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Experimental Investigation of a Long Rise-
Time Pressure Signature through Turbulent
Medium
Takahiro Ukai Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Japan
Boeing Executive Seminar
November 20th 2014
Tohoku University
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Super Sonic Transport (SST) 1
Requirements for SST
Concorde SST, http://www.concordesst.com/home.html,
(cited 19 January 2010)
Sonic boom reduction
Low-fuel consumption
Rise time
Overpressure
Normal shape Normal boom signature
Sonic boom signatures
Low boom signature
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Sonic boom estimation 2
JAXA HP http://www.aero.jaxa.jp/research/kitaisystem/cyoonsoku/co-index.html
Estimation tools
Numerical simulation
Wind tunnel testing
Design procedure
Sonic boom estimation is important to realize SST
Concept
Sonic boom estimation
Design Evaluation Manufacture
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Effect of the real atmosphere 3
Sonic boom propagating
Carlson, NASA SP-147, p.10, (1967)
Real atmosphere
Various conditions
Turbulence
Humidity
Temperature
The pressure waveforms affected by turbulence
Lee et. al, AL-TR-1991-0099, (1991)
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Effect of turbulence 4
Turbulence
interaction
Rise-time
Overpressure
Overpressure decreases
Rise-time increases
Normal sonic boom
signature
Low sonic boom
signature
Typical waveforms
Turbulence effects Known Unknown
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Phenomenon observed in flight tests 5
Plotkin et al. AIAA paper 2005-10, (2005)
Measured at the ground
Estimated waveform
Kenneth et al. AIAA paper 2004-2923 (2004)
The low sonic boom signature is also affected by turbulence
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Laboratory-scale experiments 6
Waveform with N-shape
Arbitrarily shaped Waveform
Ballistic range
Spark generator
Controllable
turbulence
Wind tunnel Uncontrollable
turbulence
Controllable
turbulence
Arbitrarily shaped Waveform Ballistic ranges have ability to simulate turbulence interaction with a low sonic boom
flow
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Objective
Investigate the effect of turbulence on a
pressure signature with the long rise time in a
ballistic range facility
7
Evaluate a distortion of a waveform with N-shape
Evaluate a distortion of a waveform with the long rise time
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Experimental setup 8
Ballistic range in Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku Univ.
Flight Mach number up to 7.2
Projectile diameter of 15 mm
Test section: L= 12 m, D= 1.66 m
Measurement techniques
Pressure transducer: Pressure waveform
PCB Piezotronics, INC. Model-113B28
Rise time under 1 μs, resolution of 7 Pa
Schlieren photography and point diffraction interferometry : Density field
HPV-X Shimadzu Corp., high-speed camera
200 kfps and the exposure time of 1 μs
Launch tube
Recovery tank
Optical windows
Propellant
chamber
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Test section 9
Blast tube
Catch tank
Optical window
Flight path
Launch tube
Pressure transducer
Paraboloidal mirror
Expanding lens
Light source (green laser, λ = 532 nm)
Paraboloidal mirror
Imaging lens
High-speed camera
Lasers
Flat mirror
Flat mirror
Jet nozzle
Pin hole
Pressure transducer
Jet nozzle
Projectile
Flight direction
100
140
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Projectiles 10
Cylindrical projectile
Conical projectile
Polyamide resin
Polyamide resin Steel
Setup flight Mach number of 1.4 and 1.5
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Specification of jet impingement 11
Jet nozzle: 4.5 mm in inner diameter
Jet gas: Dry air
60kPa
Um
ean
[m
/s]
Vrm
s/U
mea
n
Flash-mounted pressure transducer
Shock wave
Flight direction
Projectile
x
y
Jet nozzle
112, 102
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Results
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Schlieren image (Cylindrical projectile) 12
Pressure transducer
Cylindrical projectile
Flight direction
Bow shock
Recompressed shock
Secondary shock
Without shock-turbulence interaction, M = 1.50
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13 Sequential PDI images
Δt = 0 μs
Δt = 25 μs
Δt = 125 μs
With interaction Without interaction
Pressure transducer
Jet nozzle
location
Bow shock
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14 Processed pressure waveforms
Without turbulence With turbulence
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
t [ms]
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
t [ms]
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
t [ms]
ΔP
(kP
a)
ΔP
(kP
a)
ΔP
(kP
a)
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15 Schlieren image (Conical projectile)
Pressure transducer
Conical projectile
Flight direction
Primary shock
Recompressed shock
Gap shocks
Expansion shock
Connection part
Without shock-turbulence interaction, M = 1.35
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16 Sequential schlieren images
Δt = 0 μs
Pressure transducer Jet nozzle
location
Primary shock Primary shock
Primary shock
Gap shocks
Primary shock
Distorted gap shocks
Gap shocks
Primary shock
Gap shocks
Primary shock
With interaction Without interaction
Δt = 150 μs
Δt = 200 μs
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17 Pressure waveforms
With interaction
0.5 kPa
ΔP
[kP
a]
t [ms]
ΔP
[kP
a]
0.5 kPa
t [ms]
Recompressed shock Gap shocks
Primary shock
Without interaction
The turbulence effect was not critical issue for the long rise time pressure signature
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18 Summary
Turbulence effect on a pressure signature with the long rise
time was experimentally investigated in a ballistic range facility
The effect of turbulence on the N-shape waveform can be investigated in present experiment because of consistent with previous observation.
The shock wave front was distorted by turbulence.
The turbulence might not affect the pressure field generating the long rise time.
Future works
Evaluate statistics value for the effect of turbulence on the long rise time pressure signature.
Define the standard for evaluation of the long rise time pressure signature.
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Thank you for your attention
Questions?