EXPLORING ECONOMICSTRENGTHENING WITHINFAMILY REINTEGRATION
Hannah Wichmann April 2015
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
2
ThisstudywasundertakenaspartofaninternshipatRetrakarrangedwithsupportfromChristiansAboard
copyRetrak2015
PAGENO
ContentsPAGENO
3
1 Introduction 4
11 RetrakEthiopia 4
12 Reintegration 4
13 Economicstrengthening 5
2 Methodology 6
21 Systematicliteraturereview 6
22 Primarydatacollection 6
23 Translation 9
24 Dataanalysis 9
25 Ethics 9
26 Limitations 10
3 Findings from literature review 11
31 Graduationmodelasaframework 11
32 Cashtransfers 11
33 Training 11
34 Microfinance 12
35 Targetingandstigma 12
36 Assessments 13
4 Findings from beneficiary and staff interviews amp assessments 14
41 Familiesrsquocharacteristics 14
42 UseofIGAgrants 15
43 Socialexclusion16
44 Childrenrsquosparticipation 16
5 Discussion 17
51 Usingthegraduationmodel 17
52 Communityexclusion 19
53 Childrenrsquosparticipationineconomicstrengthening 19
54 Targetingeconomicstrengething support 20
55 Businesstraining 21
6 Conclusion 22
61 Graduationmodel 22
62 Childrenrsquosparticipationineconomicstrengthening 22
63 Targetingeconomicstrengtheningsupport 22
64 Communityexclusion 22
65 Businesstraining 22
7 Recommendations 23
Annex 1 25
Annex 2 27
1 Wakia J (2010) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document)
2 Retrak (2015) 2014 Reintegration Maps Retrak3 Retrak (2012) Retrak Standard OperatingProcedures Family reintegration ManchesterRetrak p11
4 Williamson J amp A Greenberg (2010) Families NotOrphanages Better Care Network Working Paper 9
New York Better Care Network Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Steele H Zeanah CHMuhamedrahimov RJ Vorria P Dobrova-Krol NASteele M van Ijzendoorn MH Juffer F amp MRGunnar (2011) lsquoAttachment and emotionaldevelopment in institutional care Characteristics andcatch-uprsquo in RB McCall MH van Ijzendoorn F JufferCJ Groark amp VK Groza (Eds) lsquoChildren withoutpermanent parents Research practice and policyrsquo
Monographs of the Society for Research in ChildDevelopment 76(4) pp62-91 Johnson R KBrowne amp C Hamilton-Giachritsis (2006) lsquoYoungChildren in Institutional Care at Risk of HarmrsquoTrauma Violence and Abuse (7)1 pp1-26
5 Wakia J (2015) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document) forthcoming
6 Retrak (2012) op cit4
11 Retrak Ethiopia
RetrakhasworkedwithchildrenonthestreetsinAfricafortwentyyearsandforeightyearsinEthiopiastrivingtoofferthemarealalternativetolifeonthestreetReasonsforchildrenmovingtothestreetarecomplexbutincludefamilyconflictabusebehaviouralproblemsandpovertywhichunderpinsmanyoftheotherfactors1Retrakbelievesthatnochildshouldbeforcedtoliveonthestreetsandaimstoprovidealternativeswhichareeasilyaccessibleaswellasstrengtheningfamiliesandcommunitiessothatchildrenarelesslikelytoenduponthestreetstostartwith
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyreachesouttochildrenonthestreetsandinvitesthemtoparticipateincounsellingcatch-upeducationfoodshelterlife-skillstraininghealthcareandopportunitiestoplaywhilstatdrop-incentresinAddisAbabaandHossana(atown250kmtothesouththroughwhichmanychildrenpassheadingtowardsAddisAbaba)RetrakrsquosworkiscentredonattachmenttheorywhichstatesthatitiskeytoachildrsquosdevelopmentforthemtoformsecureattachmentswithadultswhocareforthemBasedonthistheoryandRetrakrsquosconsiderableexperiencesupportisofferedtochildrenandtheirfamiliestoreintegratechildrenbacktotheirhomeswherethisispossibleandinthechildrsquosbestinterestsForotherchildrenfostercaresupporttobecomeindependentorotheralternativecareoptionsmaybemoreappropriate
RetrakEthiopiaisalsopioneeringanapproachtopreventingchildrenseparatingfromtheirfamiliesinlocationsfromwheremanychildrencometothestreets2Thisinvolvedacombinationoffamilyandeconomicstrengtheningwomenrsquosempowermentandcommunityeducationaroundchildprotectionissuesandthedangersoflifeonthestreets
12 Reintegration
AcorefocusofRetrakrsquosworkisprovidingreintegrationprogrammesforchildrenandwithinthisundertakingmonitoringandlearningactivitiesanddocumentinggoodpracticeinrelationtoreintegrationRetrakconsidersreintegrationtobe
ldquoThe process through which a child is returned backto hisher immediate or extended family (either whereshe lived before or with another family member) andis able to reintegrate into family and community lifewhere she receives the necessary care andprotection to grow and developrdquo 3
AlthoughnotsuitableorpossibleforeverychildRetrakconsidersfamilyreintegrationtobethefirstpriorityforanychildwhoisreadytomoveawayfromstreetlifeThereisconsiderableresearchthatshowshowchildrenthrivewhencaredforinafamilysettingandhowdamagingresidentialcarecanbe4HowevernotallfamiliescanprovideadequateandappropriatecarefortheirchildrenIndeedchildrenwhomRetrakhavemethaveclearlyshownthedilemmamanychildrenfaceTheyfrequentlyreporthowtheirfamiliesareboththereasontheyleftaswellasthemostpositivethingaboutlifeathomeandthereasontheywanttoreturnRetrakrsquosexperiencehasshownthatwhilsthelpingchildrentoreturn5 tothecareoftheirfamilyisfarfromeasyandstraightforwardthatitiswhatmanychildrenandfamilieswantandthatitispossiblewithappropriatesupportRetrakrsquosFamilyReintegrationSOPsoutlinetheprinciplesandstepsforRetrakrsquosreintegrationworkhighlightingthekeyelementsofstrengtheningandsupportingfamiliestocareandprovidefortheirchildren6
1 Introduction
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
5
7 Dybicz P (2005) lsquoInterventions for street children Ananalysis of current best practicesrsquo InternationalSocial Work 48(6) pp763-771 Wakia (2010) op citWakia (2015) op cit
8 Based on Chambers R amp G Conway (DFID 1992) asquoted in CPC Livelihoods and EconomicStrengthening Task Force (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs Maximizing
Benefits and Minimizing Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
13 Economic strengthening
ItisclearfrombothacademicstudiesandRetrakrsquosexperiencethatpovertyisacommonpushfactorforchildrentomovetothestreetandisoftentherootofmanyotherpushfactors 7WhilstitmaynotbeareasonforeverychildandisrarelytheonlycausepovertyisamajorbarriertosuccessfulreintegrationwhichmustbeaddressedRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesincomegeneratingactivity(IGA)grantstofamilieswhoaredeemedtobelivinginsuchextremepovertythattheyareunabletocarefortheirchildandfulfilRetrakrsquoschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheningaimsThegrantisintendedtoenablefamiliestostartorgrowabusinesswhichcanthenhelpthemmeettheirbasicneeds
RetrakEthiopiabelievesthatitschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoalsareaddressedwellwithinthereintegrationprocessbutthatinterventionsaddressingeconomicissuescouldbeimprovedThedistancebetweenthefamiliesthatRetrakworkswithmeansthatfollow-upisexpensiveandtime-consuminglimitingtheinteractionthatstaffhavewithchildrenandfamiliesafterreintegrationThisisamajorchallengeforanyeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsimplementedbyRetrak
ThereforethissmallresearchprojectwasconceivedtohelplookmoredeeplyattheissuessurroundingeconomicstrengtheningwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosreintegrationprogrammeswiththeaimofseekingnewwaystoaddressthechallengesEconomicstrengtheninginthecontextofthisresearchprojectistakentobeactionstakenbygovernmentsdonorsandimplementerstoimprovelivelihoodsincludingcapabilitiesassetsandactivitiesrequiredforameansofliving 8
Research objectives
Theobjectivesofthisresearchprojectwere
bullToevaluatetheextenttowhichtheeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscurrentlyusedbyRetrakEthiopiahaveimpactedthereintegrationprocessSpecificallytheextenttowhichtheIGAgranthelpsmeetchildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoals
bullToconsiderhowtheoryandgoodpracticeincurrentliteraturemayrelatetothefamiliesinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammes
bullTousethecurrentliteratureandthefindingsofthisstudytomakerecommendationsabouthowRetrakEthiopiacouldimproveitseconomicstrengtheninginterventions
6
21 Systematic literature review
AliteraturereviewwasconductedusingasystematicapproachThismeantthattheresearcherundertooksomereadingofliteraturesothatsearchtermscouldbeagreedbasedoncommonthemesandtermsSearchtermswerethenusedtoreducetheriskofresearcherbiasThesesearchtermsincludedthemaineconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfoundtobeimportanttochildreintegrationduringtheinitialsearchcombinedwithotherreintegratedgroupsofchildrensuchaschildsoldiersandOVC
ThesearcheswereconductedusingGooglesearchandGoogleScholarbetweenNovember2014andFebruary2015fortheperiod2004untilpresent
22 Primary data collection
DatawascollectedthroughdirectengagementwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosbeneficiariesovertwoweeksattheendofJanuary2015FamiliesfromtheregionsofSNNPROromiaandAmharawereincludedinthestudyasmostofthechildrenRetrakEthiopiahelpsinAddisAbabacomefromtheseregions
221 Sampling
ThefamiliesincludedinthisstudywerepurposivelysampledItwasarequirementthatallfamiliesincludedinthestudyhadachildwhohadbeenreintegratedwiththeirfamilyandhadreceivedanIGAgrantfromRetrakRetrakonlyworkswithboysinAddisAbabaasthemajorityofthechildpopulationonthestreetsisboysThesevenfamiliesincludedinthestudywerethenchosenbasedpartiallyontheeaseofaccessandpartiallytoincludefamiliesfromarangeoflocationsandcontexts
222 Semi-structured interviews with families
Semi-structuredinterviewswereconductedwithcare-giverstogiveanunderstandingofthecontextofthereintegrationoftheirchildhowtheyusedthegranttheimpactthegranthadandtheirhopesforthefutureOneoftheresearchaimswastoassesstheimpactoftheIGAgrantsthatRetrakgivesItwasthereforeimportantthattheinterviewsaskedthefamiliesthemselveshowsuccessfultheyfeltithadbeenUsingsemi-structuredinterviewsmeantthatfactorsconsideredimportantbythefamiliesbutnotpreviouslybytheresearchercouldbeincluded
TheseinterviewswereconductedinAmharicorOromifaTheywerethereforerecordedsothattheycouldthenbetranscribedtranslatedandanalysedNoteswerealsotaken
223 Semi-structured interviews withRetrak staff and staff from other NGOs
RetrakEthiopiastaffwereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheranunderstandingofwhatiscurrentlyhappeningandwhatstafffeltwerethestrengthsandweaknessesofRetrakrsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionItwasimportanttoconsidertheopinionsofthestaffastheyhaveextensiveexperiencereintegratingstreetchildrenandofprovidingIGAgrantsNotesweretakenduringtheseinterviewsinbulletpointformTheresearcherinterviewedtwosocialworkerstheheadofsocialworkandthemonitoringandevaluationmanager
StafffromtwootherNGOswereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheraknowledgeofwhateconomicstrengtheningapproachesotherNGOsareusingHopeforChildrenEthiopiaandOPRIFS(OrganisationforthePreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetchildren)wereincludedbecausetheybothworkwithchildrenonthestreetanduseeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocess
2 Methodology
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
7
HopeforChildrenoffersthechildrenthatitworkswiththeopportunitytolearnaskillsuchasweavingwhichtheycanthenusetoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeWhenachildreturnshometheyalsoreceivethetoolsfortheirbusinesssuchasaloomsomematerialsandseedmoneyofbetween4000-5000birrHopeforChildrenacknowledgesthatnotallofthismoneywillbespentonthebusinessbutwanttoensurethatthechilddoesnotburdenthefamilyandcreateconflictwhentheyreturnTheNGOalsolinkschildrenwithagovernmentrunmicro-financegroupwhentheyreturnTheyencouragethechildrentoinitiallysavearound20oftheirseedmoneywiththeorganisationandtoseekbusinessadviceandloansfromthegroupastheirbusinessgrows
OPRIFS(OrganisationforPreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetChildren)workswithgirlsonthestreetwhoarefromAddisAbabaitselforfromelsewhereinthecountryOPRIFSprovidesagranttofamiliesitdeemsmostinneedeitherascashorin-kindsupportThemaximumvalueofthesupportis2000birrOPRIFSgivesthegranttothefamilybutpartofthebusinessandincomeisgiventothegirltotakecareofandtousetherevenuetosupportherself
224 IGA grant assessment
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttoinformdecisionsaboutwhetherafamilyshouldreceiveanIGAgrantThisassessmentwasadaptedbasedoncurrentliteraturewhichemphasisestheimportanceofincludingamarketanalysisconsideringvulnerabilitytoeconomicshocksandcapacityThequestionsaskedincludedwhatproductsorservicesthehouseholdfeltwerelackinginthelocaleconomicandadescriptionandfrequencyofeconomicshocksexperiencedintheprevioustwelvemonths
ThequestionsrelatingtotheIGAassessmentwereaskedaftertheinterviewalthoughtheassessmentwascompletedinfullbythesocialworkerafterwardsTheassessmentwasconductedtwiceoncetoaskretrospectivelyaboutthehouseholdrsquossituationbeforethegrantwasgivenandagaintoaskabouttheirpresentsituationAcomparisoncouldthenbemadetoseehowthesupportthatRetrakprovidedchangedtheeconomicstabilityandcapacityofthehouseholdAlsoitwasconductedtoassesstheextenttowhichhouseholdsfelttheyunderstoodthelocalmarket
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
225 Child wellbeing assessment
RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring
8
Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10
Domain Sub-domain Goal
1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear
1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity
2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe
2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport
3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation
3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded
4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy
4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare
5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive
moodandhopefuloutlook
5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren
6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand
lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity
6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob
9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for
Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation
10 Ibid
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
2
ThisstudywasundertakenaspartofaninternshipatRetrakarrangedwithsupportfromChristiansAboard
copyRetrak2015
PAGENO
ContentsPAGENO
3
1 Introduction 4
11 RetrakEthiopia 4
12 Reintegration 4
13 Economicstrengthening 5
2 Methodology 6
21 Systematicliteraturereview 6
22 Primarydatacollection 6
23 Translation 9
24 Dataanalysis 9
25 Ethics 9
26 Limitations 10
3 Findings from literature review 11
31 Graduationmodelasaframework 11
32 Cashtransfers 11
33 Training 11
34 Microfinance 12
35 Targetingandstigma 12
36 Assessments 13
4 Findings from beneficiary and staff interviews amp assessments 14
41 Familiesrsquocharacteristics 14
42 UseofIGAgrants 15
43 Socialexclusion16
44 Childrenrsquosparticipation 16
5 Discussion 17
51 Usingthegraduationmodel 17
52 Communityexclusion 19
53 Childrenrsquosparticipationineconomicstrengthening 19
54 Targetingeconomicstrengething support 20
55 Businesstraining 21
6 Conclusion 22
61 Graduationmodel 22
62 Childrenrsquosparticipationineconomicstrengthening 22
63 Targetingeconomicstrengtheningsupport 22
64 Communityexclusion 22
65 Businesstraining 22
7 Recommendations 23
Annex 1 25
Annex 2 27
1 Wakia J (2010) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document)
2 Retrak (2015) 2014 Reintegration Maps Retrak3 Retrak (2012) Retrak Standard OperatingProcedures Family reintegration ManchesterRetrak p11
4 Williamson J amp A Greenberg (2010) Families NotOrphanages Better Care Network Working Paper 9
New York Better Care Network Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Steele H Zeanah CHMuhamedrahimov RJ Vorria P Dobrova-Krol NASteele M van Ijzendoorn MH Juffer F amp MRGunnar (2011) lsquoAttachment and emotionaldevelopment in institutional care Characteristics andcatch-uprsquo in RB McCall MH van Ijzendoorn F JufferCJ Groark amp VK Groza (Eds) lsquoChildren withoutpermanent parents Research practice and policyrsquo
Monographs of the Society for Research in ChildDevelopment 76(4) pp62-91 Johnson R KBrowne amp C Hamilton-Giachritsis (2006) lsquoYoungChildren in Institutional Care at Risk of HarmrsquoTrauma Violence and Abuse (7)1 pp1-26
5 Wakia J (2015) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document) forthcoming
6 Retrak (2012) op cit4
11 Retrak Ethiopia
RetrakhasworkedwithchildrenonthestreetsinAfricafortwentyyearsandforeightyearsinEthiopiastrivingtoofferthemarealalternativetolifeonthestreetReasonsforchildrenmovingtothestreetarecomplexbutincludefamilyconflictabusebehaviouralproblemsandpovertywhichunderpinsmanyoftheotherfactors1Retrakbelievesthatnochildshouldbeforcedtoliveonthestreetsandaimstoprovidealternativeswhichareeasilyaccessibleaswellasstrengtheningfamiliesandcommunitiessothatchildrenarelesslikelytoenduponthestreetstostartwith
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyreachesouttochildrenonthestreetsandinvitesthemtoparticipateincounsellingcatch-upeducationfoodshelterlife-skillstraininghealthcareandopportunitiestoplaywhilstatdrop-incentresinAddisAbabaandHossana(atown250kmtothesouththroughwhichmanychildrenpassheadingtowardsAddisAbaba)RetrakrsquosworkiscentredonattachmenttheorywhichstatesthatitiskeytoachildrsquosdevelopmentforthemtoformsecureattachmentswithadultswhocareforthemBasedonthistheoryandRetrakrsquosconsiderableexperiencesupportisofferedtochildrenandtheirfamiliestoreintegratechildrenbacktotheirhomeswherethisispossibleandinthechildrsquosbestinterestsForotherchildrenfostercaresupporttobecomeindependentorotheralternativecareoptionsmaybemoreappropriate
RetrakEthiopiaisalsopioneeringanapproachtopreventingchildrenseparatingfromtheirfamiliesinlocationsfromwheremanychildrencometothestreets2Thisinvolvedacombinationoffamilyandeconomicstrengtheningwomenrsquosempowermentandcommunityeducationaroundchildprotectionissuesandthedangersoflifeonthestreets
12 Reintegration
AcorefocusofRetrakrsquosworkisprovidingreintegrationprogrammesforchildrenandwithinthisundertakingmonitoringandlearningactivitiesanddocumentinggoodpracticeinrelationtoreintegrationRetrakconsidersreintegrationtobe
ldquoThe process through which a child is returned backto hisher immediate or extended family (either whereshe lived before or with another family member) andis able to reintegrate into family and community lifewhere she receives the necessary care andprotection to grow and developrdquo 3
AlthoughnotsuitableorpossibleforeverychildRetrakconsidersfamilyreintegrationtobethefirstpriorityforanychildwhoisreadytomoveawayfromstreetlifeThereisconsiderableresearchthatshowshowchildrenthrivewhencaredforinafamilysettingandhowdamagingresidentialcarecanbe4HowevernotallfamiliescanprovideadequateandappropriatecarefortheirchildrenIndeedchildrenwhomRetrakhavemethaveclearlyshownthedilemmamanychildrenfaceTheyfrequentlyreporthowtheirfamiliesareboththereasontheyleftaswellasthemostpositivethingaboutlifeathomeandthereasontheywanttoreturnRetrakrsquosexperiencehasshownthatwhilsthelpingchildrentoreturn5 tothecareoftheirfamilyisfarfromeasyandstraightforwardthatitiswhatmanychildrenandfamilieswantandthatitispossiblewithappropriatesupportRetrakrsquosFamilyReintegrationSOPsoutlinetheprinciplesandstepsforRetrakrsquosreintegrationworkhighlightingthekeyelementsofstrengtheningandsupportingfamiliestocareandprovidefortheirchildren6
1 Introduction
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
5
7 Dybicz P (2005) lsquoInterventions for street children Ananalysis of current best practicesrsquo InternationalSocial Work 48(6) pp763-771 Wakia (2010) op citWakia (2015) op cit
8 Based on Chambers R amp G Conway (DFID 1992) asquoted in CPC Livelihoods and EconomicStrengthening Task Force (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs Maximizing
Benefits and Minimizing Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
13 Economic strengthening
ItisclearfrombothacademicstudiesandRetrakrsquosexperiencethatpovertyisacommonpushfactorforchildrentomovetothestreetandisoftentherootofmanyotherpushfactors 7WhilstitmaynotbeareasonforeverychildandisrarelytheonlycausepovertyisamajorbarriertosuccessfulreintegrationwhichmustbeaddressedRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesincomegeneratingactivity(IGA)grantstofamilieswhoaredeemedtobelivinginsuchextremepovertythattheyareunabletocarefortheirchildandfulfilRetrakrsquoschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheningaimsThegrantisintendedtoenablefamiliestostartorgrowabusinesswhichcanthenhelpthemmeettheirbasicneeds
RetrakEthiopiabelievesthatitschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoalsareaddressedwellwithinthereintegrationprocessbutthatinterventionsaddressingeconomicissuescouldbeimprovedThedistancebetweenthefamiliesthatRetrakworkswithmeansthatfollow-upisexpensiveandtime-consuminglimitingtheinteractionthatstaffhavewithchildrenandfamiliesafterreintegrationThisisamajorchallengeforanyeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsimplementedbyRetrak
ThereforethissmallresearchprojectwasconceivedtohelplookmoredeeplyattheissuessurroundingeconomicstrengtheningwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosreintegrationprogrammeswiththeaimofseekingnewwaystoaddressthechallengesEconomicstrengtheninginthecontextofthisresearchprojectistakentobeactionstakenbygovernmentsdonorsandimplementerstoimprovelivelihoodsincludingcapabilitiesassetsandactivitiesrequiredforameansofliving 8
Research objectives
Theobjectivesofthisresearchprojectwere
bullToevaluatetheextenttowhichtheeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscurrentlyusedbyRetrakEthiopiahaveimpactedthereintegrationprocessSpecificallytheextenttowhichtheIGAgranthelpsmeetchildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoals
bullToconsiderhowtheoryandgoodpracticeincurrentliteraturemayrelatetothefamiliesinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammes
bullTousethecurrentliteratureandthefindingsofthisstudytomakerecommendationsabouthowRetrakEthiopiacouldimproveitseconomicstrengtheninginterventions
6
21 Systematic literature review
AliteraturereviewwasconductedusingasystematicapproachThismeantthattheresearcherundertooksomereadingofliteraturesothatsearchtermscouldbeagreedbasedoncommonthemesandtermsSearchtermswerethenusedtoreducetheriskofresearcherbiasThesesearchtermsincludedthemaineconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfoundtobeimportanttochildreintegrationduringtheinitialsearchcombinedwithotherreintegratedgroupsofchildrensuchaschildsoldiersandOVC
ThesearcheswereconductedusingGooglesearchandGoogleScholarbetweenNovember2014andFebruary2015fortheperiod2004untilpresent
22 Primary data collection
DatawascollectedthroughdirectengagementwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosbeneficiariesovertwoweeksattheendofJanuary2015FamiliesfromtheregionsofSNNPROromiaandAmharawereincludedinthestudyasmostofthechildrenRetrakEthiopiahelpsinAddisAbabacomefromtheseregions
221 Sampling
ThefamiliesincludedinthisstudywerepurposivelysampledItwasarequirementthatallfamiliesincludedinthestudyhadachildwhohadbeenreintegratedwiththeirfamilyandhadreceivedanIGAgrantfromRetrakRetrakonlyworkswithboysinAddisAbabaasthemajorityofthechildpopulationonthestreetsisboysThesevenfamiliesincludedinthestudywerethenchosenbasedpartiallyontheeaseofaccessandpartiallytoincludefamiliesfromarangeoflocationsandcontexts
222 Semi-structured interviews with families
Semi-structuredinterviewswereconductedwithcare-giverstogiveanunderstandingofthecontextofthereintegrationoftheirchildhowtheyusedthegranttheimpactthegranthadandtheirhopesforthefutureOneoftheresearchaimswastoassesstheimpactoftheIGAgrantsthatRetrakgivesItwasthereforeimportantthattheinterviewsaskedthefamiliesthemselveshowsuccessfultheyfeltithadbeenUsingsemi-structuredinterviewsmeantthatfactorsconsideredimportantbythefamiliesbutnotpreviouslybytheresearchercouldbeincluded
TheseinterviewswereconductedinAmharicorOromifaTheywerethereforerecordedsothattheycouldthenbetranscribedtranslatedandanalysedNoteswerealsotaken
223 Semi-structured interviews withRetrak staff and staff from other NGOs
RetrakEthiopiastaffwereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheranunderstandingofwhatiscurrentlyhappeningandwhatstafffeltwerethestrengthsandweaknessesofRetrakrsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionItwasimportanttoconsidertheopinionsofthestaffastheyhaveextensiveexperiencereintegratingstreetchildrenandofprovidingIGAgrantsNotesweretakenduringtheseinterviewsinbulletpointformTheresearcherinterviewedtwosocialworkerstheheadofsocialworkandthemonitoringandevaluationmanager
StafffromtwootherNGOswereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheraknowledgeofwhateconomicstrengtheningapproachesotherNGOsareusingHopeforChildrenEthiopiaandOPRIFS(OrganisationforthePreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetchildren)wereincludedbecausetheybothworkwithchildrenonthestreetanduseeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocess
2 Methodology
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
7
HopeforChildrenoffersthechildrenthatitworkswiththeopportunitytolearnaskillsuchasweavingwhichtheycanthenusetoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeWhenachildreturnshometheyalsoreceivethetoolsfortheirbusinesssuchasaloomsomematerialsandseedmoneyofbetween4000-5000birrHopeforChildrenacknowledgesthatnotallofthismoneywillbespentonthebusinessbutwanttoensurethatthechilddoesnotburdenthefamilyandcreateconflictwhentheyreturnTheNGOalsolinkschildrenwithagovernmentrunmicro-financegroupwhentheyreturnTheyencouragethechildrentoinitiallysavearound20oftheirseedmoneywiththeorganisationandtoseekbusinessadviceandloansfromthegroupastheirbusinessgrows
OPRIFS(OrganisationforPreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetChildren)workswithgirlsonthestreetwhoarefromAddisAbabaitselforfromelsewhereinthecountryOPRIFSprovidesagranttofamiliesitdeemsmostinneedeitherascashorin-kindsupportThemaximumvalueofthesupportis2000birrOPRIFSgivesthegranttothefamilybutpartofthebusinessandincomeisgiventothegirltotakecareofandtousetherevenuetosupportherself
224 IGA grant assessment
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttoinformdecisionsaboutwhetherafamilyshouldreceiveanIGAgrantThisassessmentwasadaptedbasedoncurrentliteraturewhichemphasisestheimportanceofincludingamarketanalysisconsideringvulnerabilitytoeconomicshocksandcapacityThequestionsaskedincludedwhatproductsorservicesthehouseholdfeltwerelackinginthelocaleconomicandadescriptionandfrequencyofeconomicshocksexperiencedintheprevioustwelvemonths
ThequestionsrelatingtotheIGAassessmentwereaskedaftertheinterviewalthoughtheassessmentwascompletedinfullbythesocialworkerafterwardsTheassessmentwasconductedtwiceoncetoaskretrospectivelyaboutthehouseholdrsquossituationbeforethegrantwasgivenandagaintoaskabouttheirpresentsituationAcomparisoncouldthenbemadetoseehowthesupportthatRetrakprovidedchangedtheeconomicstabilityandcapacityofthehouseholdAlsoitwasconductedtoassesstheextenttowhichhouseholdsfelttheyunderstoodthelocalmarket
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
225 Child wellbeing assessment
RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring
8
Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10
Domain Sub-domain Goal
1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear
1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity
2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe
2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport
3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation
3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded
4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy
4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare
5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive
moodandhopefuloutlook
5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren
6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand
lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity
6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob
9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for
Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation
10 Ibid
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
PAGENO
ContentsPAGENO
3
1 Introduction 4
11 RetrakEthiopia 4
12 Reintegration 4
13 Economicstrengthening 5
2 Methodology 6
21 Systematicliteraturereview 6
22 Primarydatacollection 6
23 Translation 9
24 Dataanalysis 9
25 Ethics 9
26 Limitations 10
3 Findings from literature review 11
31 Graduationmodelasaframework 11
32 Cashtransfers 11
33 Training 11
34 Microfinance 12
35 Targetingandstigma 12
36 Assessments 13
4 Findings from beneficiary and staff interviews amp assessments 14
41 Familiesrsquocharacteristics 14
42 UseofIGAgrants 15
43 Socialexclusion16
44 Childrenrsquosparticipation 16
5 Discussion 17
51 Usingthegraduationmodel 17
52 Communityexclusion 19
53 Childrenrsquosparticipationineconomicstrengthening 19
54 Targetingeconomicstrengething support 20
55 Businesstraining 21
6 Conclusion 22
61 Graduationmodel 22
62 Childrenrsquosparticipationineconomicstrengthening 22
63 Targetingeconomicstrengtheningsupport 22
64 Communityexclusion 22
65 Businesstraining 22
7 Recommendations 23
Annex 1 25
Annex 2 27
1 Wakia J (2010) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document)
2 Retrak (2015) 2014 Reintegration Maps Retrak3 Retrak (2012) Retrak Standard OperatingProcedures Family reintegration ManchesterRetrak p11
4 Williamson J amp A Greenberg (2010) Families NotOrphanages Better Care Network Working Paper 9
New York Better Care Network Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Steele H Zeanah CHMuhamedrahimov RJ Vorria P Dobrova-Krol NASteele M van Ijzendoorn MH Juffer F amp MRGunnar (2011) lsquoAttachment and emotionaldevelopment in institutional care Characteristics andcatch-uprsquo in RB McCall MH van Ijzendoorn F JufferCJ Groark amp VK Groza (Eds) lsquoChildren withoutpermanent parents Research practice and policyrsquo
Monographs of the Society for Research in ChildDevelopment 76(4) pp62-91 Johnson R KBrowne amp C Hamilton-Giachritsis (2006) lsquoYoungChildren in Institutional Care at Risk of HarmrsquoTrauma Violence and Abuse (7)1 pp1-26
5 Wakia J (2015) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document) forthcoming
6 Retrak (2012) op cit4
11 Retrak Ethiopia
RetrakhasworkedwithchildrenonthestreetsinAfricafortwentyyearsandforeightyearsinEthiopiastrivingtoofferthemarealalternativetolifeonthestreetReasonsforchildrenmovingtothestreetarecomplexbutincludefamilyconflictabusebehaviouralproblemsandpovertywhichunderpinsmanyoftheotherfactors1Retrakbelievesthatnochildshouldbeforcedtoliveonthestreetsandaimstoprovidealternativeswhichareeasilyaccessibleaswellasstrengtheningfamiliesandcommunitiessothatchildrenarelesslikelytoenduponthestreetstostartwith
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyreachesouttochildrenonthestreetsandinvitesthemtoparticipateincounsellingcatch-upeducationfoodshelterlife-skillstraininghealthcareandopportunitiestoplaywhilstatdrop-incentresinAddisAbabaandHossana(atown250kmtothesouththroughwhichmanychildrenpassheadingtowardsAddisAbaba)RetrakrsquosworkiscentredonattachmenttheorywhichstatesthatitiskeytoachildrsquosdevelopmentforthemtoformsecureattachmentswithadultswhocareforthemBasedonthistheoryandRetrakrsquosconsiderableexperiencesupportisofferedtochildrenandtheirfamiliestoreintegratechildrenbacktotheirhomeswherethisispossibleandinthechildrsquosbestinterestsForotherchildrenfostercaresupporttobecomeindependentorotheralternativecareoptionsmaybemoreappropriate
RetrakEthiopiaisalsopioneeringanapproachtopreventingchildrenseparatingfromtheirfamiliesinlocationsfromwheremanychildrencometothestreets2Thisinvolvedacombinationoffamilyandeconomicstrengtheningwomenrsquosempowermentandcommunityeducationaroundchildprotectionissuesandthedangersoflifeonthestreets
12 Reintegration
AcorefocusofRetrakrsquosworkisprovidingreintegrationprogrammesforchildrenandwithinthisundertakingmonitoringandlearningactivitiesanddocumentinggoodpracticeinrelationtoreintegrationRetrakconsidersreintegrationtobe
ldquoThe process through which a child is returned backto hisher immediate or extended family (either whereshe lived before or with another family member) andis able to reintegrate into family and community lifewhere she receives the necessary care andprotection to grow and developrdquo 3
