29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Introduction to Communication
• The Basic model of Communication
• Encoding and Decoding
• Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
• Factors of Verbal Communication by Jacobson
• Model of Speech Circuit by de Saussure
• Bühler`s Organon Model
• ``The Four Sides Model`` by Schulz von Thun
• Behavioristic Model by Bloomfield
• Shannon & Weaver`s Transmission Model
• Conclusion
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Definition of communication:
The process of creating and sharing meaning through the transmission and exchange of signs. This process requires interaction within oneself, between people, or between people and machines.
Definiton of model of communication:
A model of communication is a consciously simplified description of a communication process which is usually expressed in graphic form as a diagramm showing the elements of the process and how they relate to each other.
Introduction to Communication
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
The Basic Model of Communication
messagesender receiver
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Encoding and Decoding
experience,
feelings,history,
expectations, fears
sender receiver sends information
feelings,
experience,
history,
fearsexpectations,
of individual inner life of individual inner life
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
In our society nonverbal communication takes place in different situations:
• Expressing emotion• Expression of interpersonal attitude• Zeremonies or rite• Compensation for language• Component of commercials and politics
Watzlawick`s first theorem: ``You cannot not communicate``
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Congruent or incongruent communication
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Language should not be discussed without having a look on it`s functions
• Structuralism: language as a system
• Sender/ receiver model by Roman Jacobson
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• referential function (denotative)
refers to the context of the message
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Expressive function (emotive)
refers to the sender
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Conative function (appelative)
refers to the receiver
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Phatic function
Refers to the channel
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Metalinguistic function
refers to the used code
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Poetic function
refers to the aethetic part of the message
Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
de Saussure‘s Model of Speech Circuit
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Ferdinand de Saussure: linguist from Geneva• Communication as simultaneous process• 2 elements: Phonation and Audition• PHONATION: Concept Acoustic image• AUDITION: Acoustic image Concept
de Saussure`s Model of Speech Circuit
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• can be split into five steps (psychic, psycho-physical or physical)
• step three can be seen as a symmetry axis where the process of communication is mirrored
de Saussure‘ s Model of Speech Circuit
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• „Language is a tool one uses to tell the other about something“
• In a model of signs, every part gets its meaning from the relation to other signs of the system
Bühler`s Organon model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• factual side• appeal side• relation side• self revelation side
``The four sides model`` by Friedemann Schulz von Thun
Watzlawick`s second theorem says that every communication has an aspect of content and relation, as such as relation determines the content and is therefore metacommunication.
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Human actions (language as well) are caused by outer influences
• Stimulus -------------- response
• The verbal act of communication connects two nonverbal events
The behavioristic model by Bloomfield
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Shannon&Weaver: engineers working for an American phone company
• Goal: ensure maximum efficiency of phone cables and radio waves
• very popular model
Shannon&Weaver‘s TransmissionModel
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
The original model consists of 5 elements:
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Also: input intended message
output received message
Noise: “Any inference with the message travelling along the channel which may lead to the signal received being different from that sent.“
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Moles: Communication can only take place succesfully if sender and receiver share a common code.
Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Advantages: -simplicity
-generality
-quantifiabiltiy
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Do you think that transmission models are appropriate to represent natural human communication?
Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Transmission Models tend to neglect many aspects of human communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Transport metaphor
Communication consists of a sender sending a package of information to a receiver
“conveying meaning“, “getting the idea across“, “transferring information“
But isn‘t communication a bit more than transferring information?
Ref. Jacobson
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
No opportunity for interaction between sender and receiver
Both are fixed on their roles
Ref.: de Saussure who considers communication as a simultaneous process
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Transmission models assume that meaning automatically is contained in the message
Ref.: Four Sides Model
Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
No allowance for social, situational, cultural etc context
But: communication appears to be impossible without context
Relationship: different communication with a friend or a superior
Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Different medium can imply different purposes
letters, text messages, e-mail, phone call, spoken communication
Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
Transmission Model fails to cover all aspect of human communication
But: the other models as well can only represent fragments
Any model achieves to represent these complex correlation in a whole
Conclusion
29 April 2002 Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser
Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication
• Burton, G., Dimbleby, R. (1992), More Than Words: An introduction to communication. Routledge: London, New York
• Herkner, Werner (1991), Sozialpsychologie. Hans Huber: Bern, Stuttgart, Toronto
• Pelz, H. (2000), Linguistik: eine Einführung. campe paperback: Hamburg
• Chandler, D. , http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/trans.html#A , 21.04.02
• Gibbon, D. , http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/classes/summer96/Textdesc/funslides/node2.html , 24.02.02
• http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-2.html , 16.04.02
• http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-1.html , 16.04.02
• http://www.stangl-taller.at/ARBEITSBLAETTER/KOMMUNIKATION/default.html , 21.04.02
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