Download - Everything Starts from an Egg
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Developmental Biology III
Katsuo Furukubo-Tokunaga
http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tokunaga/welcome.html
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Everything Starts from an Egg
Salvador Dali
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"She's in an embryonic stage and won't be born until her performance this evening," says Lori Ann Gibson, her creative
director.
Lady Gaga Is 'Incubating' Inside Egg at Grammys
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Genes
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organisms
Genes Control Development via Multiple Stages
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Developmental Biology in the Post-Genomic Era
March 2000 February 2001
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DNA Microarray
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1 day HATCHING
5 day PUPATION
METAMORPHOSIS
0 day
10 day
EGG
FERTILIZATON
LARVA
PUPA
ADULT
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
THREE LARVAL STAGES
1 mm
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Complete Description of Gene Activities through Development
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Embryo, Lava, Pupa, Adult
Different Sets of Genes are Expressed in Different Developmental Stages
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More than 80% of the Genes are Used during the First 20 Hours of Fruitfly Development
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Development is an Temporal and Spatial Reconstruction of the Genetic Information
Genes: Red, Blue, Green
Drosophila Embryo( 2 hrs, 6000 cells )
Gene Expression Patterns
14,000 Genes
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Advantages of Drosophila melanogaster in the Study of Animal Development
1. Simple body plan2. Short life span3. Complete genomic data4. Powerful genetic tools5. Numerous mutants6. Conserved molecular mechanisms
Among the Best Model Animals for the Studies of Biological Problems
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Conserved Genes between Fly and Human
Science 291,1304 - 1351, 2001.
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Flies have:
Human Disease Genes 61 %
Human Cancer Genes 68 %
Is a fly a human ?
Or are you a big fly without wings??
Flies and Human
How similar?
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Making eyes as you like!
Master Control Genes : its all up to the Masters
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Induction of the eyeless Gene Results in Ectopic Eyes
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GAL4 / UAS System
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Ectopic Eyes are Complete Even at the Microscopic Level.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Master Control Genes are Conserved between Flies and Mammals
Ectopic Fly Eyes induced with a mouse eyeless/Pax6 Gene
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Protostomes and Deuterostomes Share Similarity at Molecular Level
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Drosophila Genetics Pioneers the Studies of Developmental Biology at the Molecular Mechanisms
European Molecular Biology OrganizationFly Meeting, Creta in Greece
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Cleaving EmbryoDali Museum, Spain
SUMMARY
1.Development is a realization of the genetic program written on DNA.
1.Small number of master control genes regulate development.
1.Underlying molecular mechanisms are evolutionary conserved.
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Walter J. Gehring, Master Control Genes in Development and Evolution, Yale Univ. Press.( 浅島 誠監修、古久保 - 徳永克男他訳「ホメオボックス・ストーリー:形づくりの遺伝子と発生・進化」 東京大学出版会 )
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Developmental Biology Text Books
Alberts et al., eds. (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed. Chapter 22 “Development of Multicellular Organisms”, Garland Science, New York, ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. (細胞の分子生物学 第 5 版、 2008 年翻訳、丸善)
Lodish et al., eds. (200 7 ). Molecular Cell Biology, 6 th ed. Chapter 15 ”Integration of Signals and gene controls“, Chapter 22 “Cell birth, lineage, and death”, Scientific American Books, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4366-3. (分子細胞生物学 第 6 版、東京化学同人).
Wolpert, L, Beddington, R., Jessell, T. M., Lawrence, P., Meyerowitz, E. M., and Smithm J. (2007). Principles of Development 3rd Ed. Oxford University Press ; ISBN: 0198792913.
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http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tokunaga/welcome.html
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分子発生生物学分子神経生物学
古久保 - 徳永 克男Furukubo-Tokunaga, Katsuo
生命環境科学研究科・構造生物学専攻生物農林学系棟 B308
http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tokunaga/welcome.html
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すべては卵からはじまる
サルバドール ダリ
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遺伝子
細胞
組織
器官
動物体
発生は遺伝子によりコントロールされている
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ポストゲノム時代の発生生物学
2000年3月 2001年2月
全遺伝子配列の解明
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DNA Microarray
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1 day HATCHING
5 day PUPATION
METAMORPHOSIS
0 day
10 day
EGG
FERTILIZATON
LARVA
PUPA
ADULT
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
THREE LARVAL STAGES
1 mm
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A Fly trapped in Amber ca. 40,000,000 Years Ago
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発生段階ごとの遺伝子の働きを完全に把握する
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胚 幼虫 蛹 成虫
異なるセットの遺伝子が異なる発生段階において特異的に発現される
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ショウジョウバエでは発生20時間で80%以上の遺伝子が使用される
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発生過程は遺伝子プログラムの時空間的再構成
Genes: Red, Blue, Green
ショウジョウバエ胚(発生2時間 , 6000 細胞)
遺伝子発現パターン
14,000 遺伝子
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分子レベルの発生研究のモデルとしてのショウジョウバエ
1.単純な構造2.短い世代時間3.全ゲノム配列4.強力な遺伝学5.数千の変異体6.保存された分子機構
分子発生研究の革命児さらに、脳、行動、老化
あらゆる生命現象の必須のモデル生物
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様々な機能の遺伝子がショウジョウバエとヒトで保存されている。
Science 291,1304 - 1351, 2001.
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ヒトの病気遺伝子 61%
ヒトのガン遺伝子 68% をショウジョウバエは持っている
ショウジョウバエはじつはヒト!?それとも、私はハエ?
ショウジョウバエ と ヒト
どれだけ似てる?
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GAL4 / UAS 遺伝子発現システム
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好みの場所に目を作る
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eyeless 遺伝子の発現により異所的な複眼が形成される
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異所的に形成された複眼は微細構造も正確に再現されている。
走査電子顕微鏡像
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マウスやヒトの遺伝子でも遺伝子機構は同じ
マウス Pax6 遺伝子により誘導された複眼
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前口動物と後口動物は、分子レベルでは実は良く似ていいる。
保存された遺伝子プログラムの存在
?
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ショウジョウバエの遺伝子研究が新しい地平を開拓する
European Molecular Biology OrganizationCreta Fly Meeting
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「卵割」 ダリ博物館 スペイン
まとめ
1. 発生は遺伝子プログラムの実現過程に集約される。
2. 少数のマスターコントロール遺伝子が発生を制御している。
3. 発生の分子メカニズムは進化的に保存されている。
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教科書と参考書発生生物学
Alberts et al., eds. (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5th ed. Chapter 22 “Development of Multicellular Organisms”, Garland Science, New York, ISBN 0-8153-3218-1. (細胞の分子生物学 第 5 版、 2008 年翻訳、丸善)
Lodish et al., eds. (200 7 ). Molecular Cell Biology, 6 th ed. Chapter 15 ”Integration of Signals and gene controls“, Chapter 22 “Cell birth, lineage, and death”, Scientific American Books, New York, ISBN 0-7167-4366-3.(分子細胞生物学 第5版、 2005年翻訳、東京化学同人).
Lewis Wolpert, Rosa Beddington, Thomas M. Jessell, Peter Lawrence, Elliot M. Meyerowitz, Jim Smith (2007). Principles of Development 3rd Ed. Oxford University Press ; ISBN: 0198792913.
エッセンシャル発生生物学 ( 2002 ) . Jonathan Slack (著 ), 大隅 典子 ( 翻訳 ) 羊土社 ; ISBN: 4897062896.
Walter J. Gehring 著、浅島 誠監修、古久保 - 徳永克男他訳「ホメオボックス・ストーリー:形づくりの遺伝子と発生・進化」 2002 年 東京大学出版会。
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教科書と参考書: 神経科学
Carlson, N. R. (2007). Physiology of Behavior. 9th ed. Person Education Inc., Boston, ISBN 0-205-46724-5. (カールソン神経科学テキスト、丸善).
Kandel et al. eds. (2000). Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. Part VIII "The Development of the Nervous System", McGraw-Hill, Inc., ISBN 0-8385-7701-6.
エッセンシャル神経科学 Allan Siegel, Hreday N. Sapru (著 ), 前田 正信 ( 翻訳 ) 丸善
Jonathan Weiner 著、垂水雄二訳「時間・愛・記憶の遺伝子を求めて:生物学者シーモア・ベンザーの軌跡」 2001 年 早川書房
Kandel, E. R. (2006) In Search of Memory “The Emergence of a New Science of Mind”, W.W. Norton & Company, New York.
利根川 進 「私の脳科学講義」 岩波新書 .
シリーズ 脳科学 全6巻 東京大学出版会 .