Download - European values, history, and institutions
European values, history, and institutions
TEM Summer School 2014
Cédric Gossart
European anthem: Final movement of Beethoven's 9th Symphony (1823).
Bonjour !
A couple of questions to warm up…
Where does Europe end?
http://gossart.wp.mines-telecom.fr/
Cédric GossartPhD from the University of Sussex (SPRU-Science and Technology Policy Studies).
Associate professor in the Institut Mines-Telecom (Telecom Business School).
Outline
I. European values
II. Institutions
III. History
The borders of Europe
EUROPE Year = 1025
EUROPE
Alps
Pyrenees
Taurus
The European Union: How many countries?
a) 6
b) 12
c) 28
d) 50
http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en.htm
Home quiz
EUROPE
The
European
Union
in 2014
(28 MS)
http
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Why the EU?
Thanks to Schuman & co.: 60 years of peace in Europe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWgEcw6R7NQ
http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/the-european-union-pbIK3112132/
The Eurogroup (€ zone in the EU); 18 MS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/index_en.htm
There are a number of countries
whose nationals do not need a visa to visit the EU for three months or
less. The list of countries whose
nationals require visas to travel to the United Kingdom or Ireland differs slightly from other EU countries.http://europa.eu/youre
urope/citizens/travel/entry-exit/non-eu-nationals/index_en.htm
NB: Ireland is not
part of Schengen.
Who can join?
The Treaty on European Union states that any European country may apply
for membership if it respects the EU's democratic values and is
committed to promoting them.
But specifically, a country can only join if it meets all the membership criteria:
political – it must have stable institutions guaranteeing democracy, the
rule of law and human rights;
economic – it must have a functioning market economy and be able to
cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the EU;
legal – it must accept established EU law and practice – especially the
major goals of political, economic and monetary union.
http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en.htm
Who
joined &
when?
http://europa.eu/pol/pdf/flipbook/en/enlargement_en.pdf
Candidate
countries
http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en.htm
Why enlargement?
http://europa.eu/pol/pdf/flipbook/en/enlargement_en.pdf
Why joining? Interviews with EU citizens
http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?sitelang=en&ref=I073240
New MS have to align with European values.
What are the values of the EU?
Where can we find them?
I. European values
European values
Article 2 of the current EU treaty:
• The Union’s aim is to promote peace, its values and the
well-being of its peoples
• It offers its citizens an area of freedom, security and justice
• It supports the sustainable development of Europe
• It fights social exclusion
• Its contibutes to peace, security, sustainable development
of the planet
http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/decision-making/treaties/index_en.htm
Founding treaty of The Union
Treaty of Lisbon (December 2009)
The Treaty of Lisbon
• ‘Lisbon Treaty’ signed in December 2007, entered
into force in December 2009.
• Similar to Constitutional Treaty but removed
constitutional terminology and symbols. Further opt-
outs and concessions to UK and others (Charter of
Human Rights, voting on foreign policy, …).
http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm
The Charter of Fundamental Rights
The Charter is fully endorsed by the Union’s founding treaty.
As a consequence, all Union citizens are on the
same legal playing field and can use European laws
to defend themselves.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
The Charter of fundamental rights
Set out in a single text, for the first time in the European Union's
history, the whole range of civil, political, economic and social
rights of European citizens and all persons resident in the EU.
These rights are divided into 6 sections:
• Dignity
• Freedoms
• Equality
• Solidarity
• Citizens' rights
• Justice
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
Chapter I. Dignity
Article 1. Human dignity
Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected.
Article 2. Right to life
1. Everyone has the right to life.
2. No one shall be condemned to the death penalty, or executed.
Article 3. Right to the integrity of the person
1. Everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and
mental integrity.
2. In the fields of medicine and biology, the following must be
respected
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
Chapter I. Dignity
Article 4. Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment
No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment.
Article 5. Prohibition of slavery and forced labour
1. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
2. No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory
labour.