AlthoughnotsuitableorpossibleforeverychildRetrakconsidersfamilyreintegrationtobethefirstpriorityforanychildwhoisreadytomoveawayfromstreetlifeThereisconsiderableresearchthatshowshowchildrenthrivewhencaredforinafamilysettingandhowdamagingresidentialcarecanbe4HowevernotallfamiliescanprovideadequateandappropriatecarefortheirchildrenIndeedchildrenwhomRetrakhavemethaveclearlyshownthedilemmamanychildrenfaceTheyfrequentlyreporthowtheirfamiliesareboththereasontheyleftaswellasthemostpositivethingaboutlifeathomeandthereasontheywanttoreturnRetrakrsquosexperiencehasshownthatwhilsthelpingchildrentoreturn5 tothecareoftheirfamilyisfarfromeasyandstraightforwardthatitiswhatmanychildrenandfamilieswantandthatitispossiblewithappropriatesupportRetrakrsquosFamilyReintegrationSOPsoutlinetheprinciplesandstepsforRetrakrsquosreintegrationworkhighlightingthekeyelementsofstrengtheningandsupportingfamiliestocareandprovidefortheirchildren6
1 Introduction
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
5
7 Dybicz P (2005) lsquoInterventions for street children Ananalysis of current best practicesrsquo InternationalSocial Work 48(6) pp763-771 Wakia (2010) op citWakia (2015) op cit
8 Based on Chambers R amp G Conway (DFID 1992) asquoted in CPC Livelihoods and EconomicStrengthening Task Force (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs Maximizing
Benefits and Minimizing Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
13 Economic strengthening
ItisclearfrombothacademicstudiesandRetrakrsquosexperiencethatpovertyisacommonpushfactorforchildrentomovetothestreetandisoftentherootofmanyotherpushfactors 7WhilstitmaynotbeareasonforeverychildandisrarelytheonlycausepovertyisamajorbarriertosuccessfulreintegrationwhichmustbeaddressedRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesincomegeneratingactivity(IGA)grantstofamilieswhoaredeemedtobelivinginsuchextremepovertythattheyareunabletocarefortheirchildandfulfilRetrakrsquoschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheningaimsThegrantisintendedtoenablefamiliestostartorgrowabusinesswhichcanthenhelpthemmeettheirbasicneeds
RetrakEthiopiabelievesthatitschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoalsareaddressedwellwithinthereintegrationprocessbutthatinterventionsaddressingeconomicissuescouldbeimprovedThedistancebetweenthefamiliesthatRetrakworkswithmeansthatfollow-upisexpensiveandtime-consuminglimitingtheinteractionthatstaffhavewithchildrenandfamiliesafterreintegrationThisisamajorchallengeforanyeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsimplementedbyRetrak
ThereforethissmallresearchprojectwasconceivedtohelplookmoredeeplyattheissuessurroundingeconomicstrengtheningwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosreintegrationprogrammeswiththeaimofseekingnewwaystoaddressthechallengesEconomicstrengtheninginthecontextofthisresearchprojectistakentobeactionstakenbygovernmentsdonorsandimplementerstoimprovelivelihoodsincludingcapabilitiesassetsandactivitiesrequiredforameansofliving 8
Research objectives
Theobjectivesofthisresearchprojectwere
bullToevaluatetheextenttowhichtheeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscurrentlyusedbyRetrakEthiopiahaveimpactedthereintegrationprocessSpecificallytheextenttowhichtheIGAgranthelpsmeetchildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoals
bullToconsiderhowtheoryandgoodpracticeincurrentliteraturemayrelatetothefamiliesinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammes
bullTousethecurrentliteratureandthefindingsofthisstudytomakerecommendationsabouthowRetrakEthiopiacouldimproveitseconomicstrengtheninginterventions
6
21 Systematic literature review
AliteraturereviewwasconductedusingasystematicapproachThismeantthattheresearcherundertooksomereadingofliteraturesothatsearchtermscouldbeagreedbasedoncommonthemesandtermsSearchtermswerethenusedtoreducetheriskofresearcherbiasThesesearchtermsincludedthemaineconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfoundtobeimportanttochildreintegrationduringtheinitialsearchcombinedwithotherreintegratedgroupsofchildrensuchaschildsoldiersandOVC
ThesearcheswereconductedusingGooglesearchandGoogleScholarbetweenNovember2014andFebruary2015fortheperiod2004untilpresent
22 Primary data collection
DatawascollectedthroughdirectengagementwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosbeneficiariesovertwoweeksattheendofJanuary2015FamiliesfromtheregionsofSNNPROromiaandAmharawereincludedinthestudyasmostofthechildrenRetrakEthiopiahelpsinAddisAbabacomefromtheseregions
221 Sampling
ThefamiliesincludedinthisstudywerepurposivelysampledItwasarequirementthatallfamiliesincludedinthestudyhadachildwhohadbeenreintegratedwiththeirfamilyandhadreceivedanIGAgrantfromRetrakRetrakonlyworkswithboysinAddisAbabaasthemajorityofthechildpopulationonthestreetsisboysThesevenfamiliesincludedinthestudywerethenchosenbasedpartiallyontheeaseofaccessandpartiallytoincludefamiliesfromarangeoflocationsandcontexts
222 Semi-structured interviews with families
Semi-structuredinterviewswereconductedwithcare-giverstogiveanunderstandingofthecontextofthereintegrationoftheirchildhowtheyusedthegranttheimpactthegranthadandtheirhopesforthefutureOneoftheresearchaimswastoassesstheimpactoftheIGAgrantsthatRetrakgivesItwasthereforeimportantthattheinterviewsaskedthefamiliesthemselveshowsuccessfultheyfeltithadbeenUsingsemi-structuredinterviewsmeantthatfactorsconsideredimportantbythefamiliesbutnotpreviouslybytheresearchercouldbeincluded
TheseinterviewswereconductedinAmharicorOromifaTheywerethereforerecordedsothattheycouldthenbetranscribedtranslatedandanalysedNoteswerealsotaken
223 Semi-structured interviews withRetrak staff and staff from other NGOs
RetrakEthiopiastaffwereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheranunderstandingofwhatiscurrentlyhappeningandwhatstafffeltwerethestrengthsandweaknessesofRetrakrsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionItwasimportanttoconsidertheopinionsofthestaffastheyhaveextensiveexperiencereintegratingstreetchildrenandofprovidingIGAgrantsNotesweretakenduringtheseinterviewsinbulletpointformTheresearcherinterviewedtwosocialworkerstheheadofsocialworkandthemonitoringandevaluationmanager
StafffromtwootherNGOswereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheraknowledgeofwhateconomicstrengtheningapproachesotherNGOsareusingHopeforChildrenEthiopiaandOPRIFS(OrganisationforthePreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetchildren)wereincludedbecausetheybothworkwithchildrenonthestreetanduseeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocess
2 Methodology
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
7
HopeforChildrenoffersthechildrenthatitworkswiththeopportunitytolearnaskillsuchasweavingwhichtheycanthenusetoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeWhenachildreturnshometheyalsoreceivethetoolsfortheirbusinesssuchasaloomsomematerialsandseedmoneyofbetween4000-5000birrHopeforChildrenacknowledgesthatnotallofthismoneywillbespentonthebusinessbutwanttoensurethatthechilddoesnotburdenthefamilyandcreateconflictwhentheyreturnTheNGOalsolinkschildrenwithagovernmentrunmicro-financegroupwhentheyreturnTheyencouragethechildrentoinitiallysavearound20oftheirseedmoneywiththeorganisationandtoseekbusinessadviceandloansfromthegroupastheirbusinessgrows
OPRIFS(OrganisationforPreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetChildren)workswithgirlsonthestreetwhoarefromAddisAbabaitselforfromelsewhereinthecountryOPRIFSprovidesagranttofamiliesitdeemsmostinneedeitherascashorin-kindsupportThemaximumvalueofthesupportis2000birrOPRIFSgivesthegranttothefamilybutpartofthebusinessandincomeisgiventothegirltotakecareofandtousetherevenuetosupportherself
224 IGA grant assessment
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttoinformdecisionsaboutwhetherafamilyshouldreceiveanIGAgrantThisassessmentwasadaptedbasedoncurrentliteraturewhichemphasisestheimportanceofincludingamarketanalysisconsideringvulnerabilitytoeconomicshocksandcapacityThequestionsaskedincludedwhatproductsorservicesthehouseholdfeltwerelackinginthelocaleconomicandadescriptionandfrequencyofeconomicshocksexperiencedintheprevioustwelvemonths
ThequestionsrelatingtotheIGAassessmentwereaskedaftertheinterviewalthoughtheassessmentwascompletedinfullbythesocialworkerafterwardsTheassessmentwasconductedtwiceoncetoaskretrospectivelyaboutthehouseholdrsquossituationbeforethegrantwasgivenandagaintoaskabouttheirpresentsituationAcomparisoncouldthenbemadetoseehowthesupportthatRetrakprovidedchangedtheeconomicstabilityandcapacityofthehouseholdAlsoitwasconductedtoassesstheextenttowhichhouseholdsfelttheyunderstoodthelocalmarket
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
225 Child wellbeing assessment
RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring
8
Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10
Domain Sub-domain Goal
1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear
1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity
2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe
2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport
3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation
3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded
4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy
4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare
5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive
moodandhopefuloutlook
5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren
6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand
lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity
6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob
9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for
Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation
10 Ibid
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
1 Wakia J (2010) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document)
2 Retrak (2015) 2014 Reintegration Maps Retrak3 Retrak (2012) Retrak Standard OperatingProcedures Family reintegration ManchesterRetrak p11
4 Williamson J amp A Greenberg (2010) Families NotOrphanages Better Care Network Working Paper 9
New York Better Care Network Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Steele H Zeanah CHMuhamedrahimov RJ Vorria P Dobrova-Krol NASteele M van Ijzendoorn MH Juffer F amp MRGunnar (2011) lsquoAttachment and emotionaldevelopment in institutional care Characteristics andcatch-uprsquo in RB McCall MH van Ijzendoorn F JufferCJ Groark amp VK Groza (Eds) lsquoChildren withoutpermanent parents Research practice and policyrsquo
Monographs of the Society for Research in ChildDevelopment 76(4) pp62-91 Johnson R KBrowne amp C Hamilton-Giachritsis (2006) lsquoYoungChildren in Institutional Care at Risk of HarmrsquoTrauma Violence and Abuse (7)1 pp1-26
