Download - Europe Plunges Into War
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EUROPE PLUNGES INTO WAR
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Introduction Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war
against Serbia set off a chain reaction within the alliance system. The countries of Europe followed through on their pledges to support one another. As a result, nearly all of Europe soon joined what would be the largest, most destructive war the world had yet seen.
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Four Steps to WarJune-Aug 1914
• Austria Declares War• Russia Mobilizes• Schlieffen Plan – Guarantees War!• England Joins In!!!
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Germany’s Plan to Avoid a “Zweifrontkrieg”
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The Great War Begins
Nations Take SidesBy mid-August 1914, there are two sides at
war throughout Europe: Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary; later
joined by Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire Allies—Great Britain, France, Russia; later joined
by Japan, Italy
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1st Battle of the Marne – Sept. 5-12, 1914
• 2.5 Million engaged• Germans stopped
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Results of Battle• Cost 80,000 French lives• Schlieffen Plan Fails• Russia attacks and is crushed at
Tannenberg Forest• Would lead to long bloody stalemate
on the Western Front
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Formation of a Trench System
• The Germans began digging trenches to protect against advancing French and British troops.
• Race to the Sea!!!
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The Western Front
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Waterlogged Trenches1. Many Trenches
were dug on land only a few feet above sea level.
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Trench Foot• These gruesome pictures are examples
of "trench foot," a common side effect caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions while battling in the trenches.
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Over the Top
“Over the top” was a term used when soldiers left their trench to attack opposing trenches.
Men fixing their bayonets before going “over the top”.
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No Man’s Land• The territory between two opposing
trenches.
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Weapons of World War I
Mechanized Warfare
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Bolt Action Rifle
The main weapon used by British soldiers in the trenches was the bolt-action rifle. 15 rounds could be fired in a minute and a person 4,500 feet away could be killed.
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Machine Gun1. Hiram Maxim invented the Machine Gun in
1885.2. By WWI a machine gun could fire 500 rounds
a minute.3. In the first 12 days of fighting the French lost
nearly 210,000 men, mostly through machine gun fire.
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Vickers Machine Gun
Maxim Machine Gun Hiram Maxim
Early Machine Guns
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Heavy ArtilleryBig Bertha:1. Built by the German
Gustav Krupp in 19142. Weight of Gun 43 tons3. 2000 pound Shells
(traveling 9 miles)4. Took up to 1000 men to
assemble
British Mark I Howitzer
Skoda 30.5
The Germans had the most powerful guns and most powerful army in WWI
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TanksThe idea of an armored tracked vehicle
that would provide protection from machinegun fire was first built in 1914.
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Fastest Tank was the “Whippet” with a maximum speed of 8mph.
Little Willie (the first tank)
Tracks: 12 feet longWeight: 14 tonsSpeed: 3 MPH
Could Not Cross The Trenches
British Tank Stuck in Mud
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Powerful Navies1. The British had the most powerful navy during
World War I.2. The Germans were eager to compete against the
British for Naval superiority.
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Dreadnoughts - the largest and fastest ship in WWI1. Ten 15 inch guns (fired shell 1920 lbs 35,000 yards)
2. 24 3 inch guns
3. 8 torpedo tubes below water
Britain - 19 Dreadnoughts (13 under construction)
Germany - 12 Dreadnoughts (7 under construction)
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Submarines1. 1913 Germany produces the first
submarine.2. The Germany submarine was known
as an Unterseeboot (U-Boat).3. Britain soon developed the
submarine too.4. German U-Boats sank 3 million tons
of ships between February and June of 1917.
mask
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Aircrafts
Airplanes were used for reconnaissance missions, small bomb raids, and dog fighting.
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Zeppelin• Initially carried
machine guns and bombs but they were soon abandoned because they could be easily shot down.
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Poison Gas1. The different types of gasses included
Mustard and Chlorine Gas.2. Effects of Mustard Gas include: blistering skin, vomiting,
sore eyes, internal and external bleeding. Death can take up to 5 weeks
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An Inglorious War1. Weather2. Boredom3. Disease4. Trench Rats5. Death6. Amputation7. Shell Shock
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The Futility of Warfare• Battle of Verdun – Feb. 1916
• Over 700,000 men lost
• Battle of the Somme• Over one million casualties
• Verdun – Germans gain 4 miles• Somme – British gain 5 miles
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War on the Eastern Front• German/Russian Border• More mobile then the West• Just as deadly• Russia struggles because: