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Evolution
Chapters 15 - 17
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Evolution is both Factual and the basis of broader theory
• What does this mean?
• What are some factual examples of evolution?
• What are some problems we apply evolutionary theory to solve?
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Charles Darwin• He wasn’t the first to suggest
organisms change, so what was the major contribution?
• How did the work of other scientists influence him? – Lamarck? Lyell? Wallace?
• What were the “holes” in Darwin’s theory? Who helped fill these?
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Mechanisms of Evolution
• Starts with variation in the population– How is variation established in a gene
pool?
• Selection– Artificial vs. Natural?– What effect does this have on
variation?
• Gene flow– How does it affect allele frequencies
in a population?
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• Genetic drift– Do populations always evolve for the
better?
– What is a population bottleneck and how does this lead to the evolution of a population?
– How does the Founder effect relate to the effect of a bottleneck?
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Mechanisms of Evolution
• Sexual Selection– Examples?
– Often explains characteristics that seem to have no adaptive value but stick in the population.
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Measuring Allele Frequencies
• What is the significance of changing allele frequencies?
• What is the relationship between allele and genotypic frequencies?
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Measuring Allele Frequencies
If p equals the frequency of the dominant allele (A) and q equals the frequency of the recessive allele (a), then:
1. p + q must equal 1. 2. P2 = frequency of homozygous dom. (AA)3. 2pq = frequency of heterozygous (Aa)4. q2 = frequency of homozygous rec. (aa)
Why? Know how this is derived using probability!
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Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
Populations only maintain genetic equilibrium under certain conditions. What are the five requirements for H-W Equilibrium?
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Modes of Selection
- How do they differ?
- When might each occur in a population?
- Know examples!
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Molecular Evolution• Why don’t all changes in DNA lead
to a change in protein?
• How does the rate of mutation compare between silent sites, missense sites and pseudogenes? Why is this significant?
• What are the conditions for positive and purifying selection?
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Heterozygote advantage maintains polymorphic loci
• How does this help explain why deleterious mutations may stay in a population?
• Examples: cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia
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Promoting Genomic Changes• What are the disadvantages of sexual
reproduction?
• So how did it manage to evolve?
• Examples of lateral gene transfer?
• What are the various outcomes of gene duplication?
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Practical applications of Evo. Theory• How is it used for studying protein
function?
• In vitro evolution- how and why?
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Practical applications of Evo. Theory• Agricultural
benefits?
• Assistance in studying human disease?
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Phylogenetic Trees16
What can they tell us?
- nodes?
- lineage?
Be careful – lots of similar words. Know the nuances of their meaning!!!
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Evidence for evolutionary relationships
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• Homologous traits resulting from divergent evolution?
• Are all similar traits evidence of relatedness?
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Building phylogenies16
• What sources of data can be used to build phylogenies?
• Do any have benefits over others?
• Can we test the accuracy of molecular methods?
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Phylogenies compare, but can they also predict?
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• What practical applications does constructing phylogenies have?
• How does the molecular clock assist in mapping evolutionary events?
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Phylogeny as the basis for classification
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• Remember your classification scheme!
• How has the Linnaean system been changed over the years?