5 Wakia J (2015) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document) forthcoming
6 Retrak (2012) op cit4
11 Retrak Ethiopia
RetrakhasworkedwithchildrenonthestreetsinAfricafortwentyyearsandforeightyearsinEthiopiastrivingtoofferthemarealalternativetolifeonthestreetReasonsforchildrenmovingtothestreetarecomplexbutincludefamilyconflictabusebehaviouralproblemsandpovertywhichunderpinsmanyoftheotherfactors1Retrakbelievesthatnochildshouldbeforcedtoliveonthestreetsandaimstoprovidealternativeswhichareeasilyaccessibleaswellasstrengtheningfamiliesandcommunitiessothatchildrenarelesslikelytoenduponthestreetstostartwith
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyreachesouttochildrenonthestreetsandinvitesthemtoparticipateincounsellingcatch-upeducationfoodshelterlife-skillstraininghealthcareandopportunitiestoplaywhilstatdrop-incentresinAddisAbabaandHossana(atown250kmtothesouththroughwhichmanychildrenpassheadingtowardsAddisAbaba)RetrakrsquosworkiscentredonattachmenttheorywhichstatesthatitiskeytoachildrsquosdevelopmentforthemtoformsecureattachmentswithadultswhocareforthemBasedonthistheoryandRetrakrsquosconsiderableexperiencesupportisofferedtochildrenandtheirfamiliestoreintegratechildrenbacktotheirhomeswherethisispossibleandinthechildrsquosbestinterestsForotherchildrenfostercaresupporttobecomeindependentorotheralternativecareoptionsmaybemoreappropriate
RetrakEthiopiaisalsopioneeringanapproachtopreventingchildrenseparatingfromtheirfamiliesinlocationsfromwheremanychildrencometothestreets2Thisinvolvedacombinationoffamilyandeconomicstrengtheningwomenrsquosempowermentandcommunityeducationaroundchildprotectionissuesandthedangersoflifeonthestreets
12 Reintegration
AcorefocusofRetrakrsquosworkisprovidingreintegrationprogrammesforchildrenandwithinthisundertakingmonitoringandlearningactivitiesanddocumentinggoodpracticeinrelationtoreintegrationRetrakconsidersreintegrationtobe
ldquoThe process through which a child is returned backto hisher immediate or extended family (either whereshe lived before or with another family member) andis able to reintegrate into family and community lifewhere she receives the necessary care andprotection to grow and developrdquo 3
AlthoughnotsuitableorpossibleforeverychildRetrakconsidersfamilyreintegrationtobethefirstpriorityforanychildwhoisreadytomoveawayfromstreetlifeThereisconsiderableresearchthatshowshowchildrenthrivewhencaredforinafamilysettingandhowdamagingresidentialcarecanbe4HowevernotallfamiliescanprovideadequateandappropriatecarefortheirchildrenIndeedchildrenwhomRetrakhavemethaveclearlyshownthedilemmamanychildrenfaceTheyfrequentlyreporthowtheirfamiliesareboththereasontheyleftaswellasthemostpositivethingaboutlifeathomeandthereasontheywanttoreturnRetrakrsquosexperiencehasshownthatwhilsthelpingchildrentoreturn5 tothecareoftheirfamilyisfarfromeasyandstraightforwardthatitiswhatmanychildrenandfamilieswantandthatitispossiblewithappropriatesupportRetrakrsquosFamilyReintegrationSOPsoutlinetheprinciplesandstepsforRetrakrsquosreintegrationworkhighlightingthekeyelementsofstrengtheningandsupportingfamiliestocareandprovidefortheirchildren6
1 Introduction
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
5
7 Dybicz P (2005) lsquoInterventions for street children Ananalysis of current best practicesrsquo InternationalSocial Work 48(6) pp763-771 Wakia (2010) op citWakia (2015) op cit
8 Based on Chambers R amp G Conway (DFID 1992) asquoted in CPC Livelihoods and EconomicStrengthening Task Force (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs Maximizing
Benefits and Minimizing Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
13 Economic strengthening
ItisclearfrombothacademicstudiesandRetrakrsquosexperiencethatpovertyisacommonpushfactorforchildrentomovetothestreetandisoftentherootofmanyotherpushfactors 7WhilstitmaynotbeareasonforeverychildandisrarelytheonlycausepovertyisamajorbarriertosuccessfulreintegrationwhichmustbeaddressedRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesincomegeneratingactivity(IGA)grantstofamilieswhoaredeemedtobelivinginsuchextremepovertythattheyareunabletocarefortheirchildandfulfilRetrakrsquoschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheningaimsThegrantisintendedtoenablefamiliestostartorgrowabusinesswhichcanthenhelpthemmeettheirbasicneeds
RetrakEthiopiabelievesthatitschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoalsareaddressedwellwithinthereintegrationprocessbutthatinterventionsaddressingeconomicissuescouldbeimprovedThedistancebetweenthefamiliesthatRetrakworkswithmeansthatfollow-upisexpensiveandtime-consuminglimitingtheinteractionthatstaffhavewithchildrenandfamiliesafterreintegrationThisisamajorchallengeforanyeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsimplementedbyRetrak
ThereforethissmallresearchprojectwasconceivedtohelplookmoredeeplyattheissuessurroundingeconomicstrengtheningwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosreintegrationprogrammeswiththeaimofseekingnewwaystoaddressthechallengesEconomicstrengtheninginthecontextofthisresearchprojectistakentobeactionstakenbygovernmentsdonorsandimplementerstoimprovelivelihoodsincludingcapabilitiesassetsandactivitiesrequiredforameansofliving 8
Research objectives
Theobjectivesofthisresearchprojectwere
bullToevaluatetheextenttowhichtheeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscurrentlyusedbyRetrakEthiopiahaveimpactedthereintegrationprocessSpecificallytheextenttowhichtheIGAgranthelpsmeetchildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoals
bullToconsiderhowtheoryandgoodpracticeincurrentliteraturemayrelatetothefamiliesinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammes
bullTousethecurrentliteratureandthefindingsofthisstudytomakerecommendationsabouthowRetrakEthiopiacouldimproveitseconomicstrengtheninginterventions
6
21 Systematic literature review
AliteraturereviewwasconductedusingasystematicapproachThismeantthattheresearcherundertooksomereadingofliteraturesothatsearchtermscouldbeagreedbasedoncommonthemesandtermsSearchtermswerethenusedtoreducetheriskofresearcherbiasThesesearchtermsincludedthemaineconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfoundtobeimportanttochildreintegrationduringtheinitialsearchcombinedwithotherreintegratedgroupsofchildrensuchaschildsoldiersandOVC
ThesearcheswereconductedusingGooglesearchandGoogleScholarbetweenNovember2014andFebruary2015fortheperiod2004untilpresent
22 Primary data collection
DatawascollectedthroughdirectengagementwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosbeneficiariesovertwoweeksattheendofJanuary2015FamiliesfromtheregionsofSNNPROromiaandAmharawereincludedinthestudyasmostofthechildrenRetrakEthiopiahelpsinAddisAbabacomefromtheseregions
221 Sampling
ThefamiliesincludedinthisstudywerepurposivelysampledItwasarequirementthatallfamiliesincludedinthestudyhadachildwhohadbeenreintegratedwiththeirfamilyandhadreceivedanIGAgrantfromRetrakRetrakonlyworkswithboysinAddisAbabaasthemajorityofthechildpopulationonthestreetsisboysThesevenfamiliesincludedinthestudywerethenchosenbasedpartiallyontheeaseofaccessandpartiallytoincludefamiliesfromarangeoflocationsandcontexts
222 Semi-structured interviews with families
Semi-structuredinterviewswereconductedwithcare-giverstogiveanunderstandingofthecontextofthereintegrationoftheirchildhowtheyusedthegranttheimpactthegranthadandtheirhopesforthefutureOneoftheresearchaimswastoassesstheimpactoftheIGAgrantsthatRetrakgivesItwasthereforeimportantthattheinterviewsaskedthefamiliesthemselveshowsuccessfultheyfeltithadbeenUsingsemi-structuredinterviewsmeantthatfactorsconsideredimportantbythefamiliesbutnotpreviouslybytheresearchercouldbeincluded
TheseinterviewswereconductedinAmharicorOromifaTheywerethereforerecordedsothattheycouldthenbetranscribedtranslatedandanalysedNoteswerealsotaken
223 Semi-structured interviews withRetrak staff and staff from other NGOs
RetrakEthiopiastaffwereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheranunderstandingofwhatiscurrentlyhappeningandwhatstafffeltwerethestrengthsandweaknessesofRetrakrsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionItwasimportanttoconsidertheopinionsofthestaffastheyhaveextensiveexperiencereintegratingstreetchildrenandofprovidingIGAgrantsNotesweretakenduringtheseinterviewsinbulletpointformTheresearcherinterviewedtwosocialworkerstheheadofsocialworkandthemonitoringandevaluationmanager
StafffromtwootherNGOswereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheraknowledgeofwhateconomicstrengtheningapproachesotherNGOsareusingHopeforChildrenEthiopiaandOPRIFS(OrganisationforthePreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetchildren)wereincludedbecausetheybothworkwithchildrenonthestreetanduseeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocess
2 Methodology
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
7
HopeforChildrenoffersthechildrenthatitworkswiththeopportunitytolearnaskillsuchasweavingwhichtheycanthenusetoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeWhenachildreturnshometheyalsoreceivethetoolsfortheirbusinesssuchasaloomsomematerialsandseedmoneyofbetween4000-5000birrHopeforChildrenacknowledgesthatnotallofthismoneywillbespentonthebusinessbutwanttoensurethatthechilddoesnotburdenthefamilyandcreateconflictwhentheyreturnTheNGOalsolinkschildrenwithagovernmentrunmicro-financegroupwhentheyreturnTheyencouragethechildrentoinitiallysavearound20oftheirseedmoneywiththeorganisationandtoseekbusinessadviceandloansfromthegroupastheirbusinessgrows
OPRIFS(OrganisationforPreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetChildren)workswithgirlsonthestreetwhoarefromAddisAbabaitselforfromelsewhereinthecountryOPRIFSprovidesagranttofamiliesitdeemsmostinneedeitherascashorin-kindsupportThemaximumvalueofthesupportis2000birrOPRIFSgivesthegranttothefamilybutpartofthebusinessandincomeisgiventothegirltotakecareofandtousetherevenuetosupportherself
224 IGA grant assessment
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttoinformdecisionsaboutwhetherafamilyshouldreceiveanIGAgrantThisassessmentwasadaptedbasedoncurrentliteraturewhichemphasisestheimportanceofincludingamarketanalysisconsideringvulnerabilitytoeconomicshocksandcapacityThequestionsaskedincludedwhatproductsorservicesthehouseholdfeltwerelackinginthelocaleconomicandadescriptionandfrequencyofeconomicshocksexperiencedintheprevioustwelvemonths
ThequestionsrelatingtotheIGAassessmentwereaskedaftertheinterviewalthoughtheassessmentwascompletedinfullbythesocialworkerafterwardsTheassessmentwasconductedtwiceoncetoaskretrospectivelyaboutthehouseholdrsquossituationbeforethegrantwasgivenandagaintoaskabouttheirpresentsituationAcomparisoncouldthenbemadetoseehowthesupportthatRetrakprovidedchangedtheeconomicstabilityandcapacityofthehouseholdAlsoitwasconductedtoassesstheextenttowhichhouseholdsfelttheyunderstoodthelocalmarket
