Download - Ethical issues management
MANAGEMENT AND GLOBALIZATION
Prepared By: Group 4
In the Global Economy resources, markets and competition are worldwide in scope.
It is also a time heavily inflience by the forces of globalization.
Rosabeth Moss Kanter
International Management- involves managing operations in more than one country.
Global Manager- is culturally aware and informed on international affairs
WHY COMPANIES GO INTERNATIONAL? International Business-
conducts commercial transactions across national.
The reasons why businesses go international include: Profits
*Customer *Suppliers *Labor
*Capital
Forms of International Business
Global Sourcing
Exporting/Importing
Licensing and Franchising
Marketing entry strategies
Direct Investment Strategies
Joint Ventures
Foreign Subsidiaries
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
The international business environment is complex and dynamic and highly competitive. International managers must master the demands of operating with worldwide suppliers, distributors, customers and competitors.
Regional Economic Alliances
There is more to limited brands than it’s 4,000 plus it’s retail stores. Standing behind the displays and the fashion merchandise is a large operation that depends on vast worldwide networks of suppliers and subcontractors for it’s products. But it’s global reach must be well managed and it’s ethical standards must be maintained.
The EUROPEAN UNION is a political and economic alliance of European countries.
Laws and legal structures
Differences in legal environments among nations create substantial international business challenges. Organizations are expected to abide by the laws of the host. Country in which they are operating.
Example..
Executives of foreign-owned companies must worry about antitrust issues that prevent competitors from regularly talking to one another.
They also must deal with a variety of special laws regarding occupational health and safety, equal employment opportunity, sexual harassment, and other matters-all constraints potentially different from those they find at home.
The more home and host country laws differ, the more difficult and complex it is or international businesses to adapt to local ways. In china ,for example Google, yahoo and other firms have faced laws that restrict internet usage for the country’s citizens. they have also faced controversies elsewhere in the world when they comply with the Chinese laws.
Common legal problems in international business involve incorporation practices and business ownership: negotiating and implementing contract with foreign parties; protecting patents, trademarks, and copyrights; and handling foreign exchange restriction.
Intellectual property rights
Problems with software piracy and copyrights violations of cds and designer fashions are well known. But general motors, long an investor in china. Has had its own problems there. The firm’s China joint venture executives noticed that a new model from a fast growing local competitor- cherry automobile, partially owned by GM’s Chinese partner-looked very similar to one of it’s cars. GM claimed in local courts that its design was copied. The competitor denied the charges and plans to export its cars to the united states.
When disputes between nations relate to international trade, they can end up before: WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
(WTO)- this is a global institution established to promote free trade and open markets around the world. Some 140+ members of the WTO agree to give one another most favored nation status –the most favorable treatment for imports and exports.
Although members agree to ongoing negotiations and the reduction of tariffs and trade restrictions, trading relationships are often difficult. When the problem arise the WTO offers a mechanism for monitoring international trade and resolving disputes among countries.
Protectionism
Is a call for tariffs and favorable treatments to protect domestic firms from foreign competition.
Protectionism In the form of political calls for
tariffs and favorable treatments to help protect domestic businesses from foreign competition is a common complication of international trade. Government leaders such as the president of the united states. Face international trade while still protecting domestic industries.
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Multinational corporation is a business with extensive international operations in more than one foreign country
A typical MNC operates in many countries but has corporate headquarters in one home or host country.. example: Microsoft, Apple computer and Mc Donald’s food chain.
Transnational corporation
They try to operate worldwide without being identified with one national home.
Is an MNC that operates worldwide on a borderless basis.
Pros and cons of multinational corporations;
The UN has reported that MNC hold one-third of the world’s productive assets and control 70% of world trade. At recent count, 52 of the largest economies in the world are MNC.
furthermore, more than 90% of MNC are based in the northern hemisphere. While this may bring a sense of both accomplishment and future opportunity to business leaders. It can also be very threatening to small and less-developed countries and to their domestic industries.
MNC host-country
relationships: what should go
rightMUTUAL BENEFITS:SHARED
OPPORTUNITIES WITH
POTENTIAL FOR:
GROWTH INCOME
LEARNINGDEVELOPME
NT
MNC host-country relationships: what can go
wrongHOST COUNTRY
COMPLAINTS ABOUT MNC’S
• EXCESSIVE PROFITS
• ECONOMIS DOMINATION
• INTERFERENCE WITH
GOVERNMENT• HIRE BEST LOCAL
TALENT • LIMITED TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFERDISRESPECT FOR LOCAL CUSTOMS
MNC COMPLAINTS ABOUT HOST COUNTRIES• PROFIT
LIMITATIONS • OVERPRICED
RESOURCES• EXPLOITATIVE
EXCHANGE RESTRICTIONS • FAILURE TO
UPHOLD CONTRACTS
Host country issues
The potential host-country benefit of MNC’s include larger tax bases. Increase employment opportunities, technology transfers, the introduction of new industries and the development of local resources.