3. Trafficking in human beings is prohibited.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
Chapter II. Freedoms Article 6. Right to liberty and security Article 7. Respect for private and family life Article 8. Protection of personal data Article 9. Right to marry and right to found a family Article 10. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Article 11. Freedom of expression and information Article 12. Freedom of assembly and of association Article 13. Freedom of the arts and sciences Article 14. Right to education Article 15. Freedom to choose an occupation & right to engage in work Article 16. Freedom to conduct a business Article 17. Right to property Article 18. Right to asylum Article 19. Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
Chapter III. Equality
Article 20. Equality before the law
Article 21. Non-discrimination
Article 22. Cultural, religious and linguistic diversity
Article 23. Equality between men and women
Article 24. The rights of the child
Article 25. The rights of the elderly
Article 26. Integration of persons with disabilities
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
Chapter IV. Solidarity Article 27. Workers' right to information & consultation
Article 28. Right of collective bargaining and action
Article 29. Right of access to placement services
Article 30. Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal
Article 31. Fair and just working conditions
Article 32. Prohibition child labour & protection young people at work
Article 33. Family and professional life
Article 34. Social security and social assistance
Article 35. Health care
Article 36. Access to services of general economic interest
Article 37. Environmental protection
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
Chapter V. Citizen's rights Article 39. Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at
elections to the European Parliament
Article 40. Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at
municipal elections
Article 41. Right to good administration
Article 42. Right of access to documents
Article 43. Ombudsman
Article 44. Right to petition
Article 45. Freedom of movement and of residence
Article 46. Diplomatic and consular protectionhttp://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
Chapter VI. Justice
Article 47. Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial
Article 48. Presumption of innocence and right of defence
Article 49. Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal
offences and penalties
Article 50. Right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal
proceedings for the same criminal offence
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm
Why the EU? A view from two major artists
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European Union quizHe is one the founding fathers of the EU, who is he?
a) Winston Churchill
b) Charles de Gaulle
c) Jean Monnet
d) Charles Aznavour
When was the treaty currently governing the Union signed?
a) 1957
b) 1985
c) 1993
d) 2007
Lisbon (Portugal)
EU treaties timeline
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history
What is the EU doing for its citizens?
20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wallhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2_3gJ0WW6k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3p9AhXrcJ4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ljo1hDFOviQ
Rostropovich cello performance in front of the Berlin Wall http://youtu.be/FiwXUJJjL6g
Other suggested short movies:
II. EU institutions
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Since December 2009:
1) A more democratic and
transparent Europe,
2) A more efficient Europe,
3) A Europe of rights, values,
freedom, solidarity,& security,
4) Europe as an actor on the
global stage.
EU institutions
The “Big Five”
Institutions: The “Big Five”
There five main EU institutions:
• European Parliament (legislative power)
• European Council (political power)
• Council of Ministers (legislative power)
• European Commission (executive power)
• European Court of Justice (judicial power) http
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WARNING
The Council of Europe is NOT an
institution of the European Union.
http://www.coe.int/ COE headoffices in Strasbourg
COE: An international organisation
The European Parliament
• Directly elected EU institution that represents the
citizens of the Member States
• Oversees EU institutions, especially Commission
• Shares legislative powers, including budgetary
power, with the Council and the Commission
• 751 new MEPs since 25 May 2014
• Location: Strasbourg (FR)
• Ex-President: Martin Schulz (social democrat, Ger)
http://www.europarl.europa.eu
(16 January 2012 – 18 June 2014)
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The new European Parliament (25 May 2014)
Turnout
43.09%
Highest political body
Made up of the most senior elected political representatives of the Member States — prime ministers and presidents with executive powers.
It gives the EU its political direction and sets its priorities.
President elected by the members of the European Council: Herman Van Rompuy
The European Council
Location : Brussels
http://www.european-council.europa.eu
(conservative, B)
Overview on EU Policy
Sets the political Priorities of the EU
♠ The Lisbon Agenda (competitiveness)
- European research area- Small and Medium Sized enterprises (SME’s)- Life long learning- Unemployment rates
♣ Sustainable Development
♥ Social and territorial Cohesion- The regional policy- The social agenda
The European Council
European
Commission
European
Parliament
Council
of the EU
The decision triangle
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The decision triangle according to Plantu
The European Commission
• EU executive branch
• Accountable to the European Parliament.
• Shares with the Parliament the power to initiate proposals for
legislation.
• Enforces the Union’s policies, ensures that the budget is
implemented, manages EU programmes, represents the EU
in international negotiations and makes sure that the treaties
are applied properly.
• Location: Brussels
• President: José Manuel Barrosohttp://ec.europa.eu
The Council of the EU (Council of Ministers)
http://www.consilium.europa.eu
• Made up of 28 government ministers representing each
of the Member States
• The Presidency of the Council of the European Union is
held in turn by each Member State for a period of 6 months
• Coordinates the EU’s economic policies and plays a
central role in foreign and security policy.