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
225 Child wellbeing assessment
RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring
8
Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10
Domain Sub-domain Goal
1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear
1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity
2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe
2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport
3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation
3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded
4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy
4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare
5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive
moodandhopefuloutlook
5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren
6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand
lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity
6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob
9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for
Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation
10 Ibid
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
5
7 Dybicz P (2005) lsquoInterventions for street children Ananalysis of current best practicesrsquo InternationalSocial Work 48(6) pp763-771 Wakia (2010) op citWakia (2015) op cit
8 Based on Chambers R amp G Conway (DFID 1992) asquoted in CPC Livelihoods and EconomicStrengthening Task Force (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs Maximizing
Benefits and Minimizing Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
13 Economic strengthening
ItisclearfrombothacademicstudiesandRetrakrsquosexperiencethatpovertyisacommonpushfactorforchildrentomovetothestreetandisoftentherootofmanyotherpushfactors 7WhilstitmaynotbeareasonforeverychildandisrarelytheonlycausepovertyisamajorbarriertosuccessfulreintegrationwhichmustbeaddressedRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesincomegeneratingactivity(IGA)grantstofamilieswhoaredeemedtobelivinginsuchextremepovertythattheyareunabletocarefortheirchildandfulfilRetrakrsquoschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheningaimsThegrantisintendedtoenablefamiliestostartorgrowabusinesswhichcanthenhelpthemmeettheirbasicneeds
RetrakEthiopiabelievesthatitschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoalsareaddressedwellwithinthereintegrationprocessbutthatinterventionsaddressingeconomicissuescouldbeimprovedThedistancebetweenthefamiliesthatRetrakworkswithmeansthatfollow-upisexpensiveandtime-consuminglimitingtheinteractionthatstaffhavewithchildrenandfamiliesafterreintegrationThisisamajorchallengeforanyeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsimplementedbyRetrak
ThereforethissmallresearchprojectwasconceivedtohelplookmoredeeplyattheissuessurroundingeconomicstrengtheningwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosreintegrationprogrammeswiththeaimofseekingnewwaystoaddressthechallengesEconomicstrengtheninginthecontextofthisresearchprojectistakentobeactionstakenbygovernmentsdonorsandimplementerstoimprovelivelihoodsincludingcapabilitiesassetsandactivitiesrequiredforameansofliving 8
Research objectives
Theobjectivesofthisresearchprojectwere
bullToevaluatetheextenttowhichtheeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscurrentlyusedbyRetrakEthiopiahaveimpactedthereintegrationprocessSpecificallytheextenttowhichtheIGAgranthelpsmeetchildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoals
bullToconsiderhowtheoryandgoodpracticeincurrentliteraturemayrelatetothefamiliesinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammes
bullTousethecurrentliteratureandthefindingsofthisstudytomakerecommendationsabouthowRetrakEthiopiacouldimproveitseconomicstrengtheninginterventions
6
21 Systematic literature review
AliteraturereviewwasconductedusingasystematicapproachThismeantthattheresearcherundertooksomereadingofliteraturesothatsearchtermscouldbeagreedbasedoncommonthemesandtermsSearchtermswerethenusedtoreducetheriskofresearcherbiasThesesearchtermsincludedthemaineconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfoundtobeimportanttochildreintegrationduringtheinitialsearchcombinedwithotherreintegratedgroupsofchildrensuchaschildsoldiersandOVC
ThesearcheswereconductedusingGooglesearchandGoogleScholarbetweenNovember2014andFebruary2015fortheperiod2004untilpresent
22 Primary data collection
DatawascollectedthroughdirectengagementwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosbeneficiariesovertwoweeksattheendofJanuary2015FamiliesfromtheregionsofSNNPROromiaandAmharawereincludedinthestudyasmostofthechildrenRetrakEthiopiahelpsinAddisAbabacomefromtheseregions
221 Sampling
ThefamiliesincludedinthisstudywerepurposivelysampledItwasarequirementthatallfamiliesincludedinthestudyhadachildwhohadbeenreintegratedwiththeirfamilyandhadreceivedanIGAgrantfromRetrakRetrakonlyworkswithboysinAddisAbabaasthemajorityofthechildpopulationonthestreetsisboysThesevenfamiliesincludedinthestudywerethenchosenbasedpartiallyontheeaseofaccessandpartiallytoincludefamiliesfromarangeoflocationsandcontexts
222 Semi-structured interviews with families
Semi-structuredinterviewswereconductedwithcare-giverstogiveanunderstandingofthecontextofthereintegrationoftheirchildhowtheyusedthegranttheimpactthegranthadandtheirhopesforthefutureOneoftheresearchaimswastoassesstheimpactoftheIGAgrantsthatRetrakgivesItwasthereforeimportantthattheinterviewsaskedthefamiliesthemselveshowsuccessfultheyfeltithadbeenUsingsemi-structuredinterviewsmeantthatfactorsconsideredimportantbythefamiliesbutnotpreviouslybytheresearchercouldbeincluded
TheseinterviewswereconductedinAmharicorOromifaTheywerethereforerecordedsothattheycouldthenbetranscribedtranslatedandanalysedNoteswerealsotaken
223 Semi-structured interviews withRetrak staff and staff from other NGOs
RetrakEthiopiastaffwereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheranunderstandingofwhatiscurrentlyhappeningandwhatstafffeltwerethestrengthsandweaknessesofRetrakrsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionItwasimportanttoconsidertheopinionsofthestaffastheyhaveextensiveexperiencereintegratingstreetchildrenandofprovidingIGAgrantsNotesweretakenduringtheseinterviewsinbulletpointformTheresearcherinterviewedtwosocialworkerstheheadofsocialworkandthemonitoringandevaluationmanager
StafffromtwootherNGOswereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheraknowledgeofwhateconomicstrengtheningapproachesotherNGOsareusingHopeforChildrenEthiopiaandOPRIFS(OrganisationforthePreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetchildren)wereincludedbecausetheybothworkwithchildrenonthestreetanduseeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocess
2 Methodology
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
7
HopeforChildrenoffersthechildrenthatitworkswiththeopportunitytolearnaskillsuchasweavingwhichtheycanthenusetoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeWhenachildreturnshometheyalsoreceivethetoolsfortheirbusinesssuchasaloomsomematerialsandseedmoneyofbetween4000-5000birrHopeforChildrenacknowledgesthatnotallofthismoneywillbespentonthebusinessbutwanttoensurethatthechilddoesnotburdenthefamilyandcreateconflictwhentheyreturnTheNGOalsolinkschildrenwithagovernmentrunmicro-financegroupwhentheyreturnTheyencouragethechildrentoinitiallysavearound20oftheirseedmoneywiththeorganisationandtoseekbusinessadviceandloansfromthegroupastheirbusinessgrows
OPRIFS(OrganisationforPreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetChildren)workswithgirlsonthestreetwhoarefromAddisAbabaitselforfromelsewhereinthecountryOPRIFSprovidesagranttofamiliesitdeemsmostinneedeitherascashorin-kindsupportThemaximumvalueofthesupportis2000birrOPRIFSgivesthegranttothefamilybutpartofthebusinessandincomeisgiventothegirltotakecareofandtousetherevenuetosupportherself
224 IGA grant assessment
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttoinformdecisionsaboutwhetherafamilyshouldreceiveanIGAgrantThisassessmentwasadaptedbasedoncurrentliteraturewhichemphasisestheimportanceofincludingamarketanalysisconsideringvulnerabilitytoeconomicshocksandcapacityThequestionsaskedincludedwhatproductsorservicesthehouseholdfeltwerelackinginthelocaleconomicandadescriptionandfrequencyofeconomicshocksexperiencedintheprevioustwelvemonths
ThequestionsrelatingtotheIGAassessmentwereaskedaftertheinterviewalthoughtheassessmentwascompletedinfullbythesocialworkerafterwardsTheassessmentwasconductedtwiceoncetoaskretrospectivelyaboutthehouseholdrsquossituationbeforethegrantwasgivenandagaintoaskabouttheirpresentsituationAcomparisoncouldthenbemadetoseehowthesupportthatRetrakprovidedchangedtheeconomicstabilityandcapacityofthehouseholdAlsoitwasconductedtoassesstheextenttowhichhouseholdsfelttheyunderstoodthelocalmarket
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
225 Child wellbeing assessment
RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring
8
Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10
Domain Sub-domain Goal
1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear
1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity
2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe
2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport
3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation
3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded
4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy
4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare
5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive
moodandhopefuloutlook
5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren
6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand
lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity
6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob
9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for
Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation
10 Ibid
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
6
21 Systematic literature review
AliteraturereviewwasconductedusingasystematicapproachThismeantthattheresearcherundertooksomereadingofliteraturesothatsearchtermscouldbeagreedbasedoncommonthemesandtermsSearchtermswerethenusedtoreducetheriskofresearcherbiasThesesearchtermsincludedthemaineconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfoundtobeimportanttochildreintegrationduringtheinitialsearchcombinedwithotherreintegratedgroupsofchildrensuchaschildsoldiersandOVC
ThesearcheswereconductedusingGooglesearchandGoogleScholarbetweenNovember2014andFebruary2015fortheperiod2004untilpresent
22 Primary data collection
DatawascollectedthroughdirectengagementwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosbeneficiariesovertwoweeksattheendofJanuary2015FamiliesfromtheregionsofSNNPROromiaandAmharawereincludedinthestudyasmostofthechildrenRetrakEthiopiahelpsinAddisAbabacomefromtheseregions
