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ETHYL ALCOHOL
-Prepared ByMehul Mehta (13BCH034)Dhruv Mewada (13BCH035)
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INTRODUCTION
• Molecular formula : C2H6O
• Molar mass : 46.07 g/mol• Density : 0.789 g/cm3 (at 25oC)• Boiling point : 78.37oC• Melting point : -114.3oC• Flash point of pure ethanol : 16.60oC• Stable but highly flammable
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Flammability• The flash points of ethanol concentrations from 10% ABV to 96%
ABV are shown below:
• 10% — 49 °C (120 °F)• 20% — 36 °C (97 °F)• 30% — 29 °C (84 °F)• 40% — 26 °C (79 °F)• 50% — 24 °C (75 °F)• 60% — 22 °C (72 °F)• 70% — 21 °C (70 °F)• 80% — 20 °C (68 °F)• 90% — 17 °C (63 °F)• 96% — 17 °C (63 °F)
• Alcoholic beverages that have a low concentration of ethanol will burn if sufficiently heated and an ignition source (such as an electric spark or a match) is applied to them. For example, the flash point of ordinary wine containing 12.5% ethanol is about 52 °C
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PREPARATION METHODS
• From biomass like sugar, starch and cellulose
• Sulfuric acid process• Phosphoric acid process• From acetylene
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FROM BIOMASSsugar ethanol
starch sugar ethanol
cellulose and hemi-cellulose ethanol
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ETHANOL PRODUCTION
• About 60% of global bioethanol production are obtained from sugar cane and 40% from other crops
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FEEDSTOKE• North America : corn, wheat• South America : sugar cane• Europe : wheat, sugar beet, waste from the wine industry
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From wheat
Fermentation conditions
Temperature - 32˚C and 35˚C pH - 5.2.
Ethanol is produced at 10-15% concentration and the solution is distilled to produce ethanol at higher concentrations
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From sugar cane
• Simplest of all the processes• Cheap method
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• From cornThe main producer - United
States
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• Wet milling
– The process of separating the corn kernel into starch, protein, germ and fiber in an aqueous medium prior to fermentation.
– The primary products • starch and starch-derived products (e.g. high fructose corn
syrup and ethanol) • corn oil, corn gluten, etc..
• Dry milling
– The entire corn kernel is first ground into flour and the starch in the flour is converted to ethanol via fermentation.
– Other than ethanol• carbon dioxide - carbonated beverage industry • distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) - animal feed
• Malting
– Steep the corn in water, start germination, stop germination at a particular by drying to stop further growth.
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FERMENTATION OF SUGAR
+Invertase
Or
Zymase 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
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CELLULOSIC ETHANOL
• Ethanol made from cellulosic biomass which comprises the stems and branches of most plants.
• The other feedstock to produce ethanol can also be used as food so cellulosic ethanol is an alternative feedstock.
• It is expensive compare to other method but as the technology has developed the method has become cheaper
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CONVERSION OF CELLULOSE AND HEMICELLULOSE TO
ETHANOL• 4 steps1. Pretreatment2. Hydrolysis3. Fermentation4. Distillation of the product mixture to
separate ethanol
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ETHANOL FROM ACETYLENE
H-C = C-H + H2O CH3CHO
Acetylene Acetaldehyde
CH3CHO + H2 C2H5OH
Acetaldehyde Ethanol
_
H2SO4
HgSO4
Ni∆
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PHOSPHORIC ACID PROCESS
CH2=CH2 + H2O C2H5OH
Ethene Ethanol
• Phosphoric acid process was first used commercially by Shell (USA) in 1947.
• In this reaction phosphoric acid is used as catalyst.
• For this process yield of ethanol is 95%.
H3PO
4300oC60 atm
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SULFURIC ACID PROCESS
CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 CH3-CH2-OSO3H
Ethene Ethyl hydrogen sulphate
CH3-CH2-OSO3H + H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4
Ethyl hydrogen Ethanol sulphate
• Sulfuric acid process involves indirect hydration.• For this process yield of ethanol is 90%.
75o
C
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Mechanism
CH3CH2SO4H + H-OH
CH3CH2OH +H2SO4
Ethanol
Ethyl hydrogen salphate
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PRODUCING COMPANIES
• Gujarat1) Tomsa Distil India Ltd.2) A. B. Enterprise
• India1) Sarat Pvt. Ltd. (AP)2) Bajaj Hindustan Ltd. (UP)
• Global1) Green Field Ethanol (Canada)2) Logen Co. (Canada)