• Shares lawmaking and budgetary powers with the
European Parliament.
(2014: Gr; It)
Specific one depending on the issue discussed.
Examples: EcoFin (financial and budget issues)Agriculture Council (for CAP issues)General Affairs (foreign policy)
The Council of the EU (Council of Ministers)
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/council/voting-system-at-the-council
• 28 Member States
• 352 Votes
• EU laws and decisions open to
interpretation that lead to disputes
that cannot be settled by negotiation
• One judge from each member state
• Appointed for six years by common
accord of the member states'
governments
• Location: Luxembourg
28 Judges
and 9
Advocates
General
http://curia.europa.eu
High Representative of the Unionfor Foreign and Security Policy
• The High Rep. is also Vice-Pdt of the
Commission
• A new position heading up the EU’s common
foreign and security policy and common defense
policy.
• It combines two existing posts: the High
Representative for Common Foreign and Security
Policy and the External Relations Commissioner.
Catherine Ashton (socialist, UK, since November 2009)
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1951: European Coal and Steel Community (6 founding members)
1957: Treaties of Rome (Common market)
1973: 9 members + development of common policies
1979: 1st European elections (universal suffrage)
1981: 1st Mediterranean enlargement
1993: Internal market opens
1993: Maastricht treaty enters into force => « European Union »
1995: 15 members
2002: the Euro (€)
2004: 25 members
2007: 27 members; 2013: 28 MS
December 2009: Treaty of Lisbon
III - History
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About recent events: http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/2010-today/index_en.htm
Dur
ing
the
nigh
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to 8
May
194
5 in
Rei
ms,
Adm
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ho s
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Ado
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itler
at
the
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of t
he R
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Gen
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f the
Naz
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ops.
2 European pioneers:
• Victor Hugo (1802-1885)
• Jean Monnet (1888-1979)
We will study:
• Their historical context
• Their legacy
History
http://www.ena.lu
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo
1848 : Spring of Nations, then back to autocracy, nationalism, growth
Austria
Riots in Prague and Vienna
Ferdinand, the Emperor of Austria abdicates
Weakness of the Empire, revolutions in Hungaria and Austria
Hungaria
Feudal regime abolished
Independence in April 1849… crushed in August 1849
1867: Kingdom with Croatia + Transylvania : dual monarchy : Austro-Hungarian
Empire until october 1918.
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context
France• 1st Empire (1804-1815), Restauration (1814-1830), July
monarchy (1830-1848) : corruption + economic crisis.• No freedom to meet => republican feasts• February 1848 : feast forbidden in Paris => demonstrations,
shots, riots, king abdicates, 2d Republic (univ. suffrage,
slavery abolished, 10 h. working day)• December 1848 : Napoléon III elected president• 2 December 1951 : Coup d’Etat => 2nd Empire (1852-1870).
Autoritarian, écon. growth, right to strike (1864), Parliament
initiates laws (1869)• Victor Hugo goes into exile in Guernesey.
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context
Germany
• 1848: Riots in Berlin
• Elected Assembly suggests to unite Germany (King
refuses, only takes orders from God...)
• Novembre 1850: back to 1815…
• 1862: Bismarck president Prussia (wins / Austria)
• 1870: France declares war => Germans unite
• Jan. 1871: German Empire, annexation
Alsace/Lorraine.
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context
Fra
nc
e
Italy
Risorgimento (unification, 1848-1870)
• 1st phase (1848-1849): Peninsula divided (see next map), riots,
Roman Republic, Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
• 2nd phase (1859-1860) : unification + annexation Rome 1870.