221 Sampling
ThefamiliesincludedinthisstudywerepurposivelysampledItwasarequirementthatallfamiliesincludedinthestudyhadachildwhohadbeenreintegratedwiththeirfamilyandhadreceivedanIGAgrantfromRetrakRetrakonlyworkswithboysinAddisAbabaasthemajorityofthechildpopulationonthestreetsisboysThesevenfamiliesincludedinthestudywerethenchosenbasedpartiallyontheeaseofaccessandpartiallytoincludefamiliesfromarangeoflocationsandcontexts
222 Semi-structured interviews with families
Semi-structuredinterviewswereconductedwithcare-giverstogiveanunderstandingofthecontextofthereintegrationoftheirchildhowtheyusedthegranttheimpactthegranthadandtheirhopesforthefutureOneoftheresearchaimswastoassesstheimpactoftheIGAgrantsthatRetrakgivesItwasthereforeimportantthattheinterviewsaskedthefamiliesthemselveshowsuccessfultheyfeltithadbeenUsingsemi-structuredinterviewsmeantthatfactorsconsideredimportantbythefamiliesbutnotpreviouslybytheresearchercouldbeincluded
TheseinterviewswereconductedinAmharicorOromifaTheywerethereforerecordedsothattheycouldthenbetranscribedtranslatedandanalysedNoteswerealsotaken
223 Semi-structured interviews withRetrak staff and staff from other NGOs
RetrakEthiopiastaffwereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheranunderstandingofwhatiscurrentlyhappeningandwhatstafffeltwerethestrengthsandweaknessesofRetrakrsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionItwasimportanttoconsidertheopinionsofthestaffastheyhaveextensiveexperiencereintegratingstreetchildrenandofprovidingIGAgrantsNotesweretakenduringtheseinterviewsinbulletpointformTheresearcherinterviewedtwosocialworkerstheheadofsocialworkandthemonitoringandevaluationmanager
StafffromtwootherNGOswereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheraknowledgeofwhateconomicstrengtheningapproachesotherNGOsareusingHopeforChildrenEthiopiaandOPRIFS(OrganisationforthePreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetchildren)wereincludedbecausetheybothworkwithchildrenonthestreetanduseeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocess
2 Methodology
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
7
HopeforChildrenoffersthechildrenthatitworkswiththeopportunitytolearnaskillsuchasweavingwhichtheycanthenusetoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeWhenachildreturnshometheyalsoreceivethetoolsfortheirbusinesssuchasaloomsomematerialsandseedmoneyofbetween4000-5000birrHopeforChildrenacknowledgesthatnotallofthismoneywillbespentonthebusinessbutwanttoensurethatthechilddoesnotburdenthefamilyandcreateconflictwhentheyreturnTheNGOalsolinkschildrenwithagovernmentrunmicro-financegroupwhentheyreturnTheyencouragethechildrentoinitiallysavearound20oftheirseedmoneywiththeorganisationandtoseekbusinessadviceandloansfromthegroupastheirbusinessgrows
OPRIFS(OrganisationforPreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetChildren)workswithgirlsonthestreetwhoarefromAddisAbabaitselforfromelsewhereinthecountryOPRIFSprovidesagranttofamiliesitdeemsmostinneedeitherascashorin-kindsupportThemaximumvalueofthesupportis2000birrOPRIFSgivesthegranttothefamilybutpartofthebusinessandincomeisgiventothegirltotakecareofandtousetherevenuetosupportherself
224 IGA grant assessment
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttoinformdecisionsaboutwhetherafamilyshouldreceiveanIGAgrantThisassessmentwasadaptedbasedoncurrentliteraturewhichemphasisestheimportanceofincludingamarketanalysisconsideringvulnerabilitytoeconomicshocksandcapacityThequestionsaskedincludedwhatproductsorservicesthehouseholdfeltwerelackinginthelocaleconomicandadescriptionandfrequencyofeconomicshocksexperiencedintheprevioustwelvemonths
ThequestionsrelatingtotheIGAassessmentwereaskedaftertheinterviewalthoughtheassessmentwascompletedinfullbythesocialworkerafterwardsTheassessmentwasconductedtwiceoncetoaskretrospectivelyaboutthehouseholdrsquossituationbeforethegrantwasgivenandagaintoaskabouttheirpresentsituationAcomparisoncouldthenbemadetoseehowthesupportthatRetrakprovidedchangedtheeconomicstabilityandcapacityofthehouseholdAlsoitwasconductedtoassesstheextenttowhichhouseholdsfelttheyunderstoodthelocalmarket
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
225 Child wellbeing assessment
RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring
8
Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10
Domain Sub-domain Goal
1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear
1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity
2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe
2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport
3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation
3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded
4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy
4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare
5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive
moodandhopefuloutlook
5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren
6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand
lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity
6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob
9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for
Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation
10 Ibid
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
7
HopeforChildrenoffersthechildrenthatitworkswiththeopportunitytolearnaskillsuchasweavingwhichtheycanthenusetoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeWhenachildreturnshometheyalsoreceivethetoolsfortheirbusinesssuchasaloomsomematerialsandseedmoneyofbetween4000-5000birrHopeforChildrenacknowledgesthatnotallofthismoneywillbespentonthebusinessbutwanttoensurethatthechilddoesnotburdenthefamilyandcreateconflictwhentheyreturnTheNGOalsolinkschildrenwithagovernmentrunmicro-financegroupwhentheyreturnTheyencouragethechildrentoinitiallysavearound20oftheirseedmoneywiththeorganisationandtoseekbusinessadviceandloansfromthegroupastheirbusinessgrows
OPRIFS(OrganisationforPreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetChildren)workswithgirlsonthestreetwhoarefromAddisAbabaitselforfromelsewhereinthecountryOPRIFSprovidesagranttofamiliesitdeemsmostinneedeitherascashorin-kindsupportThemaximumvalueofthesupportis2000birrOPRIFSgivesthegranttothefamilybutpartofthebusinessandincomeisgiventothegirltotakecareofandtousetherevenuetosupportherself
224 IGA grant assessment
RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttoinformdecisionsaboutwhetherafamilyshouldreceiveanIGAgrantThisassessmentwasadaptedbasedoncurrentliteraturewhichemphasisestheimportanceofincludingamarketanalysisconsideringvulnerabilitytoeconomicshocksandcapacityThequestionsaskedincludedwhatproductsorservicesthehouseholdfeltwerelackinginthelocaleconomicandadescriptionandfrequencyofeconomicshocksexperiencedintheprevioustwelvemonths
ThequestionsrelatingtotheIGAassessmentwereaskedaftertheinterviewalthoughtheassessmentwascompletedinfullbythesocialworkerafterwardsTheassessmentwasconductedtwiceoncetoaskretrospectivelyaboutthehouseholdrsquossituationbeforethegrantwasgivenandagaintoaskabouttheirpresentsituationAcomparisoncouldthenbemadetoseehowthesupportthatRetrakprovidedchangedtheeconomicstabilityandcapacityofthehouseholdAlsoitwasconductedtoassesstheextenttowhichhouseholdsfelttheyunderstoodthelocalmarket
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
225 Child wellbeing assessment
RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring
8
Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10
Domain Sub-domain Goal
1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear
1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity
2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe
2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport
3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation
3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded
4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy
4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare
5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive
moodandhopefuloutlook
5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren
6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand
lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity
6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob
9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for
Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation
10 Ibid
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
225 Child wellbeing assessment
RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring
8
Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10
Domain Sub-domain Goal
1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear
1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity
2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe
2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport
3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation
3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded
4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy
4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare
5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive
moodandhopefuloutlook
5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren
6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand
lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity
6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob
9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for
Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation
10 Ibid
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
23 Translation
Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders
24 Data analysis
Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences
ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven
25 Ethics
InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime
9
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26 Limitations
ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide
ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded
AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy
AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid
10
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation
12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children
13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children
14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12
Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice
31 Graduation model as a framework
ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining
3 Findings from literature review
Household livelihoodphase
Economic strengtheningstrategy
