ethz.ch
Links to Web-sites of Professors or InstitutesInstitute of Biomechanics www.biomech.ethz.chInstitute for Dynamic Systems and Control www.idsc.ethz.chInstitute of Energy Technology www.iet.ethz.chInstitute of Fluid Dynamics www.ifd.mavt.ethz.chInstitute of Mechanical Systems www.imes.ethz.chInstitute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems www.iris.ethz.chInstitute of Process Engineering www.ipe.ethz.chInstitute of Machine Tools and Manufacturing www.iwf.ethz.ch Institute of Virtual Manufacturing www.ivp.ethz.chProfessorship of Micro- and Nanosystems www.micro.mavt.ethz.chProfessorship of Nanotechnology www.nano.ethz.ch
Concept and OrganizationUlrike Schlachter-Habermann, Margot Fox-Ziekau
Realizationdigitworks
PhotosMaurice Haas, Ruth Erdt, Masha Roskosny and others
PrintingAbächerli Druck AG, Sarnen
© Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering2009, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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D-MAVTDepartment of Mechanical and Process Engineering
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Departement Maschinenbau & VerfahrenstechnikDepartment of Mechanical & Process Engineering
DMAV TETH ZurichDepartment of Mechanical and Process EngineeringSonneggstrasse 38092 ZurichSwitzerlandwww.mavt.ethz.ch ETH
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