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Expectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer
Kings County HospitalSylvia S. Kim, MD
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Operative management perforated duodenal ulcer
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Perforated duodenal ulcer• 5-10% DU patients• Operative mortality 5%
– Over 30% some groups• Elderly• Shock• Comorbid disease• Perforation >24 hours
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Simple closure• Graham patch 1937• High rate of relapse with
simple closure– 50-80%– May require subsequent
surgery for intractable symptoms or recurrent complication
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Definitive acid-reduction• Vagotomy and antrectomy
– Billroth I or II• Vagotomy and drainage
– Pyloroplasty or gastrojejunostomy• Proximal gastric vagotomy
– “Highly selective vagotomy”
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Morbidity PUD surgery• Early
– Duodenal stump leak– Anastomotic leak– Afferent loop
obstruction– Gastric outlet
obstruction– Gastric atony– Efferent loop
obstruction
• Long-term– Reflux esophagitis– Alkaline reflux gastritis– Dumping syndrome– Late postprandial
hypoglycemia– Gallstones– Anemia– Gastric remnant cancer
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Results of common ulcer operationsProcedure Mortality Recurrence Side effectsTV + A 0.6-1.8% 1-2% 13-29%TV + Drainage 0.5-1.4% 5-15% 11-26%HSV 0.1-0.3% 5-16% 3-8%
TV = Truncal vagotomyA = AntrectomyHSV= Highly selective vagotomy
Current surgical management of duodenal ulcers
Surgical Clinics of North America, 1992
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Patch vs. TV+D vs. HSV• Is addition of definitive acid-
reducing surgical procedure safe?• Which procedure do you use?• 101 “medically fit” patients with
chronic ulcer randomized– Simple closure 35– TV + drainage 32– Closure + HSV 34
Immediate definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcers: a prospective controlled trial
Boey J, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1982
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Patch vs. TV+D vs. HSV• “Medically unfit”
– Age >70– Shock– Comorbidities– Duration >24 hours– Gross contamination– Lack of technical ability
Immediate definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcers: a prospective controlled trial
Boey J, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1982
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Patch vs. TV+D vs. HSV• No hospital death• No wound infection or abscess• Minor postoperative complications
– Pneumonia in 4 patients• 39 months follow up
– Endoscopic assessment
Immediate definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcers: a prospective controlled trial
Boey J, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1982
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Patch vs. TV+D vs. HSV• All but one recurrence were symptomatic• Half of relapses required reoperation
Immediate definitive surgery for perforated duodenal ulcers: a prospective controlled trial
Boey J, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1982
RecurrenceSimple closure 63.3%TV + drainage 11.8%Closure + HSV 3.8%
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HSV + patch closure• Retrospective review 93 patients
perforated pyloroduodenal ulcer• HSV + omental patch closure• Follow-up 2-21 years
Perforated pyloroduodenal ulcers: Long-term results with omental patch closure and parietal cell vagotomy
Jordan PH, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1995
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HSV + patch closure• Results for HSV + patch closure
– One perioperative mortality– Recurrence rate 3.7%– Reoperative rate 1.9%– 89/93 (96%) patients Visick I or II
• Choice of treatment for patients who are candidates for definitive surgery
Perforated pyloroduodenal ulcers: Long-term results with omental patch closure and parietal cell vagotomy
Jordan PH, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1995
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Definitive acid-reduction• Immediate acid reducing
procedure for select patients with perforation
• Does not increase morbidity or mortality
• Technically difficult– Fewer experienced at HSV
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Expectant management perforated duodenal ulcer
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History• Advocated by Taylor in 1940s-1950s
– Observation that nearly half patients taken to OR found to have spontaneously sealed
– Treated with IVF, active nasogastricaspiration and serial exams
Guest lecture: The nonsurgical treatment of perforated peptic ulcer
Taylor H. Gastroenterology, 1957
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History• 1957 Taylor reported on 256 cases
– 235 successfully managed nonoperatively
• Mortality rate 11% compared to surgical mortality rate at that time nearly 20%
• Failed to gain popular support
Guest lecture: The nonsurgical treatment of perforated peptic ulcer
Taylor H. Gastroenterology, 1957
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Prospective trial• Only one prospective, randomized trial• 83 patients entered into study
– 2 groups comparable age, comorbidities, duration perforation
– Diagnosis by clinical history sudden epigastricpain and rigid, tender upper abdomen on exam
– Free air on upright CXR in 71/83– Trial observation n=40– Immediate surgery n=43
A randomized trial of nonoperative treatment for perforated peptic ulcer
Crofts T, et al. New England Journal Medicine, 1989
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Prospective trial• Conservative management
– IVF resuscitation– NGT decompression– IV antibiotics – IV H2 blocker– UGIS
• 38/40 patients had study• Leakage NOT absolute indication for OR
A randomized trial of nonoperative treatment for perforated peptic ulcer
Crofts T, et al. New England Journal Medicine, 1989