Types of interventions Anticipated outcome
Familiespreparedtogrow
PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit
Growincomeandexpenses
Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet
PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups
Matchincometoexpenses
Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport
Meetbasicneeds
Table 2 Graduation model 14
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds
32 Cash transfers
Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17
OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20
33 Training
Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22
Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27
34 Microfinance
Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29
15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission
16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A
Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management
19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network
25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit
29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit
12
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
13
Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC
35 Targeting and stigma
NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35
36 Assessments
Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36
InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37
Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40
30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)
31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network
33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe
(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit
34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes
35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite
Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities
37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit
38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
41 Familiesrsquo characteristics
ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree
havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1
4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments
14
Tigray
Afar
OromiaSomali
Amhara
Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples
Benishangul Gumuz
Gambela
AddisAbaba
Mekitfamily
BahirDarfamily
GerbaGuracha1family
GerbaGuracha2family
Sodo1family
Sodo2family
Gununafamily
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
15
42 Use of IGA grants
TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements
TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot
ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen
ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
43 Social exclusion
Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies
44 Childrenrsquos participation
AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies
IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty
TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant
16
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
17
41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit
44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For
children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary
51 Using the graduation model
ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia
511 Most at risk families
Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds
SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic
inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven
WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick
MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45
ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto
5 Discussion
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations
512 Struggling families
Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution
DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses
Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses
OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet
46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit
18
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
52 Community exclusion
ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers
Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus
BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity
CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis
AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild
53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver
SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid
48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit
50Bahng (2009) op cit
19
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation
Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider
therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople
54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning
51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund
52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester
53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge
54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children
55 Save the Children (2007) op cit
20
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant
ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59
55 Business training
JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof
thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch
SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas
GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch
56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit
57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid
59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development
60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016
21
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
61 Graduation model
ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity
62 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening
ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork
63 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport
ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild
64 Community exclusion
CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity
65 Business training
Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets
6 Conclusion
22
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes
bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant
bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself
bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability
7 Recommendations
63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia
23
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies
bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome
bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups
24
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
Household Characteristics
Annex 1
25
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara
Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether
Parentstogether
Singleparent Parentstogether
Business Watercollection
Themotherisabeggar
SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens
Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol
Sellcharcoalandvegetables
ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes
Siblings Oneyoungersister
Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters
Oneyoungersister
Unknown Oneyoungerbrother
Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister
Size ofIGA grant
1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB
Unknown
Grantspending
Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business
Healthproblems
Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork
Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms
None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids
Motherhadathroattumour
None
Reasonchild left
Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour
Poverty Conflictinthehome
Nonegiven
Reason childstayed afterreintegration
Tocareforthecaregiver
Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour
Conflictstopped
Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
26
Household Characteristics continued
CharacteristicsGerba
Guracha 1Gerba
Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit
Childworkingoutsidehousehold
Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes
Socialexclusion
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Notmentionedbyfamily
Othersupport
Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None
Savingbefore IGAgrant
No No No No No No No
Savingnow
No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Childwellbeingscore
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
1 2 3 4
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess
Placement
Research
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
27
Literature included in review
Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable
AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf
AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127
BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)
BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552
ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf
CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf
ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf
SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf
FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications
GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf
HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50
Annex 2
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
28
James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf
JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes
KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf
LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx
LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf
MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf
MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf
PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf
SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI
SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf
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Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
29
Any domain
SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf
WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf
WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf
WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf
WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION
29
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity
RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507
RetrakCharity
Retrak_Charity