• Garibaldi : hero Risorgimento against Austria + defends republicans
• Economic growth
• 1882 : more people can vote (0,5 → 2 M)
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Historical context
Italian
states in
1859
Dis
cour
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de
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(21
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Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy
“You insist on the example [of the
death penalty]. Why? For what it
teaches. What do you want to
teach with your example? That
thou shalt not kill. And how do you
teach thou shalt not kill? By killing.” http://senat.fr/evenement/archives/D24/hugo.html
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy
« A day will come when there will be no battlefields, but markets
opening to commerce and minds opening to ideas. A day will
come when the bullets and bombs are replaced by votes, by
universal suffrage, by the venerable arbitration of a great
supreme senate which will be to Europe what Parliament is to
England, the Diet to Germany, and the Legislative Assembly to
France. A day will come when a cannon will be a museum-
piece, as instruments of torture are today. And we will be
amazed to think that these things once existed! »
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Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy
« A day will come when we shall see those two immense
groups, the United States of America and the United States
of Europe, facing one another, stretching out their hands
across the sea, exchanging their products, their arts, their
works of genius, clearing up the globe, making deserts
fruitful, ameliorating creation under the eyes of the Creator,
and joining together, to reap the well-being of all, these two
infinite forces, the fraternity of men and the power of God. »
Discours d'ouverture, congrès de la paix, [Opening address, Peace Congress], Paris (21 Aug. 1849); published in Actes et paroles - Avant l'exil (1875)
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) - Legacy
Conclusion on Hugo’s context
Democracy and social fights
Development of capitalism …
… and of colonialism.
First European fights for a pan-European
cooperation in favour of peace and prosperity
Jean
Monnet
(1888-1979)
Colonisation
• 1492 : Europe starts conquering the world
• 1875-1914 : 25% world shared btw a few states (most
intensive phase of colonisation)
• 1914 : not a single independent state in the Pacific, hardly
any in Africa, Asia strongly affected (India : 3,3 M km² by
UK: 0,24 M km² : 14 times smaller)
Why ?
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context
Ideology
• Enlightenment: civilize the ‘primitives’
• Kipling (1894-95) : « burden of the white man »: feels
responsible of civilising the world
• Jules Ferry : « Superior races » (Speech 28/07/1885)
• Res nullius : first-come, first-served!
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context
Economy
• Crisis 1873-1895 + protectionism => need outlets
• First-come, First-served
Geopolitical strategy
• Naval bases to protect maritime routes (UK : Gibraltar,
Malta, Cyprus, South Africa, Suez).
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context
Intra-european competition
Colonialism heels national pride (France
lost the Alsace-Lorraine region to Germany
in 1871, Portugal lost a war against the
USA in 1898, Spain loses its last colonies
in 1898 : Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines).
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context
The rise of nationalisms
• Beg. 20th c.: destructive nationalism rejecting other nations
• « new secular religion » : all European states seek to « build
peoples ».
• School programmes are instrumentalised for this purpose
(see example in the next slide).
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context
A Tour de France by two children : 6 millions copies
printed by 1900 (used until 1950s).
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context
From patriotism to nationalism (all across Europe)
1882 : Patriots League (Paul Déroulède + general
Boulanger) : anti-Dreyfus, spirit of revenge against Germany
1898 : Ligue de la patrie française (Degas, Renoir, Maurice
Barrès : Les Déracinés, very emotional, criticised jews for
being genetically greedy, petty, corrupt, etc.)
1905 : Action Française (Charles Maurras, monarchist)
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Historical context
Peace and
reconstruction
Born in 1888, leaves
school at the age of 16,
goes to London to work
and study English and
then works abroad for his
family cognac firm.
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy
« The community invention »
• 1945 : The new French leader de Gaulle asks Monnet to
conceive a plan to rebuild the French economy with the
support of the Marshall plan (April 1948: OEEC, Organisation
for European Economic Co-operation, now OECD)
• Condition to receive the money: Europeans need to
cooperate…
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy
• March 1948 : Defense treaty between UK,
France, Benelux, against USSR.
• May 1950 : Robert Schuman declaration (Min.
Foreign affairs) prepared by Monnet : he
suggests to create the European Coal and Steel
Community ECSC, Monnet 1st president in 1952).
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy
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1955 : « Commitee for the united
states of Europe » (parties and unions
for a common market and monetary
system, a European Council, UK
membership, European Parliament
election with universal suffrage).
Jean Monnet (1888-1979) - Legacy
“We are not forming coalitions
of states, we are uniting men” http://www.historiasiglo20.org/europe/monnet.htm
Aristide Briand (1862-1932)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand
French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime
Minister of France during the French Third Republic
and was a co-laureate of the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize.
Supported a Federation of European states.
The former French PM Jean-Marc Ayrault (1950 - )
puts flowers on his grave every year…
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
AND YOUR TIME IN FRANCE!
ENJOY THE SUMMER SCHOOL
http://www.lafilmotheque.fr/
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