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Prospective trial• “Improvement”
– Evaluation by surgeon– Decrease in HR, temp, and abdominal
tenderness– Advance in general well being
• If insufficient, patient went to OR
A randomized trial of nonoperative treatment for perforated peptic ulcer
Crofts T, et al. New England Journal Medicine, 1989
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Prospective trial
A randomized trial of nonoperative treatment for perforated peptic ulcer
Crofts T, et al. New England Journal Medicine, 1989
2911
4340
83observation surgery
failed successful
Gastric CA 3
Vagotomy + Pyloroplasty 15
Sigmoid CA 1
Partial gastrectomy 4
Simple patch repair 24
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Prospective trial• Overall morbidity and mortality rates similar
– 2 deaths in each group
Nonoperative OperativeMorbidity 50% 40%Mortality 5% 5%
A randomized trial of nonoperative treatment for perforated peptic ulcer
Crofts T, et al. New England Journal Medicine, 1989
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Prospective trial• Overall M+M similar
– Delay in treatment from error in diagnosis did not increase morbidity
• Hospital stay 35% longer with nonoperative• Who are best candidates for expectant
management?
A randomized trial of nonoperative treatment for perforated peptic ulcer
Crofts T, et al. New England Journal Medicine, 1989
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Retrospective review• Long-standing history selective
nonoperative therapy LA County-USC Medical Center
• Retrospective study 1979-1988• Emphasize UGIS to “unblind” the surgeon
in evaluating sealed perforation• Chronicity of disease used to select patients
for definitive ulcer surgeryNonoperative treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer
Berne T, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1989
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Suitable surgical candidate
Diagnosis Perforated DU
“Acute”“Chronic”
UGIS
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx Surgical closure
Nonoperative treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer
Berne T, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1989
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Retrospective review• “Chronic” disease
– History ulcer sx > 3 months– Prior endoscopic or GI series
documenting ulcer– Duodenal scarring on UGIS
Nonoperative treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer
Berne T, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1989
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Retrospective review• Conservative management
– IVF resuscitation– NGT decompression– IV antibiotics and H2 blockers– Demonstrated seal on UGIS
• Indications for surgery– Peritonitis progresses– No evidence regression by 12 hours
Nonoperative treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer
Berne T, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1989
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Retrospective review• 294 patients with perforated duodenal
or prepyloric ulcer• 259 treated with immediate surgery• 35 initial observation
– All had free air and diffuse peritonitis– 2 failed to improve and had surgery
Nonoperative treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer
Berne T, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1989
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Retrospective review
• Using their algorithm, only one mortality in the expectant management group– Woman with metastatic breast cancer treated
palliatively• One major complication
– Abscess later requiring percutaneous drainage
Nonoperative treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer
Berne T, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1989
Nonoperative OperativeMortality 3.0% 6.2%
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The role for expectant management• Can be applied to select patients
without increased morbidity or mortality
• Where does it fit in the current decision-making algorithm?– Advances in medical management PUD– H. pylori treatment
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H. pylori and perforated DU• Prevalence H. pylori infection perforated DU 70%
– Reports range markedly 0-100%• H. Pylori infection correlates with recurrence• Treatment of H. Pylori infection reduces recurrence
H. Pylori status and endoscopy follow-up of patients having history of perforated duodenal ulcer
Chu KM. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 1999
Effect of H. Pylori eradication on ulcer recurrence after simple closure of perforated duodenal ulcer: retrospective and prospective randomized controlled studies
Kate V. British Journal of Surgery, 2001
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H. pylori and perforated DU• Treating for H. pylori after simple closure
reduces recurrence• 99 patients treated with simple patch repair• 48 treated with PPI alone• 51 treated for H. pylori
– Bismuth, metronidazole, tetracycline + omeprazole
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents recurrence of ulcer after simple closure of duodenal ulcer perforation: a randomized control trial
Enders K. Annals of Surgery, 2000
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H. pylori and perforated DU• Early endoscopy at 8 weeks showed similar
rates of healing• One year follow up endoscopy showed
increased recurrence in patients on PPI alone
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori prevents recurrence of ulcer after simple closure of duodenal ulcer perforation: a randomized control trial
Enders K. Annals of Surgery, 2000
H. pylori treated H. pylori untreated2 (4.8%) 16 (38.1%)RecurrenceOne patient still HP+
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H. pylori and perforated DU• Attempts to distinguish between acute and
chronic ulcer based on duration of symptoms may now be obsolete
• Should H. pylori status be the dominant clinical determinant?
