Download - European Exploration
European European ExplorationExploration
Earlier ExplorersEarlier Explorers• Marco Polo
– his journey through Asia lasted 24 years– he became a favorite of Kublai Khan – Polo traveled all through China and returned to tell the tale,
which became the greatest story
• Zheng He– he sailed from China to many places in seven voyages from
1405 to 1433, – each expedition was an enormous undertaking.– also included at times were Muslim religious leaders and
Buddhist monks
Zheng HeMarco Polo
Motives for ExplorationMotives for Exploration• curiosity• refugees & missionaries• $$$$$• technology-abled• fame and fortune • adventure
The Portuguese The Portuguese ConnectionConnection
• Prince Henry, the Navigator- established a school for sailors- focused on navigation, mapmaking, and shipbuilding- enabled sailors to better guide their ships and to come up with new ship designs
Map of African coast discovered by expeditions sponsored by Prince Henry
Courtesy of: http://library.thinkquest.org/J002678F/prince_henry_the_navigator.htm
Portuguese ExplorersPortuguese Explorers• Bartolomeo Dias – explored Africa’s Bartolomeo Dias – explored Africa’s
coastscoasts• Vasco da Gama – discovered ocean route Vasco da Gama – discovered ocean route
to Indian Oceanto Indian Ocean• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque – sailed Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque – sailed
to the Spice Islands (Moluccas)to the Spice Islands (Moluccas)
Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus
Columbus’ VoyagesColumbus’ Voyages• led the way for exploration, led the way for exploration,
exploitation, and colonization of exploitation, and colonization of the Americasthe Americas
•He is normally referred to as the He is normally referred to as the “discoverer” of the New World “discoverer” of the New World
•Columbus is considered most Columbus is considered most importantimportant
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Other ExplorersOther Explorers• Ferdinand Magellan – Ferdinand Magellan –
led the first expedition led the first expedition that sailed around the that sailed around the globeglobe
Amerigo Vespucci– Columbus may have Columbus may have
found the New found the New World, but Vespucci World, but Vespucci was the one who was the one who realized that it was realized that it was indeed a New Worldindeed a New World
So, how did we get So, how did we get our name? Did our name? Did Vespucci name it Vespucci name it after himself?after himself?
PIRATESDead Men Tell No Tales!
•Courtesy of Kimberley Warrick
The Golden Age of Piracy Mid 18th century to early 19th century Many were not villainous There were, however, several who
were cutthroat, vile, greedy, horrible people!
The Infamous Pirate Hangouts ~ Port Royal and Tortuga
The buccaneers helped England secure Jamaica as it’s own, about 1662.
The first governor was empowered to issue privateering commissions
this place became known as the “wickedest city in the world.”
Port Royal and Tortuga Tortuga was uninhabited in
the 1600’s, but Spain claimed ownership since it was near Hispaniola (Haiti).
In 1630, some English buccaneers settled this place
This little island became the scene of the most drunken and depraved behavior known at the time. And the pirates loved it!
Tortuga
Famous Pirates Blackbeard Calico Jack Anne Bonny Grace O’Malley Henry Morgan Black Bellamy Bartholomew Roberts
Female Pirates Many women entered a life
at sea for many reasons The life of a pirate or
merchantman offered a lot Anne Bonny and Mary
Read are the most infamous female pirates. They sailed with Calico Jack Rackham.
The Jamestown Connection Captain Christopher
Newport, commanded the ship the Susan Constant to Jamestown.
Commissioned by England to fight the Spanish
The Lost Colony (Roanoke) was supposed to be a privateering base for England.
The Jamestown Connection Bartholomew Gosnold was
also a privateer raiding Spanish ships for England.
formed the Virginia Company and sailed with the others to Jamestown.
Jefferson & the Barbary Pirates
The Barbary Coast (Northern African nations) was home to several companies of pirates.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the British and French paid tribute to these pirates for safe passage through the Mediterranean Sea.
After the Revolution, America had to be responsible for the safety of her naval enterprises.
In 1784, Congress decided to allocate money to pay tribute to these pirates.
The Barbary Wars Jefferson argued that
conceding the ransom would only encourage more attacks.
The U.S. paid Algiers the ransom
1801, Jefferson became president and stopped payments
Barbary States declared war on the United States
1804, 1st Barbary War ended after U.S. Marines launched an attack on Tripoli and freed hostages
The Barbary Wars In 1801, Jefferson became President. The Barbary States
issued a demand for tribute from the new administration. Jefferson refused; the States declared war on America. Several frigates were sent to the North African coast on the
Mediterranean Sea where they were victorious over Algiers and Tunis, seizing all the “vessels and goods” of the leaders of the States.
Tripoli continued its fight against America, and subsequently, the American navy set up and maintained a blockade of the Barbary ports and executed a campaign of raids and attacks against the city’s fleets.
In 1803, the Tripoli fleet captured the USS Philadelphia and took the captain and the crew hostage.
In February 1804, the US Marines with help from several Greek, Arab, and Berber mercenaries launched an attack on Tripoli freeing the hostages, and ending the First Barbary War.
A Pirate’s PowerPoint With a partner, you will create a pirate’s
powerpoint Please sign up for your pirate so we don’t have
duplicates! The powerpoint is due at the beginning of
class on Thursday – it should be absolutely no longer than 5 minutes
Please refer to your handout for specific information to include in your presentation
Europe and the Americas
The Spanish Conquest
Courtesy: Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HSCourtesy: Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS
The Aztecs
Hernán CortésHernán Cortés Moctezuma IIMoctezuma II
vsvs..
Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro
AtahualpaAtahualpa
vsvs..
The Incas
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa
Pineapple Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR
CANE Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs
Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping
Cough
Trinkets Liquor GUNS
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
aries
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494 * Spain and Portugal start to argue
over who gets what land* Pope Alexander VI decides to draw an imaginary line called the Line of Demarcation* Portugal received all the land to the east of it, Spain received all the land to the west
•Portugal is unhappy with the arrangement so Spain agrees to move the line 800 miles west (the Treaty of Tordesillas); this goes through Brazil today
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 & Demarcation, 1493 &
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 1494
New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
New Patterns of World New Patterns of World TradeTrade
The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans2. First boatload of African slaves
brought by the Spanish in 15183. Portuguese
sugar plantationsMore than one million enslaved Africans exported to Brazil
4. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas
Slave ShipSlave Ship
““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown Overboard
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
1. Native populations ravaged by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.