Potential host –country costs
Include complaints that mnc’s extract
excessive profits, dominate the local
economy,interfere with the local government, do not respect local customs and laws, failed to help domestic firms develop, hired the most talented of local personnel, and do not transfer their most advance technologies.
Home-country issues
MNC may also encounter difficulties in the home country where their headquarters are located. Even as many MNC’s try to operate more globally. Home country governments and citizens still lend to identify them with local and national interest.
Home-country criticisms of MNC
Include complaints about transferring jobs out of the country, shifting capital investments abroad, and engaging in corrupt practices in foreign setting.
Ethical Issues for
Multinational Corporations
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Code of moral principles that set standards of conduct of what is good and right.
What are multinational corporations?
Corruption Involves illegal practices for further one’s business interests.
SweatshopsEmploy workers at a very low wages for long hours and in poor working conditions.
Child Labor Is the full time employment of
children for work otherwise done by adults.
Sustainable Development
Meets the needs of the present without hurting future generations.
“Sustainable development is development that
delivers basic environmental, social and economic services to all
residents of a community without threatening the viability of the natural,
built, and social systems upon which the delivery of these services depends.”
ICLEI (1994)
Culture and Global Diversity
Is a shared set of beliefs, values and patterns of behavior common t6o a group of people.
Culture
Is the confusion and discomfort a person experiences when in an unfamiliar culture.
Ethnocentrism Is the tendency to consider one’s
culture as superior to others.
Cultural Intelligence
Is the ability to accept and adapt to new cultures.
Silent Languages Of Culture
Low-context Cultures
Emphasize communication via spoken or written words.
High-context cultures
Rely on non-verbal and situational cues as well as on spoken or written words in communication.
Monochronic Cultures
In here, people tend to do one thing at a time.
Polychronic Cultures
In here, time is used to accomplish many things at once.
Proxemics Is how people use space to
communicate.
Management Across Cultures
The management process planning, organizing, leading,
and controlling is as relevant to international operations as to
domestic ones. yet as the preceding
discussions of environment and culture should suggest,
just how this functions are applied may vary somewhat from what one country and culture to the
next.
Comparative Management
Comparative management analyzes the extent to which management
principles are applicable from one country to another. Since the leader in
the development of management principles is the United
States, comparative management seeks to determine the applicability of
American know-how to foreign locales.
Are Management Theories Universal?
Geert Hofstede, whose framework for understanding national cultures was introduced earlier, believes the answer is no. He worries that many theories are ethnocentric and fail to take into account cultural differences. Hofstede also points out that the motivation theories of American scholars tend to value individual performance. This is consistent with the high individualism found in Anglo-American countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Elsewhere, where values are more collectivist, the theories may be less applicable. Even a common value, such as the desire for increased humanization of work, may lead in different management directions.
Global Organizational Learning
Global organizational learning is a timely and relevant theme. This point is evident in the following words of kenichi ohmae, noted japanese management consultant and author of The Borderless World.
Companies can learn from one another, particularly from other excellent companies, both at home and abroad. The industrialized world is becoming increasingly homogenous in trems of customer needs and social infrastucture, and only truly excellent companies can compete effectively in the global marketplace.
What are the international business challenges of Globalization?
Global managers are informed about international developments, transnational, in outlook, competent in working with people from different cultures, and always aware of regional developments in changing world.
The global economy is making the diverse countries of the world increasingly interdependent regarding resource supplies, product markets, and business competition.
Market entry strategies of international business include global sourcing, exporting/importing, and licensing.
Direct investment strategies of international business include joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries in foreign countries.
Global operations are influenced by important environmental differences among the economic, legal political, and educational systems of countries.
What are multinational corporations and what do they do?
- A multinational corporation (MNC) is a business with extensive operations in more than one foreign country.
-True MNCs are global firms with worldwide missions and strategies that earn a substantial part of their revenues abroad.
-MNCs offer potential benefits to host countries in broader tax bases, new technologies, and employment opportunities.
-MNCs can disadvantage host countries if they interfere in local government, extract excessive profits, and dominate the local economy.
-The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Prohibits American MNCs from engaging in corrupt practices abroad.
VALUES AND NATIONAL CULTURES
Five Cultural Dimension
Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Individualism collectivism Masculinity-Femininity Time orientation
Expatriate Effectiveness Model
Big Five Personality TraitsConscientiousnessEmotional stabilityAgreeableness IntellectanceExtraversion
Cultural insight from project globe
9 Dimensions• Power distance Institutional
collectivism• Uncertainty avoidance In a group
collectivism• Gender egalitarianism Assertiveness• Future orientation Humane orientation