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Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
Perforated DU
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx Surgical closure
Evaluate HP
HP + HP -
Treat HP Consider definitive surgery
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
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Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
Perforated DU
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx Surgical closure
Evaluate HP
HP + HP -
Treat HP Consider definitive surgery
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
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Types of vagotomy
Truncal Vagotomy
Highly SelectiveVagotomy
Selective Vagotomy
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Drainage procedures
• Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty• Longitudinal incision closed transversely
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Drainage procedures
• Finney pyloroplasty• 6-10 cm incision across pylorus to
approximate antrum to duodenum
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Drainage procedures
• Jaboulay pyloroplasty• Lateral gastroduodenostomy
bypassing pylorus
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Drainage procedures
• Gastroenterostomy– gastrojejunostomy
• Extensively scarred duodenum
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Candidates for definitive surgery• 259 patients with perforated ulcer
– Simple closure 183– TV + drainage 12– HSV 64
• No risk factors
Risk stratification in perforated duodenal ulcers
Boey J, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1987
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Candidates for definitive surgery• Risk factors
– Major medical illness– Preoperative shock– Longstanding perforation (>24 hours)
Risk stratification in perforated duodenal ulcers
Boey J, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1987
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Candidates for definitive surgery• Mortality rate correlated with number
risk factors
Risk stratification in perforated duodenal ulcers
Boey J, et al. Annals of Surgery, 1987
# risk factors Mortality0 0 %1 10 %2 45.5 %3 100%
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Patch repair vs. TV + drainage• 65 patients with perforated
duodenal ulcer – “High-risk” patients excluded
• 2 treatment groups– Simple closure 33– TV + drainage 32
• Follow-up 12-80 months
Surgical treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer: a prospective trial between simple closure and definitive surgery
Tanphiphat C, et al. British Journal of Surgery, 1985
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Patch repair vs. TV + drainage• 1/3 relapses after simple closure required second
definitive operation• Recurrence after TV + drainage secondary to
incomplete vagotomy
Surgical treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer: a prospective trial between simple closure and definitive surgery
Tanphiphat C, et al. British Journal of Surgery, 1985
RecurrenceSimple closure 85 %TV + drainage 8 %
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Patch repair vs. TV + drainage• Patch alone high recurrence rate• Role for simple closure
– High-risk patients– Surgeon inexperience
Surgical treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer: a prospective trial between simple closure and definitive surgery
Tanphiphat C, et al. British Journal of Surgery, 1985
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Application of results• Protocol for nonoperative management• Excluded perforation>24hr• 49 patients initial period observation
– 41 treated without surgery– 8 patients required surgery
• 21 patients immediate surgery
Evaluation of a protocol for the non-operative management of perforated peptic ulcer
Marshall C, et al. British Journal of Surgery, 1999
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Application of results• Similar morbidity and mortality• Only ~50% patients without surgery
had follow-up endoscopy after discharge
Evaluation of a protocol for the non-operative management of perforated peptic ulcer
Marshall C, et al. British Journal of Surgery, 1999
Nonoperative OperativeMorbidity 24% 24%Mortality 8% 14%
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![Page 56: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 57: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 58: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 59: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Poor surgical candidate
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 60: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Poor surgical candidate
UGISSurgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 61: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Poor surgical candidate
UGIS
Sealed
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 62: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Poor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
Sealed
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 63: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Poor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 64: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HPNo HP or
Poor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 65: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
Poor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 66: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 67: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Nonoperative rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 68: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 69: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx Surgical closure
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 70: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx Surgical closure
Evaluate HP
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 71: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx Surgical closure
Evaluate HP
HP +
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 72: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx Surgical closure
Evaluate HP
HP +
Treat HP
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998
Perforated DU
![Page 73: Expectant management of perforated duodenal · PDF fileExpectant management of perforated duodenal ulcer Kings County Hospital Sylvia S. Kim, MD](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062504/5a7b77977f8b9a49588bede4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Perforated duodenal ulcer: An alternative therapeutic plan
Suitable surgical candidate
Perforated DU
HP unknownFailed rx HP
UGIS
No HP or
SealedPoor surgical candidate
UGIS
Nonoperative rx
LeakSealed
Surgical closure
Surgical closure and definitive rx
Leak
Nonoperative rx Surgical closure
Evaluate HP
HP + HP -
Treat HP
Donovan A, et al. Archives of Surgery, 1998